超临界流体的快速泄出:来自霓辉石英脉的证据

河南外方山地区熊耳群火山岩中新发现了一种霓辉石英脉群,脉表现出独特的矿物组合及晶体特征,如霓辉石英脉具有复杂的矿物组成,表现出强烈的不平衡特点;霓辉石英脉具明显的对称分带特征,各分带中矿物组成及特征显著不同;存在具熔蚀边结构的钾长石-霓辉石集合体团块;霓辉石具在明显核幔结构,内核化学成分与幔边部存在较大差异;钾长石晶体元素分布存在似"文象"结构,表现出Fe元素的熔体分离特征;脉中矿物普遍发育环带结构;霓辉石英脉交代致密火山岩围岩形成蚀变带,新生大量榍石、霓辉石等矿物且含量随着与脉壁距离的增加急剧减少,显示出强烈的流体/气体扩散交代作用.霓辉石英脉独特的矿物组合及晶体特征反映了其成因的复杂性以及生长环境的变化.根据霓辉石英脉矿物的特点,推测其源于流体、熔体和晶体的混合物,并经历了快速侵位、快速冷却的过程,因而能够保存流体演化各阶段的结晶信息,保留不同成因的晶体群.外方山霓辉石英脉矿物可划分为捕虏晶亚群、熔体晶体群、超临界流体亚群、热液晶体亚群和凝聚晶体亚群等.外方山霓辉石英脉矿物晶体群的深入研究可能有助于揭示岩浆熔体向流体转换的机制及侵位机制,进而可揭示岩浆-流体成矿作用.     

江西银山铅锌矿床闪锌矿与石英流体包裹体的对比研究

赣东北地区是我国重要的铜铅锌金银多金属矿集区,银山铅锌(银)铜(金)多金属矿床是赣东北地区一个重要的大型次火山热液型多金属矿床。银山铅锌矿发育有闪锌矿-方铅矿-石英脉,前人研究认为金属矿物与脉石矿物为伴生关系,但是没有强调它们的成因上的联系。本次研究开展了矿石矿物中闪锌矿和伴生脉石矿物中石英的流体包裹体对比研究。通过详细的岩相学观察、显微测温、显微激光拉曼探针工作,对伴生石英脉和闪锌矿内原生包裹体,伴生石英脉中的晚期微细石英脉和闪锌矿内部次生包裹体进行流体特征的对比研究。研究结果显示,伴生石英脉原生流体包裹体比闪锌矿的原生包裹体的平均均一温度高约30℃,明显富集CH₄、N₂、CH₄、CO₂等挥发份,伴生石英脉中的晚期微细石英脉流体包裹体比闪锌矿次生包裹体的平均均一温度高23℃。闪锌矿原生包裹体与想伴生的早期石英脉在平均均一温度有所差别,气相成分差异明显,均表明矿石矿物与伴生脉石矿物可能形成于不同的地质环境,具有不同的温度和流体成分。     

贵州天柱铁坡金矿含金石英脉的特征及富集规律

本文论述含金石英脉特征、矿物组合及指示矿物产出状态,总结了含金石英脉矿化富集规律。     

山东邹平火山岩地区铜矿床成矿流体的形成、演化及成矿

邹平地区与火山岩浆热液作用有关的铜矿床主要可划分为2种类型：一类为斑岩-火山角砾岩型,另一类为浅成低温热液型;代表性矿床分别为王家庄斑岩一火山角砾岩型铜（钼）矿床和南洞子浅成低温热液型铜（金）矿床。流体包裹体研究表明：王家庄铜（钼）矿床成矿流体的均一化温度和盐度偏高,出现了富气相的两相水溶液包裹体、富液相的两相水溶液包裹体和含子晶的三相水溶液包裹体共存现象,加温后,富气相包裹体均一到气相,同期富液相包裹体均一到液相的特征,这表明成矿流体在形成和演化过程中曾发生过沸腾作用。南洞子铜（金）矿床成矿流体均一温度和盐度偏低,以上3种包裹体共存的现象不明显,说明成矿流体在形成和演化过程中沸腾作用不强。上述2类矿床矿化脉石英中的δ^18OH2O-δD投影点飘离岩浆水范围,参照流体包裹体研究结果,证明邹平地区与火山岩浆热8液作用有关的铜矿成矿流体主要来源于岩浆水,后期混人大气降水。相比之下,浅成低温热液铜矿成矿流体中的大气降水混入量多。     

Mineralogy,Fluid inclusions and stable isotopes study constraints on genesis of sulfide ore mineral,Qaladiza area Qandil Series,Iraqi Kurdistan Region

The metalized quartz veins is located 5 km west of the Iraqi-Iran border in the Qandil range. The quartz veins included sulfide and oxide ore minerals which mostly occur in the form of open-space filling texture. The polymetallic mesothermal quartz veins are hosted by marble and phyllite rocks. Within these veins, multiphase, open-space filling and crustiform, bedding to massive textures with pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite,galena, sphalerite, tenorite, azurite, and malachite are observed. Selected samples were analyzed by using ore microscopy and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ore minerals show replacement textures. The paragenesis diagram was made from a careful study of polished sections and three stages have been identified including pre-stage mineralization, mineralization, and post-mineralization stages.Fluid inclusion microthermometric analysis of 15 primary inclusions of quartz veins indicated that ore mineralization at the studied area were formed by a mesothermal, low to medium density, and dilute NaCl-type fluid system. The source of the fluid is mostly metamorphic which became mixed with other fluids later. Hydrothermal fluids of the selected studied area were classified into two groups based on microthermometry study; the first group had a higher homogenization temperature (335.5 to 386.8 °C) than the second group (194.1 to 298.5 °C), with a small difference in salinity between them. Nearly each group has different complexes including chloride and sulfide complexes respectively. The results of stable sulfur isotope of the ore minerals (chalcopyrite and sphalerite) confirmed the sedimentary and/or metamorphic origin of the ore mineralization.     

Characteristics of Triassic epithermal Au mineralization at the Q prospect,Chatree mining area,Central Thailand

The Chatree deposit is located in the Loei‐Phetchabun‐Nakhon Nayok volcanic belt that extends from Laos in the north through central and eastern Thailand into Cambodia. Gold‐bearing quartz veins at the Q prospect of the Chatree deposit are hosted within polymictic andesitic breccia and volcanic sedimentary breccia. The orebodies of the Chatree deposit consist of veins, veinlets and stockwork. Gold‐bearing quartz veins are composed mainly of quartz, calcite and illite with small amounts of adularia, chlorite and sulfide minerals. The gold‐bearing quartz veins were divided into five stages based on the cross‐cutting relationship and mineral assemblage. Intense gold mineralization occurred in Stages I and IV. The mineral assemblage of Stages I and IV is characterized by quartz–calcite–illite–laumontite–adularia–chlorite–sulfide minerals and electrum. Quartz textures of Stages I and IV are also characterized by microcrystalline and flamboyant textures, respectively. Coexistence of laumontite, illite and chlorite in the gold‐bearing quartz vein of Stage IV suggests that the gold‐bearing quartz veins were formed at approximately 200°C. The flamboyant and brecciated textures of the gold‐bearing quartz vein of Stage IV suggest that gold precipitated with silica minerals from a hydrothermal solution that was supersaturated by boiling. The δ¹⁸O values of quartz in Stages I to V range from +10.4 to +11.6‰ except for the δ¹⁸O value of quartz in Stage IV (+15.0‰). The increase in δ¹⁸O values of quartz at Stage IV is explained by boiling. P_H2O is estimated to be 16 bars at 200°C. The f_CO2 value is estimated to be 1 bar based on the presence of calcite in the mineral assemblage of Stage IV. The total pressure of the hydrothermal solution is approximately 20 bars at 200°C, suggesting that the gold‐bearing quartz veins of the Q prospect formed about 200 m below the paleosurface.     

Fluid Inclusion Study and Opaque Mineral Assemblage at the Deep and Shallow Part of the Batu Hijau Porphyry Copper-gold Deposit, Sumbawa, Indonesia

The Batu Hijau deposit is the only porphyry type deposit in production in the Sunda‐Banda arc, Indonesia. This study discusses the reason for the localization of copper grade at the deep part of the deposit based on the observation of opaque mineral assemblage. In addition, the formation condition of quartz veins and opaque minerals is discussed on the basis of the fluid inclusion microthermometry. Samples were selected from drill holes SBD100, SBD168, SBD194, SBD254, and SBD257 to cover the wide vertical range. At the Batu Hijau deposit, quartz veins have been classified mainly into four types called A, B, C and D veins, and the A veins contain mainly bornite, often associated with digenite and chalcocite. In addition, magnetite occurs in A veins. However, at the deep part of the deposit, there are quartz veins associated with magnetite, but few copper sulfides such as bornite and chalcopyrite in quartz veins, as observed in SBD257. Quartz veins at depth in SBD257 have abundant magnetite and pyrite. Pyrite in quartz veins at depth in SBD257 mainly occur at the rim of magnetite grains or interstices between them. In quartz veins in SBD254, there are abundant copper sulfides such as bornite and chalcopyrite in spite of the depth. Bornite and chalcopyrite occur as inclusions in magnetite grains in quartz veins in SBD254. Pyrite which often occurs in low grade zone in quartz veins in SBD254 is also recognized at the rims of copper sulfides. This indicates that pyrite in SBD257 and SBD254 formed later than magnetite. On the other hand, blebs of bornite and chalcopyrite inclusions in magnetite grains, which are recognized in quartz veins in SBD168 at shallow high grade part, suggest that the hydrothermal fluid, from which magnetite was deposited also brought the copper sulfides such as bornite and chalcopyrite to the deep part of the Batu Hijau deposit. Therefore, it is concluded that initially the high grade ore zone extended to depth without localization. However due to the later overprinting hydrothermal activity, copper sulfides and magnetite were replaced or dissolved and pyrite was formed, resulting the low grade zone at the deep part of the deposit. Dissolution temperatures (Td) of halite obtained by from fluid inclusion microthermometry show significant differences between SBD168 and other drill holes. The high Td obtained in SBD168 may indicate larger volume of NaCl crystals in hydrothermal fluid at the time of entrapment of the fluid inclusions and formation of other opaque minerals such as magnetite and copper‐iron sulfides. It suggests that the ratio of vapor to brine is also higher at the shallow part of the deposit. The higher vapor to brine ratio may suggest a higher degree of boiling. Removal of vapor phase separated from brine during boiling increases the concentration of substances dissolved in the brine, and this will result in saturation, as evidenced by the salinity and NaCl saturation. The higher degree of boiling suggested by the higher vapor to brine ratio at shallow part may have increased the copper concentration in the brine that may have lead the saturation, resulted in the deposition of copper‐bearing minerals.     

Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Studies at Don Sixto,a Precious Metal Low Sulfidation Deposit in Mendoza Province,Argentina

The Don Sixto mining area in Mendoza province, central‐western Argentina, contains an epithermal low sulfidation Au–Ag deposit. It is a small deposit (～4 km²), with a gold resource of 36 t. In Don Sixto, ore minerals are disseminated in the hydrothermal quartz veins and hydrothermally altered volcanic‐pyroclastic rock units of Permian–Triassic age. On the basis of the texture, ore mineral paragenesis and cross cutting relationship of gangue minerals, seven stages of mineralization were recognized and described. The first six stages are characterized by quartz veins with minor amounts of base metal minerals and the last stage is represented by fluorite veins with minimal quantities of base metal minerals; the precious metal mineralization is mainly related to the fourth stage. The hydrothermal veins exhibit mainly massive, crustiform and comb infilling textures; the presence of bladed quartz replacement textures and quartz veins with adularia crystals are indicative of boiling processes in the system. Fluid inclusion and complementary stable isotope studies were performed in quartz, fluorite, and pyrite samples from the vein systems. The microthermometric data were obtained from primary, biphasic (liquid‐vapor) fluid inclusion assemblages in quartz and fluorite. The maximum values for salinity and homogenization temperature (T_h) came from the stage IV where quartz with petrographic evidence of boiling has average values of 4.96 wt% NaCl_equiv. and 286.9°C respectively. The lower values are related to the last stage of mineralization, where the fluid inclusions in fluorite have average salinities of 1.05 wt% NaCl_equiv. and average homogenization temperatures of 173.1°C. The oxygen and sulfur isotopic fractionation was analyzed in quartz and pyrite. The calculated isotopic fractionation for oxygen in the hydrothermal fluid is in the range of δ¹⁸O_H2O = ?6.92 up to ?3.08‰, which indicates dominance of a meteoric source for the water, while sulfur reaches δ³⁴S_H2S = 1.09‰, which could be reflecting a possible magmatic, or even a mixed source.     

Gold Mineralization and Occurrence of Sinter in the Hoshino Area, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan

Abstract. Several epithermal gold deposits occur in the Hoshino area, which is located in the western end of the late Cenozoic Hohi volcanic zone, north‐central Kyushu, Japan. The area is characterized by intermediate to felsic extrusive rocks of Pliocene age. In the Hoshino area, the shallow manifestation of the hydrothermal activity is exposed on the surface. Several outcrops of sinter are still preserved on the top of hydro thermally altered volcanic rocks, and high‐grade gold‐bearing quartz veins occur on the surface at lower levels. The hydrothermal alteration resulted into well‐developed alteration zones. The zonal alteration pattern, primarily of near‐neutral pH type, is characterized by the outer smectite zone of a lower temperature, and the inner mixed layer minerals zone of a higher temperature. Quartz vein‐related or fracture‐controlled alteration, is represented by the occurrence of interstratified illite/smectite and K‐feldspar, suggesting a potassium‐enriched alteration. The mineralization in the Hoshino area is recognized on the surface by the occurrence of gold‐bearing quartz veins distributed mainly in the mixed layer minerals zone. The fracture system related to the gold mineralization is mainly characterized by NW‐SE trend. The alteration pattern and the mineralogical composition of the veins suggest that the mineralizing fluids had near‐neutral pH and the mineralization is of low‐sulfidation‐type. Fluid inclusion data and textures observed in quartz veins indicate that gold precipitated during boiling. The chemical composition of quartz veins shows that high‐grade gold‐bearing quartz veins are characterized by higher content of Al₂O₃, K₂O and Rb. Several outcrops of silica‐sinters are distributed on the top of the mixed layer minerals zone. Although their structures are not very well preserved, because of later silicification, the Hoshino sinters still show characteristic textures identical to those observed in modern sinters, such as the presence of plant fossil incorporated into the sinters, the strongly developed depositional laminations and the columnar structures perpendicular to the depositional surfaces. Quartz is the only silica mineral constituting the Hoshino sinters presently. The conversion of amorphous silica into quartz was probably governed by higher temperatures resulting from later hydrothermal activity. This later hydrothermal activity is reflected by the intense silicification affecting mainly the lower parts of the sinters and also by the presence of quartz veins cutting the sinters. The distribution of sinters in the Hoshino area is very significant. The presence beneath the sinters of concealed high‐grade gold‐bearing quartz veins should be highly considered and exploration work is strongly suggested.     

Ore geology,fluid inclusions and O-S stable isotope characteristics of Shurab Sb-polymetallic vein deposit,eastern Iran

The Shurab Sb-polymetallic mineralization is a subvolcanic rock-hosted epithermal deposit and located in north Lut Block, eastern Iran. It is one of the most important deposits of the Iranian East Magmatic Assemblage (IEMA) in which numerous Middle-Cenozoic precious and base metals deposits occur. The main lithological units in the area are Paleogene subvolcanic intrusions and minor Jurassic sedimentary rocks. Mineralization occurs as veins in a series of NW-SE and E-W trending faults and fractures in the Eocene-Oligocene dacite and andesite subvolcanic rocks. Mineralization at the Shurab deposit can be subdivided into four stages: pre-ore stage, Cu-Zn-Pb ore stage, Sb-Ag ± As ore stage and post-ore stage. The total sulfide content of the veins in the area is variable, ranging from 1 to 50%, and is dominated by stibnite, chalcopyrite, galena, Fe-poor sphalerite and pyrite with minor chalcostibite, Ag-tetrahedrite and bournonite; gangue minerals are mainly quartz and calcite. Silicic, argillic, propylitic, and sericitic, are the most obvious wall rock alterations. Microthermometric measurements of primary liquid-rich fluid inclusions in quartz and sphalerite indicate that the veins were formed at temperatures between 115 and 290 °C from fluids with salinities between 0.7 and 16.2 wt% NaCl eq., suggesting an epithermal origin. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite, chalcopyrite and galena vary between -2.5 and 0.8‰, and δ¹⁸O values of quartz range between 12.5 and 14.8‰. It is inferred that the Shurab mineralization is of epithermal origin, related to an Eocene-Oligocene magmatic geothermal system involving fluids of magmatic and meteoric origin.     

西秦岭温泉斑岩钼矿床岩浆-热液演化

西秦岭北缘广泛出露印支期中酸性侵入岩和相关的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床。温泉矿床位于该矿带东段,是其内已探明规模最大的斑岩钼矿床。温泉矿床发育多阶段热液脉体,黄铁矿作为其中的贯通性金属硫化物,其化学组成蕴含着岩浆-热液演化及金属沉淀过程等诸多信息,对于斑岩系统模型的厘定具有重要意义。温泉矿床热液脉体时序为:钾长石-黑云母-石英脉(A脉)、石英-黄铜矿脉、石英-辉钼矿脉(B脉)和石英-绢云母-黄铁矿脉(D脉)。A脉是斑岩系统岩浆-热液演化的最早期脉体,主要矿物组合为钾长石+黑云母+石英+黄铁矿±磁铁矿±磷灰石±黄铜矿,代表了引起早期基性岩浆矿物被蚀变为黑云母的流体通道;B脉与钾长石化蚀变关系密切,围岩中斜长石斑晶大量被蚀变为钾长石;石英-辉钼矿脉切割所有早期黑云母化-钾化蚀变阶段的石英-硫化物网脉,并形成于所有斑岩侵位之后,少量黄铁矿和黄铜矿共生于辉钼矿裂隙及边部;D脉是斑岩系统岩浆-热液成矿作用的最晚期事件,其主要被黄铁矿和石英及少量黄铜矿填充,发育晚期的绢英岩化和泥化蚀变,长石多发生破坏性蚀变。四个阶段石英网脉中黄铁矿电子探针分析显示,A脉的黄铁矿中Cu、Mo和Au含量均较低,有少量的金属硫化物(黄铁矿+黄铜矿)沉淀,但通常不能形成规模矿体;石英-黄铜矿脉的黄铁矿中Cu含量明显较高,且多与高品位Cu矿体的空间产出位置相一致,可能是斑岩系统伴随钾化蚀变作用主要的铜沉淀阶段;B脉的黄铁矿中Mo含量明显较高,与高品位钼矿体空间产出关系密切,可能代表了斑岩系统钼成矿作用的主要阶段;D脉的黄铁矿中Au含量明显升高,可能代表了金在斑岩系统岩浆-热液成矿作用的最晚期事件中的沉淀。     

内蒙古达茂旗哈力齐矿区含金石英脉特征及金矿找矿标志

内蒙古达茂旗哈力齐地区金矿的主要类型是石英脉型,本区存在两种空间分布、形态、产状截然不同的石英脉。本文作者阐述了含金石英脉的特征,尤其是含金石英脉标型特征;同时得出结论:本区含金石英脉,分布于奥陶纪中酸性岩浆岩带附近,走向为近东西向,且地表表现为呈浅灰—灰白色、透明度低、网格状破裂、裂隙中有大量黄色、褐色次生矿物的石英脉可作为本区石英脉型金矿的找矿指示标志。     

一种酸淋滤成因的含钼石英脉——来自小秦岭北矿带大湖-秦南矿区的证据

大湖-秦南钼矿床位于小秦岭金矿田北矿带,属于东秦岭钼钨成矿带小秦岭-外方山成矿亚带。其矿床类型为含钼石英脉型,与小秦岭北矿带含金石英脉空间上伴生。根据野外地质观察、PIMA测试等结果,对大湖-秦南含钼石英脉的产出、矿石结构构造、蚀变特征进行了研究。含钼石英脉为奶白色,易碎,发育蜂窝状、团块状、角砾状构造。角砾成分为太华群片麻岩角砾、细脉状浸染状辉钼矿化的中生代花岗斑岩角砾等。蚀变有钾化、硅化、绢云母化、高岭土化以及硬石膏化等。根据野外地质特征,蚀变可分为早期钾化+硅化+绢云母化+黄铁矿化+辉钼矿化,晚期为硅化+高岭土化+硬石膏化等。含钼石英脉中的围岩角砾或多或少地发育高岭土化。辉钼矿化主要充填于石英脉的裂隙和蜂窝中。根据包裹体显微测温数据推测含钼石英脉的成矿温度为134～463℃。含钼石英脉中的δ18 O石英值为10.7‰～11.5‰,δDH2O为-96‰～-110‰;这一特征反映了既有岩浆水,也有变质水和天水的参入,高岭土δ18 O为0.1‰～2.3‰,反映了热液成因。黄铁矿δ34S值为-5.778‰～-7.841‰,以富含轻硫为特征,反映了其形成时有生物硫参入。在此基础上,通过区域地质分析,讨论了高岭土化的成因,进而认为大湖-秦南含钼石英脉很可能是与秦岭造山带在245～211Ma全面陆陆碰撞过程有关的花岗斑岩侵位形成的斑岩型钼矿体,在后期金矿形成时,在酸性热液淋滤下进一步富集。     

Metamorphic differentiation at Einasleigh,Northern Queensland

Biotite‐muscovite‐garnet gneisses at Einasleigh contain quartz‐feldspar veins composed of the same minerals as found in the enclosing rock. The vein‐gneiss boundaries are commonly irregular and on a microscopic scale, gradational.

Certain amphibolite layers contain quartz‐feldspar veins composed of the same minerals as found in the amphibolite. Hornblende‐rich extraction zones surround these veins, and material balance calculations show that all or nearly all of the vein‐forming matter was locally derived. Variation in the abundance of hornblende and plagioclase in the amphibolite as a function of distance from a quartz‐feldspar vein can be expressed by error‐function curves, thus suggesting that the mineral‐segregation process was diffusion‐controlled. During the mineral rearrangement, the Na and Ca contents of plagioclase have evidently remained unchanged, but the vein hornblende has become slightly richer in Fe+3, Mg, and Ca, and poorer in Si and Al relative to hornblende in the adjacent amphibolite.

A certain biotite‐plagioclase rock forms layers and boudins in the gneisses and contains pegmatite veins composed of the same minerals as found in the host rock. The plagioclase in these veins is more sodic than that in the host rock while the biotite contains slightly more Ti and Fe+² and less Si and Mg than the biotite of the enclosing rock.

The data indicate that significant portions of the vein‐forming matter at Einasleigh were locally derived. The chemistry of some minerals has changed slightly during the segregation process, resulting possibly from different diffusion rates for the different mineral‐forming constituents.     

云南墨江金厂金矿床含铬层状硅酸盐矿物成分标型特征

含铬绢云母类矿物在云南墨江金厂金矿床中广泛出现于黄铁铬绢英岩、黄铁硅质岩、黄铁铬云母岩和石英脉中。含铬绿泥石类矿物主要出现在石英脉、硅质岩、黄铁铬绢英岩中。蒙脱石出现于蚀变围岩中，而高岭石出现于富金石英脉中。本文通过对72个上述矿物电子探针数据的分析，确定了与其成因产状对应的含铬绢云母、含铬伊利石、含铬绿泥石、含铬蒙脱石、高岭石矿物的系列成分标型。研究表明，具最高铬含量的上述矿物样品均位于近金厂岩体穿脉的最北端。在铬铝云母SiO2-Cr2O3关系图上可以看出，不同成矿背景的铬铝绢云母，其Cr、Si离子数有分区特点，而本矿床的铬铝云母成分标型反映其富硅富铬的特点，与金厂超基性岩体的变质热液有关。     

The gold area of Jales (northern Portugal)

The hydrothermal gold quartz veins of Jales cut Hercynian granitic rocks, Pre-Ordovician, Ordovician and Silurian schists. They occur along Hercynian NNE-SSW, NE-SW and WNW-ESE faults and are probably related to the Jales granite. Some are over 2 km long and have a thickness of 0.02–2 m. The only exploited quartz veins are from Campo and Desvio which contain several ore-shoots (25t Au exploited since 1933). The veins from Jales area also have good Au reserves. Quartz and arsenopyrite dominate in the gold quartz veins with a banded structure. Electrum and gold are included in sulphides, sulphosalts and quartz and also in veinlets cutting these minerals. Silver occurs in electrum, argentite, galena, freibergite and polyargyrite. Several minerals were analysed by electron microprobe. The primary minerals, some showing recurrences, belong to six paragenetic stages formed between 550 and 30°C and separated by faulting.     

Reconciling fluid inclusion types,fluid processes,and fluid sources in skarns: an example from the Bismark Deposit,Mexico

The Bismark deposit (8.5 Mt at 8% Zn, 0.5% Pb, 0.2% Cu, and 50 g/t Ag) located in northern Mexico is an example of a stock-contact skarn end member of a continuum of deposit types collectively called high-temperature, carbonate-replacement deposits. The deposit is hosted by massive sulfide within altered limestone adjacent to the Bismark quartz monzonite stock (~42 Ma) and the Bismark fault. Alteration concurrently developed in both the intrusion and limestone. The former contains early potassic alteration comprising K-feldspar and biotite, which was overprinted by kaolinite-rich veins and alteration and later quartz, sericite, and pyrite with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Prograde exoskarn alteration in the limestone consists of green andradite and diopside, and transitional skarn comprising red-brown andradite, green hedenbergite and minor vesuvinite, calcite, fluorite, and quartz. The main ore stage post-dates calc-silicate minerals and comprises sphalerite and galena with gangue pyrite, pyrrhotite, calcite, fluorite, and quartz. The entire hydrothermal system developed synchronously with faulting. Fluid inclusion studies reveal several distinct temporal, compositional, and thermal populations in pre-, syn- and post-ore quartz, fluorite, and calcite. The earliest primary fluid inclusions are coexisting vapor-rich (type 2A) and halite-bearing (type 3A; type 3B contain sylvite) brine inclusions (32 to >60 total wt% salts) that occur in pre-ore fluorite. Trapping temperatures are estimated to have been in excess of 400 °C under lithostatic pressures of ~450 bar (~1.5 km depth). Primary fluid inclusions trapped in syn-ore quartz display critical to near critical behavior (type 1C), have moderate salinity (8.4 to 10.9 wt% NaCl equiv.) and homogenization temperatures (Th) ranging from 351 to 438 °C. Liquid-rich type 1A and 1B (calcite-bearing) inclusions occur as primary to secondary inclusions predominantly in fluorite and show a range in Th (104–336 °C) and salinity (2.7–11.8 wt% NaCl equiv.), which at the higher Th and salinity ranges overlap with type 1C inclusions. Oxygen isotope analysis was carried out on garnet, quartz, and calcite (plus carbon isotopes) in pre-, syn-, post-ore, and peripheral veins. Pre-ore skarn related garnets have a δ¹⁸O_mineral range between 3.9 and 8.4‰. Quartz from the main ore stage range between 13.6 and 16.0‰. Calcite from the main ore stage has δ¹³C values of –2.9 to –5.1‰ and δ¹⁸O values of 12.3 to 14.1‰, which are clearly distinct from post-ore veins and peripheral prospects that have much higher δ¹⁸O (16.6–27.3‰) and δ¹³C (1.3–3.1‰) values. Despite the numerous fluid inclusion types, only two fluid sources can be inferred, namely a magmatic fluid and an external fluid that equilibrated with limestone. Furthermore, isotopic data does not indicate any significant mixing between the two fluids, although fluid inclusion data may be interpreted otherwise. Thus, the various fluid types were likely to have formed from varying pressure–temperature conditions through faulting during exsolution of magmatic fluids. Late-stage hydrothermal fluid activity was dominated by the non-magmatic fluids and was post-ore.     

陕西略阳张家山金矿成矿作用及Au-Se矿物形成物理化学条件研究

陕西略阳煎茶岭金矿矿集区中的张家山金矿主要由破碎蚀变岩型、角砾岩型和含金石英黄铁矿脉型矿石组成。含金石英-黄铁矿脉型矿石产于断层下盘的石英菱镁岩中。黄铁矿发育富As黄铁矿边,环边受As含量的变化呈现一定的韵律变化,自然金赋存在富As黄铁矿中。在断裂发育形成断层角砾岩的过程中,流体充填破碎石英菱镁岩的裂隙中形成热液矿物,包括硫化物、硒化物以及自然金。石英菱镁岩发生破碎形成的网状裂隙被含金石英-方解石-黄铁矿脉充填。破碎蚀变岩型矿石中,自然金主要分布在含金石英-黄铁矿脉的石英之中或靠近热液脉的菱镁矿或石英间隙。随着大量方解石脉沿裂隙贯入,进一步促进石英菱镁岩的破碎及岩石角砾的分离,形成由石英菱镁岩碎屑、石英和褐铁矿组成的复成分角砾岩,自然金和硒化物呈浸染状分布在角砾岩中。笔者在角砾岩型矿石中发现了灰硒汞矿、直硒镍矿、硒铅矿等硒化物,这些硒化物往往与自然金密切共生。结合矿物组合以及相关化学反应关系,通过热力学计算,构建了该矿床在不同温度条件下的热力学相平衡关系图,限定了硒化物与其他相关矿物稳定存在的物理化学条件。硒化物一般与自然金和石英共生,高的f(Se2)值和f(Se2)/f(S2)比值是控制硒化物形成的关键因素。     

黔东南金矿形成时代的确定兼论湘黔加里东金矿带

黔东南金矿是赋存在新元古代浅变质岩系中的石英脉型金矿,变质岩的原岩是一套火山-沉积岩,由凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩、粉砂岩等组成,多具清楚的条纹韵律结构,反映了一种浊流沉积的环境。石英脉的产出受背斜构造和剪切断裂控制,有整合层间脉与断裂破碎带充填脉两种类型。石英脉的组成比较简单,除石英外,主要是硫化物类矿物及捕获的围岩成分。通过对5个矿点的石英中包裹体的Rb-Sr同位素测定和等时线法定年,确定其成矿时代为加里东期,与比邻的湘西同类型金矿的形成时代一致。根据赋矿地层岩性、地质演化历史与构造环境的比较,圈划出了一个湘黔加里东金矿带,对今后的找矿工作会有参考价值。     

西藏谢通门县邦弄含铁电英岩脉的地质特征及成因分析

文章介绍了西藏谢通门县邦弄地区含铁电英岩脉的地质特征.电英岩脉的延伸方向大致与区内的断层平行,围岩为中粒斑状角闪黑云二长花岗岩.电英岩脉中见有不同程度的铁矿化,共有23条矿化较好的含铁电英岩脉.含铁电英岩脉中矿石矿物为赤铁矿(镜铁矿),脉石矿物为石英、电气石及少量的白云母和长石.矿石具叶片状、鳞片状结构,块状构造,矿石...