西藏改则地区在东亚季风前期大气层特征

利用JICA项目改则站第二阶段加密探空观测资料,着重揭示了该地区大气层结构的观测事实,尤其是边界层风、温、湿特征。主要结论如下:(1)该地区不论是对流层还是边界层,温度递减率都较大,白天可以接近或超过干绝热直减率,在清晨出现逆温的频率较多。(2)该地区白天近地层存在逆湿现象,近地层上部是否存在逆湿现象与天气和下垫面背景有关。(3)该地区近地层风速极值也出现在早晚时刻,白天风速较小。边界层风则随高度呈多峰值变化。      

青藏高原西部改则地区大气边界层特征

利用第二次青藏高原大气科学考察试验（TIPEX）改则站大气边界层物理观测资料,着重揭示了该地区边界层结构的观测事实,尤其是近地层风、温、湿特征和土壤温、湿特征。主要结果如下:（1）边界层内风速随高度呈多极值分布,即使在白天混合层内,空气上下混合也较差;（2）边界层内白天温度递减率较大,可达到1.6 ℃/100 m;（3）白天,边界层常出现逆湿现象。     

东疆黑戈壁近地大气边界层气象要素季节变化规律

利用东疆红柳河黑戈壁下垫面陆气相互作用观测站2017年近地大气边界层梯度探测资料和红柳河气象站天气现象观测数据,分析该地区典型晴天条件下的近地层风速、温度和比湿的四季廓线特征。结果表明:四季近地层风廓线变化规律明显。典型晴天条件下,在0.5～4 m高度内风速随高度的增加而变大的速度较快,在4～32 m范围内,白天风速随高度增大较缓慢,但夜间出现快速增大;存在明显的夜间逆温,逆温层主要集中在4～32 m,冬季逆温强于夏季,晨间0.5～32 m间的温度差可达4.6℃,且红柳河四季的气温日较差均较大,秋季可达到15.7℃;夜间比湿高于白天,秋、冬季夜间逆湿层出现在10～32 m,其比湿差为0.15 g/kg左右,夏季无逆湿现象。     

珠峰地区大气边界层结构及近地层能量交换分析

利用2005年中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察期间的无线电高空探测资料和超声风温仪观测资料,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区边界层高度、风速、风向和比湿的日变化以及两个海拔高度不同的观测站(珠峰站和曲宗站)的近地层能量交换特征,得到珠穆朗玛峰地区5月份边界层高度日变化比较明显,因冰川风的存在影响了大气边界层,边界层高度最高为3888 m;白天珠穆朗玛峰地区低层都存在逆湿现象。因珠峰站和曲宗站海拔高度、下垫面状况不同,能量交换特征也不同:4~5月份白天珠峰站感热大于潜热,而曲宗站潜热大于感热;珠峰站土壤热通量转为正、负值的时间早于曲宗站。     

乌鲁木齐降雪与非降雪天气边界层结构变化特征

利用Vaisala系留探空仪系统在2008年1月乌鲁木齐探测所得资料,分析了降雪和非降雪过程中温度、湿度和风的垂直结构及其变化特征。结果表明:降雪和非降雪天,白天对流边界层特征均较明显,但在暖气团影响下,对流边界层特征消失,出现深厚平流逆温,夜间多出现贴地逆温。白天平流逆温强度较夜间逆温更强,白天逆温层出现湿中心,上部出现干中心。降雪天湿中心高度低于非降雪天。夜间近地层出现微弱的逆湿现象,上部出现干中心,降雪天近地层逆湿现象比非降雪天弱;降雪天和非降雪天近地层风向分布均较散乱,主导风向为偏北风,高空主导风向为东南风。风速多因风向改变而出现极大值或极小值,其值常以“高-低-高-低”形式出现于特定高度,风速因风向变化呈波动状随高度递增。     

青藏高原东南缘近地层微气象学特征对比分析

本文利用位于青藏高原东南缘的温江和大理大气边界层野外观测资料,对比分析了两站包括风温湿、辐射、湍流通量等在内的近地层微气象学特征,主要结果如下：（1）两站风速值均随着高度的增加而增大,但温江站冬季4～10 m风速在白天出现随高度减小的现象.温江站冬季以东北风为主,夏季以西北风和南风为主;大理站冬季以东南风为主,其次为西南风,夏季则以东风和东南风为主.两站近地层逆温和逆湿现象都非常显著.（2）同一季节温江站大气逆辐射和地表长波辐射大于大理站,向下短波辐射小于大理站.温江站地表长波辐射总是大于大气逆辐射,而大理站白天地表长波辐射大于大气逆辐射,晚上则相反.（3）温江站感热通量冬季大于大理站,夏季小于大理站,而潜热通量无论冬夏都要小于大理站.两站潜热通量均大于感热通量,并且大理站潜热通量月平均日变化值全天始终大于零.无论冬夏,温江站土壤热通量都要小于大理站,随着深度的增加两站土壤热通量均有位相上的延迟.     

南疆沙漠腹地大气边界层气象要素廓线分析

利用塔中80m观测塔梯度系统采集的2006年8月、10月和2007年1月、4月的风、温度、湿度资料,结合气象站的同步气象资料,对南疆沙漠腹地近地层四季的晴天平均风速、温度、湿度廓线分布特征进行分析。结果表明,晴天平均风速白天随高度升高增加缓慢,夜间较快,低层风速白天比夜间大,高层则白天比夜间小,春夏季风速较大;四季平均温度廓线表现为夜间辐射型、早上过渡型、白天日射型和傍晚过渡型等四种类型,早、晚过渡时间四季各有不同,日最低、最高温度出现时间四季则相差不大;冬季夜间比湿随高度升高而增大,整个80m近地层表现为逆湿状态,其他季节逆湿一般出现在0．5—1m、1～2m、32—47m、63—80m等4个层次上,各逆湿层出现的时间各季节有所差异。     

苏州东山冬季大气边界层结构特征及其对污染物浓度的影响

利用2015年1月15—27日在苏州东山气象观测站系留气艇观测数据以及细颗粒物浓度观测资料,对东山大气边界层结构特征及其对污染物垂直结构分布的影响进行分析研究。结果表明:苏州东山地区冬季空气污染过程的边界层结构演变比较典型,夜间稳定边界层高度约为200 m,白天最大边界层高度可达1 000 m。边界层内污染物垂直结构分布易受边界层高度的影响,较低的大气边界层高度可使细颗粒物在近地层持续累积;反之,边界层高度较高,湍流发展旺盛,颗粒物垂直分布均匀。夜间大气边界层稳定,逆温结构多发,导致近地面出现细颗粒物堆积。风的垂直结构对细颗粒物空间分布也存在显著影响,在风速较小的低空层细颗粒分布较多,而风速较大的中高层的分布较少。      

黑河实验区沙漠戈壁上空“逆湿”的数值模拟

本文采用区域大气模拟系统－RAMS,模拟了黑河实验区沙漠戈壁上空的“逆湿”,并研究了“逆湿”发生时沙漠戈壁大气边界层结构,模拟结果表明,“逆湿”形成是平流作用的结果,沙漠戈壁边界层内较小的风速,弱不稳定层结及存在的下沉气流都有利于其近地层内逆湿的形成。     

青藏高原东部及下游地区冬季边界层的观测分析

利用2007年12月的加密探空资料, 对高原东部及其下游地区的边界层结构和高原东部边界层变化对下游大气的影响进行了分析。结果表明, 冬季青藏高原东部夜间近地面逆温层可以发展到平均500 m的高度, 白天混合层可以发展到平均2000 m的高度。白天混合层内水汽和风速混合十分均匀, 在混合层发展成熟时存在十分深厚的逆湿层。冬季青藏高原下游的四川盆地, 边界层内温度日较差小, 夜间逆温层把大量地表水汽截留在近地层, 日出前近地层水汽容易达到饱和。白天, 混合层在中午发展成熟, 平均高度只有300 m。四川盆地对流层下部存在非常强的逆温层, 该逆温层是青藏高原抬升地表加热和冬季盛行西风气流形成的, 逆温层变化是青藏高原东部边界层温度日变化和局地西风变化的共同结果。逆温层显著改变大气动量、 热量和水汽的垂直分布。与对流层下部逆温相联系的中层云对辐射的影响是造成四川盆地温度日较差和混合层高度变化的原因。     

藏北那曲地区大气边界层特征分析

利用“全球协调加强观测计划(CEOP)亚澳季风之青藏高原试验”(CAMP／Tibet)2002年8月预试验期间(PLOP)藏北高原观测站(BJ站和安尼站)的无线电探空仪的探空资料,分析了藏北那曲地区的大气边界层位温、比湿、风速的日变化特征及稳定边界层和对流边界层特征。结果表明,藏北那曲地区边界层日变化大,对流混合层高度最高可达1800m,下雨天形成对流边界层的时间晚于阴天和晴天的时间。     

宜昌冬季两次降水过程大气边界层的观测分析

利用宜昌2007年12月10-25日的加密观测资料,分析了两次低值系统经过宜昌时大气边界层的温湿风廓线结构及其日变化特征。结果表明：位温廓线具有明显的日变化特征,对流边界层在白天出现和发展,其高度可达600m,而稳定边界层在夜间出现和发展,其高度可达300m,降水会抑制对流边界层和稳定边界层的发展;湿度廓线结构及其日变化与对流边界层的发展有关,总体上湿度随高度减小,贴近地面的薄层湿度随高度减小较快,而混合层内湿度随高度变化较小,出现降水时,近地层的湿度有明显增加,大气边界层内湿度随高度快速平稳减小;风速廓线结构比较复杂,总体上风速随高度增大,在大气边界层低层有时会出现一个风速极大值,风速廓线没有明显的日变化特征,大气边界层内风向变化较大,但以偏东风为主。     

青藏高原纳木错湖区大气边界层结构分析

利用2007年8月8~19日期间系留气球低探空和GPS无线电探空资料,分析了纳木错湖区大气边界层高度、风、温、湿等要素的垂直结构。结果表明:纳木错湖的冷湖效应推迟了边界层湍流混合及对流边界层出现的时间,边界层高度日变化非常明显,对流边界层高度最高可达1750 m;在晴天条件下,边界层内湖陆风日变化非常明显,湖陆风控制范围常超过边界层高度,可达对流层中部;边界层内比湿变化呈V型变化,白天减小,夜间增大,早晨08:00出现峰值。     

A diagnostic analysis on the effect of the residual layer in convective boundary layer development near Mongolia using 20th century reanalysis data

Although the residual layer has already been noted in the classical diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer,its effect on the development of the convective boundary layer has not been well studied. In this study, based on 3-hourly20 th century reanalysis data, the residual layer is considered as a common layer capping the convective boundary layer. It is identified daily by investigating the development of the convective boundary layer. The region of interest is bounded by(30°–60° N, 80°–120° E), where a residual layer deeper than 2000 m has been reported using radiosondes. The lapse rate and wind shear within the residual layer are compared with the surface sensible heat flux by investigating their climatological means, interannual variations and daily variations. The lapse rate of the residual layer and the convective boundary layer depth correspond well in their seasonal variations and climatological mean patterns. On the interannual scale, the correlation coefficient between their regional averaged(40°–50°N, 90°–110° E) variations is higher than that between the surface sensible heat flux and convective boundary layer depth. On the daily scale, the correlation between the lapse rate and the convective boundary layer depth in most months is still statistically significant during 1970–2012. Therefore, we suggest that the existence of a deep neutral residual layer is crucial to the formation of a deep convective boundary layer near the Mongolian regions.     

基于激光云高仪反演全天边界层高度的两步曲线拟合法

大气边界层高度是天气、气候、大气环境研究中的一个重要参数,目前尚缺少基于激光雷达探测系统反演全天边界层高度的有效方法。文中利用北京朝阳站、大兴站的激光云高仪数据,首先评估了梯度法、标准偏差法、曲线拟合法和小波协方差法反演边界层高度的适用性和局限性,发现梯度法容易受环境噪声的影响,曲线拟合法稳定性较好,但在夜间弱湍流条件下会将残留层高度误判为夜间边界层高度。提出两步曲线拟合法,将一天中边界层结构划分为白天的对流边界层、夜间的残留层和稳定边界层,通过用不同的理想曲线对其进行两步拟合,获取全天边界层高度的变化。将两步曲线拟合法的反演结果与基于L波段探空雷达的位温梯度法的探测结果进行比较发现:两者相关系数为0.91,证明了两步曲线拟合法的可行性以及激光云高仪探测边界层高度的应用潜力。采用该方法反演2017年5—6月朝阳站与大兴站边界层高度,对比发现:城区特殊的下垫面性质使朝阳站日间对流边界层发展更早,边界层高度更高,全天朝阳站边界层高度的变化在308—1391 m,大兴站在197—1302 m。     

Helicity Dynamics of Atmospheric Flow

Helicity is an important physical variable which is similar to the energy and enstrophy in three-dimensional fluid. It can be used to describe the motion in the direction of fluid rotation and also can be regarded as a new physi-cal variable in turbulence theory. In recent years, it has been used in atmospheric dynamics. In this paper, helicity of atmospheric flow, especially helicity in the boundary layer and in the vicinity of front was discussed. These results show that helicity is usually positive in the boundary layer due to the effect of friction. The helicity of boundary layer flow is larger in anticyclone than that in cyclone, resulting from the different wind structures of boundary layers in an-ticyclone and cyclone under the geostrophic momentum approximation. It is possible that the helicity is negative at certain height in the baroclinic boundary layer. The influences of nonlinearity and baroclinity on the helicity are im-portant. The so called “Cloud Street” in the boundary layer is related to the dynamics of helicity. Helicity in the at-mosphere can be expressed as the temperature advection under some conditions, so helicity would be allowed to des-cribe the frontogenesis and development of frontal structure. The amplitude of helicity increases with time in the frontogenesis. A large gradient of helicity is generated in the region located to the northeast of the surface low and in which the front is formed. In warm frontal region, as well as behind the trough of temperature, the helicity is positive, while the helicity is negative in cold frontal sector and in the ahead ridge of temperature. The largest helicity occurs in the boundary.     

Study on Physical Mechanism of Influence on Atmospheric Boundary Layer Depth in the Arid Regions of Northwest China

Using the sounding data of wind, temperature, and humidity in the boundary layer and micrometeorological data on the earth's surface observed in the same period in Dunhuang arid region of Northwest China,this paper researches characteristics of potential temperature, wind, and humidity profiles, confirms the structure and depth of thermodynamic boundary layer in Dunhuang region, and analyzses the relationship of depth of thermodynamic boundary layer with surface radiation, buoyancy flux as well as wind speed and wind direction shear in the boundary layer. The results show that the maximum depth of diurnal convective boundary layer is basically above 2000 m during the observational period, many times even in excess of 3000 m and sometimes up to 4000 m; the depth of nocturnal stable boundary layer basically maintains within a range of 1000-1500 m. As a whole, the depth of atmospheric boundary layer is obviously bigger than those results observed in other regions before. By analyzing, a preliminary judgement is that the depth of atmospheric thermodynamic boundary layer in Dunhuang region may relate to local especial radiation characteristics, surface properties (soil moisture content and heat capacity) as well as wind velocity shear of boundary layer, and these properties have formed strong buoyancy flux and dynamic forcing in a local region which are fundamental causes for producing a super deep atmospheric boundary layer.     

北京冬季低层大气O3垂直分布观测结果的研究

给出了2001年2月26～28日在北京市方庄小区用系留气艇观测大气边界层O3垂直分布的结果.结合相关资料,对边界层O3的变化机制进行了初步分析.研究表明,冬季边界层O3主要受边界层气象条件、尤其是逆温层的影响比较大.在逆温层以下O3都维持极低值分布,超过仪器所能观测的最低极限.在逆温层向自由大气过渡的高度区域,O3浓度明显的梯度变化与风速垂直切变有关.观测还表明冬季城市市区大量排放的氮氧化物、水汽参与的化学反应是影响边界层O3变化的重要因素.     

Turbulent and Thermodynamic Structure of the Autumnal Arctic Boundary Layer Due to Embedded Clouds

We have studied the role of low-level clouds in modifying the thermodynamic and turbulence properties of the Arctic boundary layer during autumn. This was achieved through detailed analyses of boundary-layer properties in two regions, one with low-level cloud cover and the other free of clouds, using measurements from a research aircraft during the Beaufort and Arctic Storms Experiment (BASE). Both regions were measured on the same day under similar synoptic forcing. The cloudy region was characterized by strong horizontal inhomogeneity in low-level temperature and moisture that varied with the cloud-top height. The clear region was relatively homogeneous in temperature and specific humidity with a strong temperature inversion extending between heights of 100 m and 3 km. From measurements at the lowest levels, we also identified a shallow mixed layer below the deep stable layer in the clear region.Our spectral analyses revealed significant modifications of boundary-layer properties due to the presence of low-level clouds. In the cloudy region, turbulent perturbations dominated the boundary-layer flow and made large contributions to the scalar variances. In the clear boundary-layer, wave motion contributed significantly to the observed variances, while turbulent flow was relatively weak. The clear region was saturated, although no detectable clouds were measured.