中国大地测量科学发展的若干问题

概述了大地测量学作为测绘基准、提供地理信息系统的基础框架作用。回顾了我国大地测量在建立国家平面基准、国家高程基准、国家重力基准等方面的情况。论述介绍了大地测量学当前发展的国际背景，提出了对我国大地测量学今后发展，如建立现代大地坐标框架和现代重力基准的目标和任务，以及改善国家高程基准等方面的考虑。     

GPS城市沉降监测网数据处理方法研究

GPS技术在大地测量、维护大地坐标系和进行全球板块运动或区域地壳形变监测中已得到非常广泛的应用,但在城市地面沉降监测方面,仍存在基准选取、系统参数对高程形变影响等问题。比较了平差过程中的不同基准模型,分析了各自的适用性,讨论了系统参数对平差结果的影响,得出附加系统参数和附有约束条件的网平差计算模型,最后对西安地区布设的GPS地面沉降和地裂缝监测网进行计算,比较了不同的平差方案,得出系统参数和不同基准模型对地面沉降数据处理的影响和适用性。     

全球垂直基准在全球变化研究中的作用

介绍了全球垂直基准 (GVD)在监测与全球变化有关的海平面变化、现今地壳运动中的作用 ,论及GVD与国际地球参考架 (ITRF)的关系 ,对如何建立全球垂直基准及其精度作了讨论。研究表明只要按文中的方法进行卫星激光测距 (SLR)、全球定位系统 (GPS)观测与重力测量 ,则可使全球垂直基准比现今世界各地高程之差约 2m要提高一个数量级。     

大地测量学的新进展——国际大地测量协会（IAG）2001年科学大会综述

对国际大地测量协会（IAG）2001年科学大会中所讨论的几个科学技术问题做了部分介绍。其中包括大地测量学近20年来的进展、地球参考框架、大地测量基本常数、GPS连续运行网及其综合服务系统和卫星重力探测，以及GPS天气预报的技术要求等。     

解密HNCORS——HNCORS 三年建设路

HNCORS,湖南的连续运行参考站系统,全省拟建93个基准站,现在有10个基准站已经运行,另有43个基准站建好或者在建中,将能够全年365天,每天24小时连续不断地运行,全面取代常规大地测量控制网,可以精确到厘米级。     

珠穆朗玛峰高程测量

综合利用GPS定位、水准测量、三角测量、电磁波测距、重力测量、雷达测地及大地水准面精化等技术,精确确定了珠峰顶的高程和平面位置,实现了迄今为止对珠峰高程最为精确的测量。介绍了珠峰高程控制网和GPS控制网的测量概况,阐述了利用常规大地测量和GPS技术确定珠峰高程的数据处理方法以及局部重力场精化等技术,为进一步研究珠峰地区板块运动提供了良好基础。     

国家重力基准控制测量的发展及所面临的两个问题

文章简述了建国后国家重力基准所经历的两个发展阶段,即1957年系统和1985年系统。文中分析了这两系统各自的精度和主要技术特点;讨论了当前国家重力基准系统使用中所面临的两个迫切和重要的实践问题;1)对旧系统的精度评价及其向新系统的转换;2)受新网控制的各类高精度附加重力测量,如国家重力一等网的数据处理方法。     

国际地球参考框架ITRF2020简介与评析

国际地球自转与参考系统服务组织于2022年4月发布了最新的国际地球参考框架ITRF2020(the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2020)。由于采用了更长的时间序列、更加完善的处理模型和更加优化的处理策略,ITRF2020的精度要优于ITRF2014。相对于ITRF2014,ITRF2020在原点和尺度参数实现策略上有显著改进,并第一次明确给出了季节性信号的原点、尺度和定向,即：(1)采用分段对准策略改进了原点和尺度参数实现方法;(2)分别给出了在地球质量中心和地球形状中心框架下的季节性信号的原点、尺度和定向实现,以及地球质量中心和地球形状中心框架下的谐波参数模型。此外,参与ITRF2020构建的各独立技术的数据处理也有显著进步。首先详细介绍了ITRF2020的4种空间大地测量技术数据处理进展以及技术间组合的技术进步,然后对ITRF2020基准实现进行简要分析,最后对其存在的不足进行初步分析与讨论。     

GPS在1∶20万区域重力调查中的应用

近年来,在1∶20万区域重力调查工作中主要使用GPS确定重力测点的空间位置。GPS测量测得的是椭球高程,而我国重力测量求得的是水准高程。目前,野外工作中采用GPS基准站周围50km范围内忽略高程异常的办法进行重力测点高程的测量。文章介绍了GPS测量原理及我国常用的大地坐标系,根据连续5年在山区进行的1∶20万区域重力测量的实际资料,讨论了这种工作方法能达到的精度。     

GPS在1:20万区域重力调查中的应用

近年来，在1：20万区域重力调查工作中主要使用GPS确定重力测点的空间位置。GPS测量测得的是椭球高程，而我国重力测量求得的是水准高程．目前，野外工作中采用GPS基准站周围50km范围内忽略高程异常的办法进行重力测点高程的测量．文章介绍了GPS测量原理及我国常用的大地坐标系，根据连续5年在山区进行的1：20万区域重力测量的实际资料，讨论了这种工作方法能达到的精度。     

2000国家大地坐标系下三角网平差技术研究

原国家大地控制网成果是参心坐标系（1980西安坐标系）成果,而2000国家大地坐标系是地心坐标系,参心坐标系下成果需通过各种改正与网平差,才能得到2000国家大地坐标系成果。叙述了2000国家大地坐标系下三角网平差的技术方法、空间网数据处理和地面网数据归算,介绍了平差模型和精度估计的方法,利用实例进行了平差计算,对结果进行了对比分析,并利用实测数据对平差结果进行了验证,取得了良好的效果,为2000国家大地坐标系统的推广应用提供了良好基础。     

关于重力勘查的高度改正应采用何种高程系统的讨论

重力勘查的观测值必须进行正常场与高度改正,为此要测量重力测点的平面位置与高程,尤其对高程测量精度要求甚严。以前测地工作使用经纬仪、水准仪和测距仪等,高程系统按“规范”(1)采用大地水准面的“正高系统”.近来全球卫星定位系统(GPS)开始应用于重力勘查中,GPS测量的高程为WGS-84的“大地高系统”,这样需要把“大地高”换算到“正高”.这样做即要花费许多工作量,又会增加换算中产生的误差。本文通过对地球正常重力场理论公式的分析,认为可以采用GPS测量的大地高进行重力高度改正。     

Geodetic and GIS tools for dam safety: case of Sidi Salem dam (northern Tunisia)

The dams are one of the important engineering structures used for water supply and different other important purposes. In order to provide safety, well-planned and implemented geodetic monitoring is very essential for such engineering structures, which constitute the aim of this study. In fact, micro-geodetic data can be exploited and used to survey the displacement of dam by measuring the horizontal and vertical coordinates at different dates from fixed positions (pillars) to other positions (targets). As a result, the superposition of the geodetic auscultation charts and the factors which can affect the stability of dams such as water level, hydrostatic pressure, and seismic state show a net correlation between these parameters and the auscultation variation at different periods. Geographical information system (GIS) techniques are used for mapping spatial variation of auscultation measures. These synthetic documents can help managers and decision makers in hydraulic management and water system protection.     

Integrated geodynamical network in Russia. (Scientific objectives and realization)

Determination of a geodetic reference frame and a unique system of normal heights, meeting requests of geodynamic studies, demands an accomplishment of a complex of different types of geodetic measurements (space and terrestrial), as each of techniques separately unable to give a singular interpretation. A problem of precise determination of the quasigeoid heights can be solved by joined analysis of GPS/GLONASS measurements and gravimetric data, if for the GPS sites precise levelling data are available. An establishment of the Fiducial Astro-Geodetic network (FAGN), based mainly on the use of space geodesy technique, is a principal objective of the national programme which is carried out in Russia, under the management of the Federal Department of Geodesy and Cartography and in collaboration with research institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A real situation with the existing russian stations for geodynamical monitoring is considered, and a programme of upgrading of the integrated fundamental geodetic network is discussed.     

聚矿构造系统与找矿

聚矿构造系统是控制成矿物质迁移富集成矿的复合构造系统.按其规模从大到小可划分为7个层次,按照成因类型不同,分为岩浆矿床、岩浆期后热液矿床、沉积-热水沉积矿床和变质矿床聚矿构造系统4大类.重点阐述了矽卡岩型铁铜等矿床、斑岩型与斑岩-矽卡岩型铜钼矿床、岩浆期后高温热液钨锡矿床、岩浆期后中低温热液金多金属矿床和热水沉积-改造型铅锌矿床聚矿构造系统的特征及其控矿规律.总结了聚矿构造系统发育的有利部位及标志,阐述了通过聚矿构造研究,综合运用地质、地球物理与地球化学相结合的方法和类比求异的分析思路,进行隐伏矿床(体)定位预测和寻求找矿突破的有效途径,并提供了可借鉴的实例.      

A comparative study for the estimation of geodetic point velocity by artificial neural networks

Space geodesy era provides velocity information which results in the positioning of geodetic points by considering the time evolution. The geodetic point positions on the Earth’s surface change over time due to plate tectonics, and these changes have to be accounted for geodetic purposes. The velocity field of geodetic network is determined from GPS sessions. Velocities of the new structured geodetic points within the geodetic network are estimated from this velocity field by the interpolation methods. In this study, the utility of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) widely applied in diverse fields of science is investigated in order to estimate the geodetic point velocities. Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (BPANN) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) are used to estimate the geodetic point velocities. In order to evaluate the performance of ANNs, the velocities are also interpolated by Kriging (KRIG) method. The results are compared in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) over five different geodetic networks. It was concluded that the estimation of geodetic point velocity by BPANN is more effective and accurate than by KRIG when the points to be estimated are more than the points known.     

Applications géodésiques du système DORIS à l'Institut géographique national

IGN is in charge of the installation and maintenance of the DORIS orbit determination network. More recently, in collaboration with JPL, precise geodetic computations were performed. The goal of this paper is to recall the various historic contributions of IGN to the DORIS system in their international context and then to describe a new estimation technique developed for a multi-satellite mode, making full profit of a better modeling for satellites and ground clocks as well as tropospheric correction parameters. Derived geodetic results demonstrate a precision in the order of 1 cm for station positions. To cite this article: P. Willis et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Deformation Control of Deep Excavation Pit and Numerical Simulation with Finite Element Method

The authors firstly introduce deformation control of deep excavation pit in detail, and then put forward new conceptions such as: effective coefficient of excavation pit, effective area, ineffective area and critical line, and also put forward the referential criteria of deformation control. The System of Optimization Design with Deformation Control of Deep Excavation Pit and Numerical Simulation with Finite Element Method (SDCDEFEM) is also briefly introduced. Factors influencing deformation of excavation pit are analyzed by the system. The measured and simulated data of maximum deformations (settlement, displacement and upheaval) and their positions are analyzed and discussed. The statistic formula estimating maximum deformations and their positions was gained, and economical-effective measures of deformation control were brought forward.     

Geodetic reference systems for crustal motion studies

The behaviour of geodetic reference systems as a function of time cannot be ignored in determinations of position for secular geodynamic modelling. While non-specialist users are likely to appreciate the uncertainty surrounding the concept of a “fixed” point in regional surveys for crustal motion, its extension to global surveys based on techniques in dynamic geodesy is not widely understood. Such solutions are related to the natural coordinate system defined by the instantaneous geocentre (earth's centre of mass) and the instantaneous rotation axis whose location in earth space cannot be expected to be time invariant.The effect of such movements of the natural system of reference on the coordinates of points at the earth's surface is computed for a plausible model of the former. The resulting changes in solutions for three-dimensional position from dynamic considerations are discussed. It is shown that for the model adopted, the earth-space variations of the natural reference system with time produce coordinate changes with magnitudes not dissimilar to those resulting from reasonable variations in the earth's figure, though with different wavelengths, when computed from three-dimensional considerations alone.The resulting displacements, along with an accepted model for plate motions, are used to study changes in the shape of the level surfaces of the earth's gravity field with time. It is shown that plausible models for the deformation of the earth's figure produce significant changes in the geopotential and the shape of the geoid. However, the transfer of mass implied in extreme models of plate motion produce no significant changes in the datum level surface for crustal motion studies over periods as long as 10² yr.