Rare earth element distributions among coexisting granulite facies minerals,Scourian complex,NW Scotland

The major rock-forming mineral phases (pyroxenes, plagioclase, garnet, hornblende) of a suite of granulite-facies gneisses from the Scourian complex, NW Scotland, have been analyzed for their rare earth element (REE) content. Although host rock compositions range from felsic to ultramafic, REE abundances and patterns for each mineral group show only limited variation. The REEs exhibit regular and consistent distribution patterns for each mineral which suggest, together with major element and textural considerations, that the observed distribution coefficients approach equilibrium. Total REE content follows the sequence hornblende>clinopyroxene>garnet>plagioclase >orthopyroxene and mass balance calculations show that even in the felsic gneisses>60% of the REEs reside in the major rock-forming minerals. Comparisons of both relative REE abundances and distribution coefficients with those in other rock types reveal a striking resemblance with patterns observed in mineral-liquid pairs of dacitic rocks. These similarities may have arisen during a partial melting episode in which granite-granodiorite melts were generated and removed from the Scourian complex; leaving a residuum which is severely depleted in the incompatible elements, including the REEs.     

Orgin of a precambrian ultramafic intrusion in southeastern Wyoming,U.S.A.

The Preacher Creek ultramafic body is a small, lenticular-shaped intrusion of peridotite exposed in an ancient (2400–2500 m.y.), regionally metamorphosed terrane in southeastern Wyoming, U.S.A. The central core of the body consists of clinopyroxene-olivine peridotite and is surrounded by a marginal rim of peridotite in which orthopyroxene and plagioclase also occur as primary minerals. Alteration of primary minerals is relatively minor. However, at the contact with the country rock progressive alteration of the peridotite to actinolite and chlorite is locally severe. Chemical study of the effect of this alteration indicates that no more than minor changes from the primary composition of the peridotite have occurred. Petrographic studies reveal accumulative textures characteristic of stratiform complexes. Cryptic layering in the body is indicated by partial chemical analyses of the two major primary minerals, olivine and clinopyroxene.The body is inferred to have formed within the earth's crust by fractional crystallization and gravity accumulation of mafic minerals from a gabbroic magma that was differentiating along a tholeiitic trend. Subsequent to (or during) crystallization the body was remobilized, folded, and emplaced in its present site as a tectonic intrusion. Ultramafic intrusions with chemical, mineralogical, and structural features similar to the Preacher Creek body may be best explained perhaps as crystalline accumulates formed in volcanic magma chambers.     

我国金伯利岩稀土元素特征

我国山东、辽宁、贵州、山西及河北金伯利岩的稀土总量很高,且变化大。金伯利岩中稀土的球粒陨石标准配分模式为简单的较平滑的线,属LREE极富集型。不同岩体REE含量和配分模式的差异与部分熔融程度、地幔的非均一性、金伯利岩浆早期结晶的石榴石巨晶矿物的含量、壳源物质的混染作用、岩浆中挥发份含量及岩体的产状有关。钙钛矿是金伯利岩中主要的稀土载体矿物,次为磷灰石。     

长江中下游地区若干Cu(Au)、Cu-Fe(Au)和Fe矿床中钙质夕卡岩的稀土元素地球化学

本区夕卡岩的稀土元素（ＲＥＥ）分布模式表现为富集轻稀土元素（ＬＲＥＥ）的直线型和以Ｃｅ、Ｐｒ或Ｎｄ为峰值的折线型。夕卡岩全岩中ＲＥＥ分布模式基本上受石榴子石中ＲＥＥ的分配行为控制。石榴子石富集ＬＲＥＥ可能是承袭形成它们的初始物中ＲＥＥ丰度和分配行为的反映。石榴子石中ＲＥＥ（尤其是Ｌａ）分布的不均匀性、石榴子石微裂隙及包裹体中ＲＥＥ的丰度可能是导致直线型和过渡型ＲＥＥ分布模式的主要原因。石榴子石中折线型ＲＥＥ分布模式可能受石榴子石晶体化学和晶体结构的控制。具有这种ＲＥＥ分布模式的钙铁－钙铝榴石可能代表相对平衡条件下岩浆结晶分异产物。     

青城子层状/脉状铅锌矿床稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

位处华北板块北缘东段的辽吉裂谷带内发育有多处中、小型铅锌矿床,其中,同时发育层状和脉状铅锌矿的青城子矿床是典型的代表。为了探讨青城子层状铅锌矿和脉状铅锌矿矿质来源及成因的异同及其所代表的地质意义,利用ICP-MS对层状铅锌矿及其围岩、脉状铅锌矿及其围岩和后期穿矿脉岩进行了稀土元素测试。结果表明,所有样品均具有轻稀土元素（LREE）富集和明显分异的特点。层状铅锌矿及其围岩具有Eu正异常和较弱的Ce负异常,表明其成矿物质均来自上升的深部热水流体与海水的混合热液,在高温、还原流体和海水的参与下成矿。脉状铅锌矿及其围岩稀土元素配分模式与层状铅锌矿及其围岩相似,但其Eu为负异常和Ce异常不明显,部分样品出现较弱的Ce正异常,对比分析穿矿脉岩明显的Eu负异常和Ce正异常以及二者稀土元素总量稍大于层状铅锌矿的特点,文章认为青城子层状矿石为沉积成矿,成矿热液为深部热水流体与海水的混合热液,但后期受到岩浆侵入叠加改造的影响而在局部形成脉状铅锌矿体,引起了Eu负异常和局部Ce正异常的出现以及稀土元素总量的增加。     

Geochemistry of rare-earth elements in thermal waters of Uzon-Geyzernaya hydrothermal system (Kamchatka)

Precisional analyses of the abundances of La, Ce, and major elements in thermal waters and rocks of the Uzon-Geyzernaya volcanotectonic depression, supplemented by published data on a number of modern high-temperature hydrothermal systems of Kamchatka and two other areas of the world, allowed defining genetically important patterns of rare-earth elements (REE) distribution. The La and Ce abundances positively correlate with silica contents both in fresh igneous rocks of the study areas and in the products formed by hydrothermal processes.All studied hydrothermal clays are enriched in La and Ce. The general enrichment trend is similar to the pattern of positive correlation between the La and Ce abundances. Geothermal waters display a strong relationship between REE enrichment and pH. Enhanced REE enrichment trend is observed in thermal waters with abundant SO₄^2 ? and K. The REE versus Cl and B diagrams show two individual fields reflecting the level of acidity-alkalinity of thermal waters. These data demonstrate that La and Ce concentrations in the products of modern hydrothermal systems (in fluids and secondary mineral phases) are governed by wallrock composition, anionic water composition, and pH/Eh-dependent adsorption processes.     

Monazite chemical composition: some implications for monazite geochronology

An investigation of the chemical composition of monazite from a number of localities has been carried out. Samples used include monazites from metamorphic rocks, granitic rocks and a hydrothermal ore deposit. The REE distribution pattern of monazite varies greatly in accordance with its geological environment. A remarkable feature of the monazites studied is that their chondrite-normalised REE distribution patterns are mostly uniform between grains within the same sample, but differ significantly from sample to sample. This characteristic apparently indicates that there is an important effect on the REE distribution of monazite exerted by the host rock or source material from which monazite crystallised. Another important feature shown by the monazites studied is that monazites in rocks containing garnet as a major mineral show extreme depletion of HREE, whereas monazites in rocks without garnet or monazite that formed after the garnet breakdown contain significantly higher amounts of Y and HREE. This suggests that the phase assemblage, especially garnet, plays an important role in the REE distribution of monazites in these rocks. The value of REE distribution in monazite is exemplified with regard to the origin of monazite in the Lewisian metamorphic rocks, which is a fundamental issue in monazite geochronology. Received: 17 March 1999 / Accepted: 16 July 1999     

广西栗木稀有金属花岗岩的稀土元素配分模式及其意义

本文探讨了栗木稀有金属花岗岩稀土元素配分模式的特点。含矿花岗岩和不含矿花岗岩含稀土总量均低,但其稀土配分模式差别甚大。该岩体可能是南岭地区由成分相当于翁岗岩浆的碱长花岗岩浆直接结晶形成的,而不是由正常花岗岩浆演化到晚期的残余岩浆结晶形成的。     

Ion Probe Study of Silicate Inclusions from Colomera （IIE） Iron Meteorite： the Rare Earth Element Perspective

Coupled with a petrographical study, I carried out an ion probe study of rare earth element microdistributions in mineral phases of silicate inclusions from the Colomera IIE iron meteorite. Most mineral grains have homogeneous REEs, but show considerable inter-grain variations by a factor of 2 to 100. The whole rock REE abundances for Colomera,estimated by combining REE data with modal abundances, are relatively LREE-enriched with REEs of～10’CI, which suggest that Colomera silicates were highly differentiated and might represent a low degree partial melt (-10%) of a chondritic source. REE geochemistry of Colomera silicate inclusions points to an origin that involves differentiation,dynamic mixing, remelting, reduction, recrystallization, and subsequent rapid cooling near the surface of a planetary body.     

Rare-earth elements in high-alumina basaltic rocks from Sardinia

High-alumina basalts and basic andesites, which represent the most “primitive” magma types of the Cenozoic andesitic series of Sardinia, show a spatial chemical zonation with respect to REE. The basaltic rocks from the northern and south-central part of the island have REE patterns typical of calc-alkaline rocks with an enrichment of light REE and fractionation of heavy REE. In contrast, those from the southernmost part have a pattern similar to typical continental tholeiites with only a small light-REE enrichment and unfractionated heavy REE.The present data suggest that basaltic rocks may be formed by anatexis of upper-mantle material with mineral assemblages containing either garnet (calc-alkaline rocks) or spinel (rocks of tholeiitic affinities). The presence of garnet or spinel could merely reflect mineral phase transformation and indicates a different depth of fusion for the various types of basaltic rocks with those of tholeiitic affinities originating at a shallower depth than the calcalkaline rocks. The REE data are consistent with the generation of the basaltic rocks by partial melting of mantle peridotite overlying a subducted plate.     

Geochemical and Sm–Nd isotopic study of titanite from granitoid rocks of the eastern Dharwar craton,southern India

Titanite occurs as an accessory phase in a variety of igneous rocks, and is known to concentrate geologically important elements such as U, Th, rare earth element (REE), Y and Nb. The differences in the abundances of the REEs contained in titanite from granitoid rocks could reflect its response to changes in petrogenetic variables such as temperature of crystallization, pressure, composition, etc. Widespread migmatization in the granodiorite gneisses occurring to the east of Kolar and Ramagiri schist belts of the eastern Dharwar craton resulted in the enrichment of the REEs in titanite relative to their respective host rocks. A compositional influence on the partitioning of REEs between titanite and the host rock/magma is also noticed. The relative enrichment of REEs in titanite from quartz monzodiorite is lower than that found in the granodioritic gneiss. Depletion of REE and HFSE (high field-strength elements) abundances in granitic magmas that have equilibrated with titanite during fractional crystallization or partial melting has been modelled. As little as 1% of titanite present in residual phases during partial melting or in residual melts during fractional crystallization can significantly lower the abundances of trace elements such as Nb, Y, Zr and REE which implies the significance of this accessory mineral as a controlling factor in trace element distribution in granitoid rocks. Sm–Nd isotope studies on titanite, hornblende and whole rock yield isochron ages comparable to the precise U–Pb titanite ages, invoking the usefulness of Sm–Nd isochron ages involving minerals like titanite.     

Rare earth elements in Huronian (Lower Proterozoic) sedimentary rocks: Composition and evolution of the post-Kenoran upper crust

The Huronian sequence (Lower Proterozoicl. north of Lake Huron, contains tillites and abundant fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Analyses of rare earth elements (REE) in the matrix of tillite samples from the Gowganda Formation (~ 2.3 Gal is considered to be a reasonable estimate of upper crustal REE abundances for the region north of Lake Huron at the time of Gowganda deposition. The average is characterized by a moderately steep pattern (σLREEσHREE = 9.1) and a slight negative europium anomaly ($\text{Eu}\text{Eu1}\text{= 0.89}$). This pattern is similar to estimates of the composition of the surface of the Canadian Shield and is intermediate between estimates of typical Archean and post-Archean sedimentary rocks. REE patterns for framework granitoid clasts from the tillite suggest that K-rich granites, which were apparently unimportant in the formation of Archean sedimentary rocks, were abundant in the source regions of the Gowganda Formation. This may explain the intermediate nature of the Gowganda pattern.Comparison of the tillites and associated Gowganda mudstones suggests that previous estimates of upper crustal REE abundances, which were based on the analyses of fine-grained sedimentary rocks, may be systematically high. Relative distributions, however, are the same.Analyses of mudstones from the McKim. Pecors. Serpent Gowganda Lorrain and Gordon Lake Formations suggest rapid evolution in the composition of the exposed upper crust at the close of the Kenoran orogeny. REE patterns at the base of the Huronian are similar to typical Archean sedimentary rocks. REE characteristics change up section: patterns at the top resemble typical post-Archean sedimentary rocks.It is inferred that an essentially episodic change from an early exposed upper crust dominated by a tonalite-greenstone suite to one approximating granodioritic composition is recorded in Huronian sedimentary rocks. A deviation from the evolutionary trend of the Huronian, documented in the Gowganda Formation, may be related to the glacial origin of the Gowganda.     

Geochemistry of Archean shales from the Pilbara Supergroup,Western Australia

Archean clastic sedimentary rocks are well exposed in the Pilbara Block of Western Australia. Shales from turbidites in the Gorge Creek Group (ca. 3.4 Ae) and shales from the Whim Creek Group (ca. 2.7 Ae) have been examined. The Gorge Creek Group samples, characterized by muscovite-quartzchlorite mineralogy, are enriched in incompatible elements (K, Th, U, LREE) by factors of about two, when compared to younger Archean shales from the Yilgarn Block. Alkali and alkaline earth elements are depleted in a systematic fashion, according to size, when compared with an estimate of Archean upper crust abundances. This depletion is less notable in the Whim Creek Group. Such a pattern indicates the source of these rocks underwent a rather severe episode of weathering. The Gorge Creek Group also has fairly high B content (85 ± 29 ppm) which may indicate normal marine conditions during deposition.Rare earth element (REE) patterns for the Pilbara samples are characterized by light REE enrichment ($\text{La}{}_{\mathrm{N}}\text{Yb}{}_{\mathrm{N}}\text{≥ 7.5}$) and no or very slight Eu depletion ($\text{Eu}\text{Eu}{}^1\text{= 0.82 – 0.99}$). A source comprised of about 80% felsic igneous rocks without large negative Eu-anomalies (felsic volcanics, tonalites, trondhjemites) and 20% mafic-ultramafic volcanics is indicated by the trace element data. Very high abundances of Cr and Ni cannot be explained by any reasonable provenance model and a secondary enrichment process is called for.     

Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of recent clastic sediments from lower Godavari river: Implications of source rock weathering

The major, trace and rare earth elements geochemistry and clay mineral compositions in the river bed sediments from lower reaches of Godavari river suggest that they are derived from weathering of felsic rocks. Trace and rare earth elemental compositions indicate evidence of sedimentary sorting during transportation and deposition. Lower concentrations of transition elements, such as V, Ni and Cr imply enrichment of felsic minerals in these bed sediments. The REE pattern in lower Godavari sediments is influenced by the degree of source rock weathering. The light rare earth elements (LREE) content are indicating greater fractionation compared to the heavy rare earth elements (HREE). A striking relationship is observed between TiO₂ and gZREE content suggesting a strong control by LREE-enriched titaniferous minerals on REE chemistry. Shale-normalized REE pattern demonstrate a positive Eu anomaly, suggesting weathering of feldspar and their secondary products, which are enriched in Eu. Chondrite-normalised REE pattern is characteristic of felsic volcanic, granites and gnessic source rocks. Trace elemental compositions in sediments located near urban areas suggest influence of anthropogenic activity. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) is high (avg. 65.76), suggesting a moderate chemical weathering environment. X-ray diffraction analysis of clay fraction shows predominance of clay minerals that are formed because of the chemical weathering of felsic rocks.     

Trace element evaluation of a suite of rocks from Reunion Island,Indian Ocean

Reunion Island consists of an olivine-basalt shield capped by a series of flows and intrusives ranging from hawaiite through trachyte. Eleven rocks representing the total compositional sequence have been analyzed for U, Th and REE.Eight of the rocks (group 1) have positive-slope, parallel, chondrite-normalized REE fractionation patterns. Using a computer model, the major element compositions of group 1 whole rocks and observed phenocrysts were used to predict the crystallization histories of increasingly residual liquids, and allowed semi-quantitative verification of origin by fractional crystallization of the olivine-basalt parent magma. Results were combined with mineral-liquid distribution coefficient data to predict trace element abundances, and existing data on Cr, Ni, Sr and Ba were also successfully incorporated in the model.The remaining three rocks (group 2) have nonuniform positive-slope REE fractionation patterns not parallel to group 1 patterns. Rare earth fractionation in a syenite is explained by partial melting of a source rich in clinopyroxene and/or hornblende. The other two rocks of group 2 are explained as hybrids resulting from mixing of syenite and magmas of group 1.     

东天山三宫铜镍矿化岩体年代学、岩石地球化学特征及对Cu-Ni找矿的启示

三宫岩体是近几年新发现的铜镍矿化镁铁-超镁铁岩体,位于哈尔里克山东段。岩石类型主要为辉长岩、斜长辉石岩和含长橄榄辉石岩,局部有零星铜镍矿化。锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为(281.7±2.6)Ma,表明岩体形成于早二叠世。样品MgO与FeO~T呈正相关关系,与CaO、SiO_2和Al_2O_3之间呈负相关关系,岩体主量元素成分主要受橄榄石和单斜辉石含量的控制;样品明显富集轻稀土元素(La/Yb)N=5.02~7.04,重稀土元素之间具有明显的分馏(Gd/Yb)N=2.36~2.87,δEu为0.98~1.09多具弱的正铕异常,富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Sr、Ba),相对亏损高场强元素,具明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常。Sr-Nd同位素模拟计算表明母岩浆上升过程中遭受了约10%的下地壳物质混染。岩浆源区遭受了明显的熔体交代作用,部分熔融主要发生在石榴子石稳定域。综合区域构造演化历史认为三宫岩体形成于后碰撞伸展环境,该岩体的发现初步表明哈尔里克地区也具有寻找早二叠世铜镍矿的潜力。     

安徽铜陵天马山金硫矿床地质地球化学特征

安徽铜陵天马山金硫矿床发育上部层状矿体和下部网脉状矿体, 地球化学特征呈现出明显的垂向变化和二元结构性。从下部网脉状矿化岩石到上部层状矿石, Pb、Zn、Au、Ag、As、Hg等含量和δ18O值总体逐渐增高, Cu、Mo、Cr、Co、Ni、REE等含量和成矿温度499℃→65℃及δ34S值总体呈逐渐降低趋势。黄铁矿的δ34S值为+4.0‰~+9.6‰, 上部层状块状矿石中方解石和石英的δ18O平均值为+13.7‰, 下部网脉状矿化岩矿石中脉石英或全岩δ18O平均值为+12.3‰。地质地球化学特征反映天马山金硫矿床为海底热水喷流沉积成因。     

云南剑川—老君山地区新生代岩浆岩稀土元素特征及构造环境分析

剑川－老君山地区新生代岩浆岩尾轻稀土富集型，各岩类稀土元素标准化配分曲线显示相互平等的特点，稀土含量大致同步变化，表明它们是由地壳硅铝层物质重熔形成的同源岩浆结晶分异而成。岩浆在上侵之前曾发生过分异作用，轻重稀土发生了一定程度的分馏，并导致了铕的轻微亏损。各单元岩石具同源性，岩浆活动发生在板块会聚区造山晚期和造山后阶段。     

Rare earth element geochemistry and petrogenesis of miles (IIE) silicate inclusions

An ion probe study of rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of silicate inclusions in the Miles IIE iron meteorite was carried out. Individual mineral phases among inclusions have distinct REE patterns and abundances. Most silicate grains have homogeneous REE abundances but show considerable intergrain variations between inclusions. A few pyroxene grains display normal igneous REE zoning. Phosphates (whitlockite and apatite) are highly enriched in REEs (50 to 2000 × CI) with a relatively light rare earth element (LREE)-enriched REE pattern. They usually occurred near the interfaces between inclusions and Fe host. In Miles, albitic glasses exhibit two distinctive REE patterns: a highly fractionated LREE-enriched (CI normalized La/Sm ∼15) pattern with a large positive Eu anomaly and a relatively heavy rare earth element (HREE)-enriched pattern (CI-normalized Lu/Gd ∼4) with a positive Eu anomaly and a negative Yb anomaly. The glass is generally depleted in REEs relative to CI chondrites.The bulk REE abundances for each inclusion, calculated from modal abundances, vary widely, from relatively depleted in REEs (0.1 to 3 × CI) with a fractionated HREE-enriched pattern to highly enriched in REEs (10 to 100 × CI) with a relatively LREE-enriched pattern. The estimated whole rock REE abundances for Miles are at ∼ 10 × CI with a relatively LREE-enriched pattern. This implies that Miles silicates could represent the product of a low degree (∼10%) partial melting of a chondritic source. Phenocrysts of pyroxene in pyroxene-glassy inclusions were not in equilibrium with coexisting albitic glass and they could have crystallized from a parental melt with REEs of ∼ 10 × CI. Albitic glass appears to have formed by remelting of preexisting feldspar + pyroxene + tridymite assemblage. Yb anomaly played an important role in differentiation processes of Miles silicate inclusions; however, its origin remains unsolved.The REE data from this study suggest that Miles, like Colomera and Weekeroo Station, formed when a molten Fe ball collided on a differentiated silicate regolith near the surface of an asteroid. Silicate fragments were mixed with molten Fe by the impact. Heat from molten Fe caused localized melting of feldspar + pyroxene + tridymite assemblage. The inclusions remained isolated from one another during subsequent rapid cooling.     

Petrology and geochemistry of plagiogranite in the Canyon Mountain ophiolite,Oregon

Plagiogranites in the Canyon Mountain ophiolite, Oregon, include a wide range of rock types ranging from diorite to trondhjemite. The plagiogranites are mostly concentrated as an intrusive sill swarm at the top of a section of gabbroic cumulates. The plagiogranites are typically low in K₂O and high in Na₂O, and are enriched 10–20 times chondrites in REE, and overlap with abundances in basic rocks from Canyon Mountain. All samples of plagiogranite are relatively depleted in LREE, with more silicic samples characterized by a slightly lesser degree of LREE depletion. Total REE content is not consistently correlated with contents of major and other trace elements. Fractional crystallization of basaltic magma may give rise to plagiogranites; however this model applied to Canyon Mountain plagiogranites is discounted because of the significant volume of plagiogranites relative to basic rocks, and the complete overlap of REE abundances of the basic rocks and the plagiogranites. The latter is also a major reason for rejecting the hypothesis of silicate liquid immiscibility in the generation of the plagiogranites. Field observations coupled with major-element and trace element chemistry lend support to a model by which the plagiogranites were produced by partial melting of basic rocks under hydrous conditions. REE data for the plagiogranites were used in calculations to delimit source REE contents. Relevant parameters in the calculations were estimated from experimentally determined phase relations of basalt under hydrous conditions. The resulting calculated source patterns are similar to those of basic rocks in ophiolites and oceanic settings, and suggest boundary conditions for the model. Partial melting as suggested for the Canyon Mountain plagiogranites probably occurred at relatively shallow depths (i.e., total pressures less than 5 kb).