Lithospheric stress in Mongolia,from earthquake source data

Lithospheric stress in Mongolia has been studied using mechanisms of 84 M_(LH)≥ 4 earthquakes that occurred in the 20 th century and instrumental seismic moments of 17,375 M_(LH)≥2.5 events recorded between 1970 and 2000.The M_(LH)≥ 3.5 earthquakes mostly have strike-slip mechanisms in southern and central Mongolia,with frequent reverse-slip motions in the west and normal slip in the north,especially,in the area of Lake Hovsgol.The principal stresses are,respectively,S_HS_vS_h in the center and in the south;high horizontal compression with S_HS_hS_v in the west;and a heterogeneous stress pattern with S_vS_HS_h in the north.According to seismic moments of M_(LH)=2.5 events,oblique slip generally predominates over the territory,at S_v≈S_HS_h,while frequent strike slip motions in the west record high horizontal compression(S_HS_vS_h).Earthquake mechanisms show the principal horizontal compression S_H to be directed W-E in the east,NE-SW in the central and Gobi-Altay regions,and approximately N-S in the west of Mongolia.The patterns of principal lithospheric stresses in the territory of Mongolia have undergone three events of dramatic change for a few recent decades,and these events were synchronous with three similar events in the Baikal rift system(BRS):in the latest 1960 s,latest 1970 s to earliest 1980 s,and in the latest 1980 s to earliest 1990 s.The seismicity of Mongolia has been controlled by superposition of variable stresses associated with rifting activity pulses in the neighbor BRS on the background of quasi-stationary super-regional compression.     

内蒙古鄂托克旗早白垩世龟类化石一新种

内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区早白垩世地层中产有丰富的龟类化石,本文记述了鄂托克旗查布一带泾川组的一件龟类背甲,其近六边形的第3椎盾宽为长的2倍且其前侧缘长约为后侧缘长的1.7倍、第8对肋板在中线处相接、第1上臀板宽大、侧棘发达等组合特征,表明其不同于中国龟属Sinemys的已知种,被命名为查布中国龟(新种)Sinemys chabuensis sp.nov.。龟类在鄂尔多斯地区早白垩世恐龙动物群中具有较高的分异度,志丹群泾川组和罗汉洞组中各发现至少2个种的龟类,它们既有继承性又有差异性,为研究中国龟类(sinemydids)的演化提供重要依据。     

Thermal state of the lithosphere beneath Central Mongolia: evidence from deep-seated xenoliths from the Shavaryn-Saram volcanic centre in the Tariat depression, Hangai, Mongolia

A suite of garnet-two pyroxene granulites, garnet pyroxenites and garnet peridotites from the pyroclastic facies of the Shavaryn-Saram volcanic centre in the Tariat depression in the northern part of the Hangai dome, Central Mongolia, yields pressure and temperature information for the lower crust and upper mantle in that region. Although a real geotherm cannot be constructed because of the common zoning of the minerals in some of the xenoliths, it can be inferred that the P-T locus from about 900 °C at 45 km to 1050 °C at 60 km defines a likely approximate geothermal gradient for the region around the time of entrainment of the xenoliths (about 1 Ma ago). This geothermal gradient is high relative to cratonic geotherms but is 50–100 °C lower than that for typical alkali basaltic provinces worldwide. The crust-mantle boundary inferred from the incoming of ultramafic rock types in this region is located at about 45 km and granulite rock types extend well into the mantle. This interpretation is consistent with the most recent seismic sections for the area.

Analytical data for major and trace elements (by electron- and proton-microprobe respectively) in clinopyroxenes indicate that the Cr-diopside series xenoliths are enriched in basaltic components (including Al₂O₃, Na₂O, TiO₂, Sr, Y and Zr).

The combination of elevated temperature and fertile composition of the uppermost mantle as revealed by the xenoliths could explain the observed anomalous seismic signatures seen beneath this region.     

内蒙古包头市阿善遗址鸟类化石

研究表明,内蒙古包头市阿善遗址的鸟类化石总计有5目7科10属10种鸟类,其中赤嘴潜鸭、白枕鹤和骨顶鸡为中国鸟类首次化石记录。阿善遗址鸟类群除3种为鸡形目地栖者外,其余全为涉水鸟类,是中国迄今为止首次发现的以水鸟为主体的史前时期鸟类群。这些鸟类化石对研究遗址的生态环境、气候变化以及鸟类地理分布、迁徙和演化等都有重要意义。     

Amazonite from the alkali granite of the Avdar Massif,Mongolia

Summary The green feldspar in alkali granite from the Avdar deposit of decoration stone (150 km W of Ulan-Bator) has been identified by means of physical and chemical methods as amazonite. Its structural state corresponds to that of microcline with a high degree of triclinicity and displaying the following anomalous dimensions of the unit cell (nm):a=0.8568,b=1.2967,c=0.7217 nm, =90.732, =115.851, =87.702°;V=0.72115 nm³.The amazonite contains in increased amount of Pb (1950 ppm) as well as of Rb (1.15 mass %). The genesis of this amazonite is associated with younger metasomatic processes in the alkali granite.

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Amazonit aus dem Alkali-Granit des Avdar-Massivs, Mongolei

Zusammenfassung Der grüne Feldspat im Alkaligranit aus der Dekorationsstein-Lagerstätte im Avdar Massiv (150 km W von Ulan-Bator) wurde auf Grund physikalischer und chemischer Methoden als Amazonit bestimmt. Sein Strukturzustand entspricht demjenigen eines Mikroklins, der eine hohe Triklinität und anomale Elementarzelle aufweist (in nm):a=0.8568,b=1.2967,c=0.7217 nm, =90.732, =115.851, =87.702°;V=0.72115 nm³.Der Amazonit hat einen erhöhten Gehalt an Pb (1950 ppm) und an Rb (1.15 Gew.-%). Die Genesis dieses Amazonits ist mit jüngeren metasomatischen Prozessen im Alkaligranit verknüpft.

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内蒙古乌兰浩特地区二长花岗岩年代学、岩石成因及其构造环境

内蒙古乌兰浩特地区太平山嘎查岩体主要岩石类型为黑云母二长花岗岩。所测得的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄分别为127.4 Ma和125.6 Ma,属于早白垩世。太平山嘎查岩体的地球化学特征表明岩体属于弱过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列的高分异I型花岗岩。样品(P9-48-1)的锆石Hf同位素组成显示黑云母二长花岗岩的ε_(Hf)(t)=+8.60±0.57,两阶段亏损地幔模式年龄为511~748 Ma,说明其岩浆源区主要为新元古代—显生宙期间从亏损地幔新增生地壳的部分熔融。太平山嘎查岩体应形成于伸展构造体制,该伸展构造体制的产生可能与古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下的俯冲有关。     

内蒙古苏左旗洪格尔地区新发现晚石炭世碱性花岗岩

兴蒙造山带中段二连-东乌旗地区发育一条晚古生代碱性花岗岩带,代表了碰撞后伸展背景,前人研究多认为其形成于早二叠世中晚期,本次在苏尼特左旗洪格尔地区新识别出晚石炭世(302±1 Ma)碱性花岗岩,与区域上其它晚石炭世碱性花岗岩共同构成了晚石炭世碱性花岗岩带,表明区域上存在晚石炭世(301~303 Ma)和早二叠世(272~290 Ma)两期碱性花岗岩岩浆活动.     

The Geoscience Transect from Xiangshui,Jiangsu Province to Mandal,Inner Mongolia

The Xiangshui to Mandal geoscience transect, which has a total length of 1,200 km, extends diagonally,from SE to NW, across the Sino-Korean plate and its ancient continental margin, passing through nine tectonicunits: the Subei-Jiaonan terrane, West Shandong block, North China rift basin, Taihang-Wutai block, Ordosblock, Hu-Bao (Hohhot-Baotou) Basin, Yinshan block and Inner Mongolian fold system. The graphic display of the transect is compiled according to the Guidelines for the Global GeoscienceTransect (GGT) Project on the basis of an integrated study of all available geological, geochemical andgeophysical data, thus bringing light to the process of cratonization of the Sino-Korean plate and its relation-ship with the transitional zone of the ancient continental margin, and the features of intraplate structures pro-duced by subsequent tectonic modifications and intraplate dynamics.     

内蒙古达茂旗北部早古生代花岗岩类SHRIMP U-Pb年代学

本文对内蒙古达茂旗北部的岛弧侵入岩进行了精确的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年研究和地球化学研究。该侵入岩具有正常岛弧和埃达克岩的双重地球化学性质。SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb定年表明,这套侵入岩中的闪长岩形成于452±3 Ma 和440±2 Ma,石英闪长岩形成于446±2 Ma,花岗闪长岩形成于440±2 Ma,它们记录了晚奥陶纪末的洋壳消减事件。在一个细粒闪长岩中,分辩出了1967±13 Ma （n=3）的继承性锆石,指示这一岛弧可能具有一个前寒武纪的大陆基底。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区早白垩世新的翼龙类化石

发现于内蒙古鄂托克旗召稍早白垩世罗汉洞组的一件不完整翼龙类下颌标本,以下颌愈合部长且平直、齿骨侧嵴发育、近圆形齿窝沿侧嵴之上的齿骨侧面上半部分自前向后呈直线排列、齿窝直径(2~2.5 mm)前后变化较小、相邻齿窝的间距约为齿窝直径的一半、下颌牙齿密度为3枚/cm等特征,可归入梳颌翼龙科(Ctenochasmatidae),且代表一新属种——郝氏鄂托克翼龙Otogopterus haoae gen.et sp.nov.。该化石是继鄂托克旗新召准噶尔翼龙科的平颌鄂尔多斯翼龙Ordosipterus planignathus之后在内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区发现的第2件确切翼龙类材料,丰富了这一地区早白垩世脊椎动物群的组成。该翼龙也是继甘肃庆阳环河翼龙Huanhepterus quingyangensis之后在鄂尔多斯盆地发现的第2种梳颌翼龙科化石,进一步扩大了鄂尔多斯盆地梳颌翼龙科的地理分布范围,同时表明鄂尔多斯盆地是继辽宁西部之后梳颌翼龙科在中国的又一重要分布区。     

Heinrich events recorded in a loess-paleosol sequence from Hexigten,Inner Mongolia

We describe the last glaciation climatic history Marine Isotope Stage(MIS, 2-4) from 66.7 ka to 14.5 ka in Hexigten, northeast Inner Mongolia, North China. The climate of the region experienced frequent and significant fluctuations between dry-cold and less dry-cold during the late MIS4. The climate was generally warm and humid during early MIS3(MIS3 c) and late MIS3(MIS3 a), whereas it was cold and dry in middle MIS3(MIS3 b) and during MIS2. In this study, the cold and dry conditions were correlated with a stronger East Asian winter monsoon and strong dune activity; whereas, warm and humid conditions were related to a stronger East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) and weak dune activity. This study establishes six distinct dry and cold intervals during the last glacial period(66.7-14.5 ka) based on optically stimulated luminescence data, multi-proxies record(magnetic susceptibility, grain size analysis, Rb/Sr, SiO2/TiO2) and chemical index of alteration(CIA). The last glacial period may be correlated with Heinrich events 1 to 6 which were further confirmed by comparison with the Hulu cave stalagmites and Greenland ice core records. It is concluded that the study area was substantially affected by the EASM, as compared with the loess-desert transition zone of the Chinese Loess Plateau, especially in MIS3 c and suggested that the East Asian monsoon played a pivotal role in the last glacial period climate and dune activity.     

内蒙古乌海桌子山花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

内蒙古乌海桌子山花岗岩体位于鄂尔多斯盆地西缘与阿拉善地块东缘交汇处,主要由正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩组成。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果显示,正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩的形成年龄分别为(2 039±79) Ma和(1 866±120) Ma,属古元古代岩浆活动的产物。地球化学特征显示,正长花岗岩与二长花岗岩均属钙碱性岩系列,两者具有富硅、富铝、富钾,而相对贫钛、贫钠、贫钙的特征,且A/CNK 值在1.19~1.32之间变化,均属于过铝质花岗岩。两者之间的稀土总量相差较大,其中二长花岗岩的稀土总量(ΣREE)为17.36×10^-6~11.704×10^-6,正长花岗岩的稀土总量(ΣREE)为241.05×10^-6,但均表现出轻稀土(LREE)明显富集、重稀土(HREE)相对亏损的特点,前者呈明显负Eu异常(Eu/Eu^*=0.36),后者呈明显正Eu异常(Eu/Eu^*=3.39~4. 89),表明正长花岗岩的分离结晶程度更高。在微量元素方面,正长花岗岩表现出富集Th、U、Pb及大离子亲石元素(Rb、K等),相对亏损Ba、Nb、Ti等特征;二长花岗岩表现为富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K),亏损Th、Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素特点。结合区域地质背景,认为二者为同一岩浆作用时期不同阶段泥质岩石部分熔融的结果,代表了同碰撞阶段的产物,指示桌子山地区在古元古代末期存在两期岩浆事件。结合该区地层产状和接触关系以及矿产分布特征,认为阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块之间在古元古代末期完成了最后一次拼合造山事件。     

A Baby Pterodactyloid Pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China

A new baby pterodactyloid pterosaur with soft tissue preserved.Ningchengop terus liuae gen. et sp.nov.,is erected based on a nearly complete skeleton with a skull.It was characterized by the skull, slightly longer than the combined length of the dorsal and sacral vertebrae;50 teeth(including upper and lower jaws);short mid-cervical vertebrae;the humerus and the scapula, equal to that of the wing metacarpal in length;the ulna and the femur, equal to that of the first and third wing phalanx in length, respectively.The similar ratio of the wing phalanx 2 to wing phalanx 1 of Ningchengopterus and Eosipterus implies that Ningchengopterus may be close to the ctenochasmatid pterosaur.However, it may also imply that the isometrically growing of the first two wing phalanges exists among some pterosaurs.     

内蒙古北山老硐沟金矿石榴子石地球化学特征

老硐沟金矿是北山成矿带东段发现的中型金矿床,是多期次多阶段成矿作用叠加的产物,矿床成因类型复杂。矿床共分为5个矿段,其中Ⅲ矿段以矽卡岩矿体为主。矽卡岩矿物以石榴子石为主,可分为早、晚两期,早期石榴子石更具震荡环带。通过详细的镜下观察和电子探针对两期石榴子石进行了系统研究,早期石榴子石核部以钙铝榴石组分为主,向边部为钙铁−钙铝过渡组分;晚期石榴子石以钙铁榴石为主。石榴子石化学成分特征表明,早期矽卡岩化阶段,热液环境为中酸性、弱氧化—弱还原环境;后期铁质含量增多,氧逸度增加,热液环境碱性、氧化性增强。老硐沟金矿Ⅲ矿段石榴子石为钙铁−钙铝榴石系列,属热液交代成因,早期多形成钙铝−钙铁榴石,伴随铜矿化,晚期热液环境变化,钙铁榴石增多,黄铁矿化、毒砂矿化增多,造成金富集成矿。     

First record of Early Cretaceous pterosaur from the Ordos Region,Inner Mongolia,China

A new dsungaripterid pterosaur, Ordosipterus planignathus gen. et sp. nov., is established on the incomplete articulated lower jaws from the Lower Cretaceous Luohandong Formation in Otog Qi, Ordos Region, Inner Mongolia, China. It differs from other dsungaripterids mainly by having broad and low dentary at and just behind the mandibular symphysis, flat dentary dorsal plane forming the distinct lateral ridge with the curved dentary lateral side, and lower alveoli arranged along the dentary dorsolateral margin with wide spacing that increases from rostral to caudal. It represents the first diagnostic pterosaur from the Ordos Region in Inner Mongolia, and further enlarges the geographical distribution of the family Dsungaripteridae from northwestern China (together with western Mongolia) to central North China.     

A Baby Pterodactyloid Pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng,Inner Mongolia,China

A new baby pterodactyloid pterosaur with soft tissue preserved, Ningchengopterus liuae gen. et sp. nov., is erected based on a nearly complete skeleton with a skull. It was characterized by the skull, slightly longer than the combined length of the dorsal and sacral vertebrae; 50 teeth (including upper and lower jaws); short mid-cervical vertebrae; the humerus and the scapula, equal to that of the wing metacarpal in length; the ulna and the femur, equal to that of the first and third wing phalanx in length, respectively. The similar ratio of the wing phalanx 2 to wing phalanx 1 of Ningchengopterus and Eosipterus implies that Ningchengopterus may be close to the ctenochasmatid pterosaur. However, it may also imply that the isometrically growing of the first two wing phalanges exists among some pterosaurs.     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of basalts from Hardat Tolgoi Mine,Inner Mongolia,China

Basalts from Hardat Tolgoi Mine were studied systematically by using petrochemical and isotope geo- chemical methods in order to discuss their chemical properties, diagenetic material sources and tectonic environ- ment. The analysis results indicate that the alkali basalts are characterized by low silica and high alkalinic （Na〉K） and iron-titanium contents. The distribution patterns of the rare earth elements （REE） are the ＂rightist＂ type, which typically show evident fractionation between light REEs and heavy REEs with （La/Yb）y ratios from 8.04 to 10.4, but no significant negative Eu anomalies were observed （SEu=l.01 to 1.04）. The basalts are relatively enriched in large ion lithophile elements （LILE, Ba, Sr） and high field strength elements （HFSE, Nb, Ta, Hf）. Ratios of 206pb/204pb vary between 18.434 and 18.550, ratios of 207pb/204pb are between 15.541 and 15.569, and ratios of 206spb/204pb are between 38.331 and 38.536. The diagenetic substance is believed from the asthenospheric mantle and in intraplate environment, which was constructed during continent stretch, without being significantly contaminated by crustal materials.     

蒙古东南部晚中生代木化石

本文报道了产自蒙古东南部晚侏罗世至早白垩世的木材化石7属8种。其中,包括3个新种(Protaxodioxylon mongolense sp.nov.,Circoporoxylon mongolense sp.nov.,Protocircoporoxylon mongolense sp.nov.)和5个已知种(Protocupressinoxylon coromandelinum,Protocupressinoxylon mishanense,Xenoxylon latiporosum,Protophyllocladoxylon franconicum,Protocedroxylon lindicianum)。作者对这些木化石解剖特征做了详细描述,并对其古气候环境进行了分析与探讨。     

Geochemistry of metasomatised spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Dariganga Plateau, South-eastern Mongolia

Summary One fresh (green), one altered (black) and one composite (green/black) peridotite xenolith from the Neogene-Quaternary basalts of the Dariganga Plateau, SE Mongolia, were studied by electron microprobe, X-ray fluorescence, wet chemical and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The history of the upper mantle underneath the Dariganga Plateau has been complex and is characterised by elemental depletions and enrichments processes. The rocks investigated appear to have been processed in several steps, have been moderately depleted (relative to the primitive upper mantle composition) in incompatible elements and subsequently metasomatically enriched in alkalis, Fe, Ca, LREE, Th and U. As a result, most peridotites are moderately depleted in Si, Cr, Ti, HREE and Hf, are slightly enriched in LREE and have elevated Th and U abundances. The minerals in all rocks are out of chemical equilibrium. In the green peridotites disequilibrium is modest but it is severe in the blackened lherzolites. The latter have experienced strong Fe metasomatism accompanied by strong oxidation. As a result, Mg-rich olivines formed by oxidation and precipitation of Fe oxides in the primary olivines (blackening) and Fe-rich olivines formed in the Fe metasomatic event. The latter could only have taken place after the oxidising event, otherwise the Fe-rich olivines would also have been affected by it. Three of the four rocks show negative anomalies (relative to the Ce abundance) of Hf and Ti, one is enriched in these elements, which is considered an indication of the action of carbonatitic melts/fluids in the upper mantle. Enrichment of U over Th in some of our samples seems also to indicate the presence of water in the fluid phase, however, the lack of (OH)-bearing minerals in the Dariganga xenoliths suggests a low activity of water in these fluids. The latest of the metasomatic events probably took place shortly before entrapment of the rocks by the basaltic lava that carried them to the earth’s surface. The composite sample consisting of a green harzburgite and a black lherzolite suggests that blackening took place at the original location of the rock rather than in the basaltic tuff because the latter should have altered the whole xenolith. It also demonstrates that metasomatic processes in the upper mantle can be confined to rather restricted locations with sharp boundaries towards the wall rocks. Blackening as well as the metasomatic events apparently took place because of a better permeability in one part of the rock as compared to the other, probably the result of tectonisation. Received May 28, 1999; revised version accepted February 24, 2001