锦州市土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

以锦州市为研究区,分析8种土壤重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的污染特征,采用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法确定锦州市土壤重金属污染程度,评价土壤重金属潜在生态风险.结果表明,锦州市土壤重金属Cd和Cr含量高于全国土壤及辽宁省土壤背景值,Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb含量高于辽宁省土壤背景值.采用单因子污染指数评价,Cd为中度污染,Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu为轻度污染.经地累积指数法评价,Cd为轻中度污染,其他重金属为无污染.内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为2.25,为中度污染等级.研究区综合潜在风险指数平均值为157.34,处于中等生态风险,造成局部地区土壤潜在生态风险较高的重金属为Cd和Hg.     

太原市大气SO2浓度分布及污染趋势

根据太原市１９８９年至１９９２年的大气例行监测数据。分析了６个监测点的ＳＯ２点日均值的频率分布特征，并比较了各监测点的ＳＯ２污染水平及污染趋趋势。     

康定MS6.3级地震斜坡地震动响应监测分析

芦山MS7.0地震、鲁甸MS6.5地震诱发了大量的次生山地灾害,一些学者认为地形放大效应是其中的一个影响因素,但目前斜坡地震动响应研究仍然缺乏大量的实测数据支撑。通过在冷竹关两岸斜坡不同部位掘进平硐并放置强震监测仪器的方法,对沟谷两岸斜坡地震动响应特征进行研究,剖面较为完整地记录了康定地震两岸斜坡的地震动响应特征。监测数据揭示,(1)相对于康定姑咱参考站,位于右岸半岛状凸出山梁顶部1#监测点的水平和竖直向PGA放大系数分别达到了10.6～11.5、7.1,阿里亚斯强度最大,水平东西向比竖直向HVSR频比值达到11.1,卓越周期在低频部分;位于右岸山梁中部2#监测点水平和竖直向PGA放大系数分别达到了4.3～5.0、2.3;(2)左岸地形坡面起伏较小,记录的峰值加速度较小,仅在坡折部位5#监测点有明显的放大,水平与垂直峰值加速度放大系数分别为3.0～4.5、2.3,各监测点频比存在多个卓越周期,其放大效应在高频段更突出;(3)近直线型斜坡内(6#及7#监测点)放大效应相对较弱,且监测洞外侧放大系数大于水平深度较大的内侧。结果表明冷竹关两岸斜坡存在明显的地形放大效应,且右岸半岛状凸出山脊地形较左岸中高山斜坡地形放大效应显著。对比芦山地震该剖面放大系数,揭示了背坡面效应。     

天津海域底质重金属污染及其潜在生态风险评价

根据2015年采集的天津海域48个底质样品的粒度分析、重金属分析结果,综合研究了天津海域表层沉积物类型分布特征和重金属元素的分布特征,使用Hakanson多元潜在生态风险指数法对天津海域的底质环境进行了评价。结果表明:1)位于永定新河河口的B46站位的潜在生态风险程度达到中度,其他各站位均为低度。Cd元素的污染程度最大,Zn元素的污染程度最小。几种重金属的危害系数顺序为:CdHgAsPbCuCrZn。2)南部海区的重金属元素含量水平普遍高于北部海区。重金属元素富集区分别位于独流减河北部至临港产业区的围海造陆地区和永定新河口至东疆港外侧的地区,这两个地区水动力较缓,沉积物粒度较细。对各采样点进行对比得出,重金属污染程度顺序为:河口内湾外湾。     

鄱阳湖区农业环境质量地球化学分区

在《江西省鄱阳湖及周边经济区1∶25万多目标地球化学调查》成果的基础上,依据地球化学特征(包括土壤酸碱度、营养元素、有益元素丰缺、有机质含量、重金属污染情况等)和环境质量情况(包括地貌类型分区和光、热、水影响条件),将全区划分为优质农业区、中等农业区、低级农业区等3种类型。其中,优质农业区农业营养元素Mg比较丰富,Mn、Cu、Zn及Mo等有益元素出现高背景分布,As、Cd、Pb和Hg含量呈正常分布,土壤重金属元素综合污染指数属无污染等级;中等农业区营养元素Mg在背景值及高含量分布范围,Mn等有益元素含量在低背景和高含量范围内,表层土壤重金属As等综合污染指数为轻度污染;低级农业区营养元素Mg含量属中等和缺乏,Mn等有益元素在背景值和低含量分布,属缺乏的元素含量,As等有害元素为轻度污染和中度污染。     

秦皇岛近岸海域沉积物重金属含量及污染评价

重金属是近岸海域的主要污染物之一,了解其在沉积物中的含量和污染程度对海洋环境保护研究具有重要意义。文章分析了秦皇岛近岸海域沉积物重金属含量分布特征,并采用修正综合指数法对其污染状况进行分析评价。结果表明:重金属平均含量由高至低的顺序是CuPbAsCdHg,超出环境背景值较高的是Hg和Cu;沉积物重金属污染程度总体处于很低-低等级,石河口、人造河口等近岸海域污染程度略高于其他临近海域。     

乌鲁木齐河流域地下水水质监测网设计

文章运用地下水易污性编图及污染源分布图法进行了乌鲁木齐河流域地下水水质监测网设计。共设计了130监测孔,现有46个监测孔,另需要84个新的监测孔。按监测类型分为面源监测点22个,点源监测点87个,重点水源地与泉水监测点21个。按监测运行分长期监测点55个,流域普查监测点75个。普查监测点监测频率为1次/5年,长期监测点监测频率为1次/年。首期有针对性地在污染严重的柴窝堡新化厂排污区、乌鲁木齐河谷老排污区、米泉污灌区、米泉工业污染区、老龙河污染区取了25个污染水样测试分析,结果显示地下水已经受到严重污染。     

四川西昌“3·30”火烧区响水沟火后泥石流成灾机理

2020年3月30日,西昌市经久乡发生森林大火,响水沟流域植被被林火大面积烧毁,同年雨季,响水沟流域内多条沟道暴发泥石流,其中1#、2#、3#沟毗邻居民房屋和耕地,影响较为严重。通过野外调查、遥感解译和室外试验,以响水沟1#、2#、3#沟为研究对象,分析了不同林火烈度下,渗透特征、坡面侵蚀和沟道侵蚀的差异,从而揭示响水沟火后泥石流的成灾机理。结果表明,林火是泥石流暴发的重要诱因,火后泥石流的降雨阈值会明显降低。林火干扰导致坡面土壤的渗透系数表现出不同程度的降低,林火烈度越严重的区域,渗透系数越小,降雨更大比例地转化为坡面径流参与到坡面侵蚀。随降雨次数的增多,轻度、中度、重度火烧区域的坡面土壤侵蚀深度均增加;中度、重度林火烈度的侵蚀深度差异不大,且明显高于轻度区域,说明当林火烈度达到中度时,坡面土壤便会受到较大程度的侵蚀。地形条件相似的沟道,林火烈度越严重,泥石流侵蚀能力越强,最终体现于沟道两岸崩滑体数量越多,沟道宽度和深度越大。     

重庆金佛山羊口洞滴水δD和δ18O变化特征及其环境意义

为探究重庆金佛山羊口洞滴水δD、δ18O化特征及其环境意义,于2011年10月—2013年8月,在重庆市南川区金佛山逐月采集大气降水样品及羊口洞6个滴水监测点的滴水样品进行氢氧稳定同位素测定。通过比较降水和滴水δD、δ18O的分布特征、季节变化及其与降水量和温度的相关性发现：（1）6个滴水点δD、δ18O较均匀地分布在当地降水线附近,表明从降水到形成滴水的过程受蒸发作用影响不大,滴水δD、δ18O现了当地大气降水δD、δ18O均水平。（2）受洞穴上覆岩土层的调蓄作用影响,羊口洞各滴水点δD和δ18O变化范围（—46.77~—62.09‰,—7.05~—9.96‰）远小于洞外大气降水（5.17~—115.63‰和—1.44~—16.10‰）,且较降水存在明显滞后性。但滴水δD、δ18O体上也表现出与降水相同的夏季偏轻、冬季偏重的趋势,主要受降水水汽源地季节性差异影响。而各个监测点滴水δD和δ18O节变化差异较大,可能受滴水点上覆岩层裂隙管道发育、覆盖层厚度、岩溶水滞留时间、形成滴水前的运移路径、滴水点的高度和滴率、滴水点距离洞穴出入口的距离等多种原因影响。（3）降水δ18O现出＂降水量效应＂和＂负温度效应＂,羊口洞滴水δ18O降水量总体上也呈负相关关系,而与温度（水温、洞温）的关系则呈现多样化：1#、2#、5#、6#监测点滴水δ18O温度不相关,3#点为正相关,4#点为负相关,这与各监测点滴水δ18O节变化差异较大有关。（4）总体而言,羊口洞滴水δD和δ18O季节变化不够明显,利用羊口洞石笋进行季节分辨率的古气候重建可能性较低,但滴水δD和δ18O承了当地大气降水信息,其石笋δ18O用于重建年际~十年际及更长时间尺度的古气候变化。     

陕西省泾惠渠灌区土壤重金属地质累积指数评价

通过对陕西省泾惠渠灌区现场调查及土壤样品的采集,分析了灌区土壤中Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Cu、Zn等7种元素的含量,应用地质累积指数对灌区土壤进行了评价。结果表明：从区域分布看,阎良区、临潼区、高陵县所属采样点污染较严重;Hg污染最严重,地质累积指数为1.007～3.117,58%的采样点级别为3级,属中度污染到强污染,38%的采样点级别为2级,属中度污染;Zn污染程度次之,地质累积指数为-0.407～1.644,71%的采样点级别为1级,属无污染到中污染;Cd污染变异程度最大,地质累积指数为-2.705～3.312,70%的采样点级别0级,属无污染,但个别采样点达到了强污染;Cu的地质累积指数为-0.535～0.421,Pb为-1.119～-0.144,Cr为-1.005～-0.458,As为-0.562～0.077,除个别点外这些重金属污染级别皆为0级,属无污染。     

Spatial characteristics of surface water quality in the Haicheng River (Liao River basin) in Northeast China

Spatial variations of the water quality in the Haicheng River during April and October 2009 were evaluated for the national monitoring program on water pollution control and treatment in China. The spatial autocorrelation analysis with lower Moran’s I values displayed the spatial heterogeneity of the 12 physicochemical parameters among all the sampling sites of the river. The one-way ANOVA showed that all variables at different sampling sites had significant spatial differences (p < 0.01). Based on the similarity of water quality characteristics, cluster analysis grouped the 20 sampling sites into three clusters, related with less polluted, moderately polluted and highly polluted sites. The factor analysis extracted three major factors explaining 76.4 % of the total variance in the water quality data set, i.e., integrated pollution factor, nitrogen pollution factor and physical factor. The results revealed that the river has been severely polluted by organic matter and nitrogen. The major sources leading to water quality deterioration are complex and ascribed to anthropogenic activities, e.g., domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, agricultural runoff, and animal rearing practices.     

The use of various methods for the study of metal pollution in marine sediments,the case of Euvoikos Gulf,Greece

This study presents the results on heavy metal (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn) analyses of sediments taken from Euvoikos Gulf, Greece, which is a semi-enclosed system receiving pollution loads from several urban and industrial sources and is affected by a strong tidal current. A sequential extraction schema and two single-step methods were used for the determination of trace metals. The data of the 1997 period are compared with data from previous studies carried out in the authors' laboratory in the area (1980, 1993) using various analytical techniques, in an attempt to evaluate both the evolution of pollution in the area and the effectiveness of analytical methods. It has been confirmed that a significant part of the pollution load remains in coastal localities in the vicinity of the land based pollution sources, whereas there are also some more remote sites where small polluted particles are transported, deposited and accumulated. The sedimentology regime of the area affects the concentration of metals in a rather complex way depending also on its content of carbonates, organic C and clay minerals. The study of sediment cores has indicated elevated metal concentrations in recent surface sediments. On the other hand, some environmentally positive trends were also observed (i.e. the reduction of mobile metals). A systematic monitoring is needed in the marine environment coupled with some reduction in pollution inputs and integrated management on the coastal zone because the overall hydrological characteristics of the area favour its rapid self-restoration.     

Urban Waste Disposal and Its Impact on Groundwater Pollution in China

Waste production in cities is increasing with growing urbanization in China. As the incorrect disposal of waste can lead to environmental problems and pollution of groundwater, it is important to asses the suitability of sites for waste disposal. In this paper, 831 waste disposal sites in 295 cities in China were investigated, and suitability assessments of 508 sites were made. The results showed that the number of “suitable”, “moderately suitable”, “barely suitable” and “unsuitable” waste disposal sites accounted for 17.7%, 29.5%, 14.2% and 38.6% of the sites investigated, respectively. The pollution condition of 465 sites was examined, and the results indicated that groundwater in 282 sites was contaminated. Groundwater samples from two polluted sites were collected and analyzed to inform a proposal on urban waste disposal.     

Environmental impacts of heavy metals (Co, Cu, Pb, Zn) in surficial sediments of estuary in Daliao River and Yingkou Bay (northeast China): concentration level and chemical fraction

Heavy metal pollution in the surficial sediments derived from the estuary in Daliao River and Yingkou Bay is investigated to assess environmental quality, pollution level, bioavailability and toxicity. The ranges of Pb, Co, Zn and Cu concentrations in the surficial sediments are: 16.57–39.18, 3.61–16.02, 16.53–39.18, 2.77–43.80 mg/kg. Results of the geoaccumulation index (I _geo) show that the pollution levels of four metals are in the “unpolluted” class except for Pb in 15 sampling sites. The pollution level of the study area assessed by pollution load index (PLI) shows that except for the moderately polluted region of sites 1, 2, 3, 8, 12 and 13, other sites belong to unpolluted state. The sequence of pollution extent of different heavy metals is: Pb > Zn > Co > Cu. At all sampling sites, the grades of potential ecological risk of Co, Cu, Pb and Zn are “light”. The order of potential ecological risk is: Pb > Co > Cu > Zn. Sequential extraction of the metals indicates that the states of Pb, Cu, Co and Zn in the sediment are relatively stable at most sites of the estuary in Daliao River and Yingkou Bay, which means that there is a low source of pollution arriving in this area. While only at several sites, Co, Pb and Zn are labile, which are considered as anthropogenically originated.     

Groundwater quality monitoring system in zones of infrastructure facilities

Protection of groundwater already is and will also be in the future, a particularly important environmental, socio-economic, social welfare and political task. The fact that the costs of preventive measures are 10–20 times lower than the funds needed to clean up and revitalize polluted aquifers, as well as the fact that the area to be occupied with transport communications and other infrastructure facilities will aggravate protection, both call for an urgent introduction of modern methods of monitoring and preserving all the existing and potential groundwater resources. The basic principle of groundwater protection against pollution means constant control and preventive measures of protection, namely prevention of incidental and other kinds of pollution. The very construction of communications and all accompanying facilities changes and degrades the existent natural geological environment, and when in use they may become structures in whose immediate surrounds surface and ground waters may be polluted by the toxic and waste substances transported. The experience gained through the following activities: the ‘pilot model’ for groundwater monitoring in the zone of Makis, the investigations and monitoring of critical sites polluted with xylene (CIP, Belgrade, 1994/95), and information on the latest achievements in this field in the world (obtained while working on the study of methodology of hydrogeological investigations needed for groundwater quality monitoring system — Jaroslav Cerni Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Belgrade, 1998), stresses a necessity to obligatory design and construct operational systems for groundwater quality monitoring, particularly in the zones of infrastructure facilities (roads, railway, gas pipelines, oil pipelines), which can be considered as potential linear polluters. In that light, this paper is a contribution to developing hydrogeological investigation methodology for designing and operating a monitoring system in the zones of roads, and its legal and practical incorporation in the technical documents of each project. Besides, an emphasis is put on multidisciplinary approach to system implementation, its full automation, rational management, and effective and optimal measures for groundwater protection.     

Source analysis and risk evaluation of heavy metal in the river sediment of polymetallic mining area: Taking the Tonglüshan skarn type Cu-Fe-Au deposit as an example,Hubei section of the Yangtze River Basin,China

In this paper, 25 sampling points of overlying deposits in Tonglushan mining area, Daye City, Hubei Province, China were tested for heavy metal content to explore pollution characteristics, pollution sources and ecological risks of heavy metals in sediments. A geo-accumulation index method was used to evaluate the degree of heavy metal pollution in the sediment. The mean sediment quality guideline quotient was used for evaluating the ecological risk level of heavy metal in the sediment. And a method of correlation analysis, clustering analysis, and principal component analysis was used for preliminary analysis on the source of heavy metal in the sediment. It was indicated that there was extremely heavy metal pollution in the sediment, among which Cd was extremely polluted, Cu strongly contaminated, Zn, As, and Hg moderately contaminated, and Pb, Cr, and Ni were slightly contaminated. It was also indicated by the mean sediment quality guideline-quotient result that there was a high ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediment, and 64% of the sample sites had extremely high hidden biotoxic effects. For distribution, the contamination of branches was worse than that of the main channel of Daye Dagang, and the deposition of each heavy metal was mainly influenced by the distance from this sample site to the sewage draining exit of a tailings pond. The source analysis showed that the heavy metals in the sediment come from pollution discharging of mining and beneficiation companies, tailings ponds, smelting companies, and transport vehicles. In the study area, due to the influence of heavy metal discharging from these sources, the ecotoxicity of heavy metals in the sediment was extremely high, and Cd was the most toxic pollutant. The research figured out the key restoration area and elements for ecological restoration in the sediment of the Tonglüshan mining area, which could be referenced by monitoring and governance of heavy metal pollution in the sediment of the polymetallic mining area.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Evaluation of the benthic macroinvertebrate distribution in a stream environment during summer using biotic index

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the benthic macroinvertebrate distribution in the Ke?ap Stream (in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey) for the summer period using biotic index. The water quality was assessed through the application of the Belgian biotic index. For this purpose, benthic macroinvertebrate sampling was performed in six sites along the Ke?ap Stream in the summer period, in July 2007. The distribution of dominant genera of the sites was evaluated according to water quality. According to the Belgian biotic index, II, III and IV water quality classes (slightly, moderately and heavily polluted, respectively) were determined in the stream. In addition, diversities of benthic macroinvertebrates in six sites were calculated. The biotic index values are found also consistent with the diversity values. Especially, in areas of the stream after industrial facilities water quality decreased. However, very heavy pollution was not observed accord to the biotic index values. It was found that Ephemeroptera was the dominant major taxon in all sampling sites. As a result of this biological evaluation, Ephemeroptera were concluded to be the most common taxa in the stream and the ephemeropterans, Potamanthus, Baetis and Ephemerella were dominant genera in the conditions of slightly, moderately and heavily polluted.     

成都市近地表大气尘铅分布特征及源解析

分析了成都市近地表大气尘样品铅及其同位素含量比的测定数据,铅含量变化范围为(119.76～1327.42)×10^-6,均值为374.51×10^-6,统计标准偏差为273.36,变异系数为0.73,说明成都市近地表大气尘铅含量变化大。燃煤飞灰的放射性成因铅明显高于汽油和柴油,可作为鉴别大气尘铅来源的证据。铅同位素含量数据表明成都市近地表大气尘的铅污染是复合污染源所致,其中,相对清洁区污染以建筑扬尘为主,中度污染区是汽车尾气和扬尘的叠加作用,重污染区是燃煤飞灰汽车尾气和工业污染源的综合表征。     

Comparative assessment of the metal load in the bays and inlets of Murmansk coast by the metal pollution index

Comparative assessment of pollution by metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, and As) was performed for the first time for the bays and inlets of the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea; the international Metal Pollution Index (MPI) was applied for the fucoids. The background pollution was assessed for each studied element by MPI in the fucoids taking into account the seawater salinity. It was found that the MPI index calculated for fucoids might be recommended for the qualitative assessment of the metal pollution level with regard to the water salinity for both the studied sampling sites and the natural environment. The comparative monitoring of Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, and As concentrations in the bays and inlets of the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea using MPI evidenced that Pechenga Inlet was the most polluted area; Korabel’naya Inlet was the least polluted, which reflected the existing level of the anthropogenic load.     

Investigation of elemental enrichment and ecological risk assessment of surface soils in two industrial port cities,southwest Iran

In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the two industrial port cities of Iran, the port of Mahshahr and the port of Imam Khomeini. In spite of their importance for the economy, the two cities require monitoring and assessment from an environmental and human health perspective. In this study, environmental quality and heavy metals pollution of soils influenced by human activities were investigated. A total of 30 soil samples were collected and subjected to detail physicochemical characterization. The results showed high levels of heavy metals in the urban soils of port of Mahshahr (POM) and elevated respective levels in surface soils of the port of Imam Khomeini (PIK) with Ni being significantly higher than those in POM. The integrated pollution index (IPI) values of metals ranged from 1.22 to 1.87 in POM and 1.52 to 3.31in PIK, 50% of soil samples in PIK were classified as highly polluted, and all of the soil samples in PM were classified as moderately polluted. These results are in accordance with Enrichment Factor (EF) values, which showed the role of anthropogenic activities in the soil heavy metal enrichment. Moreover, the highest potential ecological risk index (RI) was found in the sites of petrochemical industries in PIK indicating serious metal contamination. Statistical analysis showed that heavy metals were mainly controlled by human activities. The results showed more dense industrial activity in PIK is responsible for higher pollution. This study establishes a benchmark against which future monitoring and remediation programs can be based on. Because of proximity to the Persian Gulf, continued the release of contaminants into the region, could have adverse biological health effects.