REE and Trace Element Geochemistry of Yinachang Fe-Cu-REE Deposit, Yunnan Province, China

1IntroductionThebehaviorsoftherare earthelements (REE)duringmagmatism ,metamorphismandmeta somationareofgreatgeologicalinterestbecauseoftheirapplicationsingeochronologyandgeochemi caltracing (e .g .reviewsbyFaure ,1 986;LipinandMckay ,1 989) .Becauseoftheirsimilargeo chemicalbehaviorsandlowsolubilitiesinwater,theREEshaveprovedthemselvestobeapowerfultoolforthecharacterizationofprovenanceswhenappliedtosedimentaryrocks (McDanieletal.,1 994) .Althoughtheirbehaviorsunderhydrothermalconditionsar…     

Organic Geochemistry of Lead—Zinc Polymetallic Dposits,Northern Guangdong

The characters of organic matter in rocks and ores in the Fankou and Dabaoshan deposits are systematically studied with regard to their implications for mineralization.The results show that kerogens in this area faaa mainly into the plutonism field in Van Krevelen‘s diagram.Reflectivity of the organic substance was measured to be 3.06%(Fankou)and 1.67%(Dabaoshan),corresponding to the paleo-geotemperatures of 232℃ and 184℃ respectively.The same types of porphyrins and hydrocarbons were recognized in the rocks and ores and hydrocarbon-bearing inclusions are widespread in quartz and calcite,particularly in Dabaoshan,It is thought that the orgain matter must have played a critical role in diagenesis and metallization in these deposits and that the hydrothermal solution was most likely to be the type of water-oil hot brine.     

REE Geochemistry of Sulfides from the Huize Zn-Pb Ore Field, Yunnan Province： Implication for the Sources of Ore-forming Metals

REE abundances in sulfides from the Huize Zn-Pb ore field were determined with the ICPMS after preconcentration. The REE abundances in 26 sulfide samples （including pyrite, galena and sphalerite） are very low, with the ~REE ranging from 1.6×10^-9 to 166.8×10^-9. Their LREE/HREE ratios range from 7.6 to 98, showing LREE enrichment relatively. The JEu values are below 1, indicating that they were deposited from an Eu-depleted and reducing fluid-system. Similar to the ore-hosting carbonate strata, calcite separates from carbonate veinlets filling in the fractures or faults crosscutting the carbonate strata also show clear Eu-depletion. This indicates that the carbonate veinlets and their parent fluid was possibly sourced from the strata and inherited the REE geochemical features of the strata. Therefore, REE-geochemical characteristics of both the sulfides and calcites, which were deposited from an ore-forming hydrothermal system, are similar to those of carbonate strata, and strongly suggest that the ore metals were mainly sourced from carbonate strata.     

Geochemistry of the Jinman Vein—Type Copper Deposit,Western Yunnan Province,China——I.Element Geochemical Characteristics

The Jinman copper deposit,which is situated on the northern margin of the Lanping-Simao back-arc basin,western Yunnan Province,is a silver-bearing,high-grade vein-type copper deposit.Comprehensive element geochemical studies of the host rocks and hydrothermal minerals revealed the regularities in the distribution,mobilization and transport of elements from the host rocks to hydrothermal minerals.In conjunction with the fluid inclusion and isotope data,it is suggested that the ore-forming fluid was derived mainly from a deep source characterized by CO2 enrichment and reduction in nature.It is also suggested that the oreforming materials come largely from a deep source.although the contribution of the country rocks should not be ruled out.It is also found that some hydrothermal minerals are possessed of MREE-enrichment patterns.It is deduced that the REEs in the deep-source ore fluid were transported in the form of CO3^2- complexes and were deposited in a continental basin(or a hot-spring basin).     

REE Geochemistry of Surficial Sediments from the Yellow Sea of China

REE geochemical studies of surficial sediment samples from the Yellow Sea of China have shown:(1)The average content of RE2O3 in the Yellow Sea sediments is 175 ppm,close to that in the East China Sea sediments.The REE distribution patterns in the Yellow Sea sediments are also similar to anomalies.These REE characteristics are typical of the continental crust.(2)The contents of REE are controlled mainly by the sediment grain size,i.e.,REE contents increase gradually with decreasing sediment grain size.REE are present mainly in clay minerals.In addition,REE contents are controlled obviously by heavy minerals.REE abundances in heavy minerals are much greater than those in light minerals.(3)Correlation analysis shows that REE have a close relationship with siderophile elements,especially Ti,which has the largest correlation coefficient relative to REE.Terrigenous clastic materials subjected to weathering and transport are suggested to be the main source of REE in the Yellow Sea sediments.     

Isotope Geochemistry of the Dongchuan Copper Deposit,Yunnan,SW China： Stratigraphic Chronology and Application of Lead Isotopes in Geochemical Exploration

In this paper the Pb-Pb isochron method was used to determine the isotopic ages of the Luoxue Formation dolomites (1716 ±56 Ma), the Heishan Formation carbonaceous slates ( 1607 ±128 Ma) of the middle sub-group of the Kunyang Group and the Dayingpan Formation carbonaceous slates (1258 ±70Ma) of the upper sub-group of the Kunyang Group. The age of the middle sub-group of the Kunyang Group is about 1800 – 1600 Ma, belonging to the Late Paleo-Proterozoic, and that of the Dayingpan Formation in the upper sub-group of the Kunyang Group is about 1200 – 1300 Ma, belonging to the Middle Proterozoic. In addition, the Pb isotope chemical exploration techniques were used to study systematically the Pb isotopic compositions of rocks and ores across the No. 14 vein in the middle segment of the No. 1 pit of the Tangdan copper deposit and the result showed that the Pb isotope V₁ values are negatively correlated with the copper contents. It is the first trial to use the systematic section method to conduct Pb isotope chemical exploration. This research project was financially supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49702022, 40073001) and the State 973 Program (No.G1999043215).     

REE Geochemistry of Loess in Xinjiang ,China

The total rare-earth element values(ΣREE)of loess in the Xinjiang region vary over a range of 128-200 ppm ,with an average of 153ppm .The average REE content of loess lies between the earth‘s crust (155ppm) and sedimentary rocks(151ppm).The Xinjiang loess,with the REE distribu-tion patterns characterized by negative slopes ,is rich in the Ce-family elements, and has a distribu-tion pattern characteristic of sedimentary rocks.The North Xinjiang loess is relatively depleted in Tb,but rich in Yb and Lu.The South Xinjiang loess is relatively rich in light rare-earth elements.This is full proof that the Xinjiang loess comes partly from weathered materials(clay rock,sandstone)in the region studied.The REE distribution patterns in the Xinjiang loess are similar to those in the precipitated dust and Aeolian sand,indicating the same material source.The REE distribution pat-terns in the Xinjiang loess are also similar to those in loess from the middle Yellow River Valley,China and Taskent,the former USSR.This implies that loesses of the three locations(Xinjiang,the mid-dle Yellow River Valley and Taskent) come from a common material source.But the REE patterns in the Xinjiang loess are different from those in wall rocks (volcanic rock,K-bearing volcanic rock).Generally ,LREE/HREE,Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* ratios reflect the features of parent materials of loess,indicating that the parent rocks were probably in the early stage of alkaline weathering and the weathered materials existed in an oxidation environment with basic mediums under arid-climatic conditions before transport.As a result,the migration ability of the REE is weak.     

Organic Geochemistry Characteristics in Ores and Host Rocks from Qixiashan Lead-Zinc Deposit, Nanjing, China

Organic matter, associated with ores, host rocks, ore source rocks and present in fluid inclusions in the Qixiashan lead-zinc polymetailic deposit hosted in Upper Carboniferous dolomites and limestones in East China, was systematically analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), GC/mass spectrometry and proton-induced X-ray emission. The biomarker ratios of nC21^--/n22^ -alkanes, C23-tricydic/C30-hopane and the tricyclic terpane parameters induding C21/C23, C19-10/C21-29 and C19-25/C26-29 can effectively discriminate ores from host rocks. Extractable organic matter present in fluid inclusions displays similariUes to those enclosed in the ore source rocks in the biomarker ratios, suggesting that a proportion of orphic matter was introduced into the deposit from the ore source strata. The presence of copper and zinc in stage Ⅱ pyrobitumen indicates that some metals may have been transported by an organic fluid or removed from an aqueous fluid by organic matter.     

REE Geochemistry of Moderate－and High－Sulfur Coals from North Shanxi,China

Contents of the rare-earth elements(REE) in two coal seams from North Shanxi Province,China,were determined using the instrumental neutron activation method.Based on the REE distribution tpatterns,and correlation analysis and cluster analysis,the main conclusions were drawn as follows.The REE contents are controlled mainly by the coal-forming environments,but might be affected by acidic solution Jeaching after peat sedimentation.The REE distribution patterns should be nearly the same in the sublayers of the same coal seam,and the occurrence of abnormal patterns might indicate the geological effect during post-sedimentation.The REE in coals are present mainly in the inorganic phase,and might be derived mainly from terrigenous detrital minerals.Some harmful elements,such as V,P,Mo,Cr,Cu,Mo,Th and Cd,might have cleaning potential during processing and dressing by washing because they are associated with REE.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks of the Laochang Ag Polymetallic Deposit,Lancang,Yunnan Province,China

In terms of major element, trace element and REE geochemical characteristics ofvolcanic rocks in the area studied and by making use of the TiO2-K2O-P2O5,The-Hf-Ta and Zr-Nb-Y trianglar diagrams and the environmental discrimination diagrams of incompatible ele-ment distribution pattems,the authors have drawn some conclusions that are different from those by previous workers.It is concluded that volcanic rocks in the Laochang Ag polymetallic deposit at Lancang,Yunnan belong to continental within-plate alkali basalts, and that their geotectonic setting seems to be at the northeastern margin of East Gondwana Land.     

新疆可可塔勒铅锌矿成矿流体稀土元素地球化学特征

本文采用四极等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)方法测定了可可塔勒铅锌矿矿物流体包裹体的稀土元素含量。研究表明,成矿流体稀土元素配分模式均为轻稀土富集,Eu具有明显正异常。矿石硫化物流体包裹体稀土特征具有3种稀土配分模式,即平滑右倾型、平坦型、倒“V”字型,矿体下盘围岩的稀土总量明显高于上盘围岩的稀土总量,具有明显的Eu的负异常,成矿流体具有多来源、成矿具有多阶段叠加特点,具有双淋滤模式特征。     

Mantle Source Nature of Ore Fluids for the Jinding Pb-Zn Deposit, Lanping, Yunnan

MANTLE SOURCE NATURE OF ORE FLUIDS FOR THE JINDING Pb-Zn DEPOSIT, LANPING, YUNNANtheNationalClimbingProgram(95 Pre .39;;3 1 2 )andMLMRStrategicKeyProgram (95 0 110 3)     

滇东北矿集区茂租铅锌矿床热液白云石稀土元素特征

茂租铅锌矿床位于扬子地台西南缘,是滇东北矿集区内的一个大型矿床,矿体呈似层状产于震旦系灯影组白云岩中。矿石矿物以闪锌矿为主,次为方铅矿。脉石矿物主要为白云石、萤石和方解石。矿床的矿化蚀变分带明显,从围岩到矿体,矿化蚀变分带分别为:斑点状白云石化带、脉状白云石化带、星点状矿化带、细脉浸染状矿化带和矿体。白云石是该矿床的重要脉石矿物,除了震旦系灯影组的微晶-细晶白云石外,与成矿热液活动有关的白云石主要有斑点状白云石、脉状白云石和团块状白云石。文章对茂租铅锌矿床3种热液白云石及围岩灯影组白云岩的稀土元素地球化学特征进行了对比研究。结果表明:3种热液白云石与灯影组白云岩的稀土元素配分模式比较接近,总体上具有稀土元素总量低、轻稀土元素富集和Ce元素负异常的特征,这些相似的稀土元素特征表明3种蚀变白云石与围岩之间存在着成因联系。灯影组白云岩ΣREE含量较低,具有Eu元素负异常,而脉状和团块状热液白云石具有明显的Eu元素正异常,反映了存在较高温度的流体活动,热液蚀变白云岩是由高温热液流体形成。斑点状热液白云石Eu元素异常不太明显,可能是由于蚀变强度较弱,继承了原岩Eu元素负异常的特征。团块状白云石ΣREE和w(Y)、w(Sm)较高,表明有其他REE富集流体的加入。3种热液白云石是由高温流体形成,流体主要来源于地层,并有其他富含REE流体加入。     

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床泥底辟流体成矿特征初探

兰坪金顶铅锌矿床的成矿过程与油气的生成有许多相似之处,泥底辟构造在金顶铅锌矿床的成矿过程中起着极为重要的作用。首先,随着泥底辟的上侵,塑性泥流夹带大量气体到构造圈闭中释放压力,扩大成矿空间;其次,流体的去气作用在构造圈闭中进行一系列的强改造活动,进而促使铅锌矿体的形成。文章通过对金顶铅锌矿床形成有关的泥底辟流体的来源、流体形成原因、流体在张性-挤压走滑盆地阶段的演化及金顶铅锌矿床成矿的泥底辟流体特征的分析,认为兰坪金顶铅锌矿床的形成与泥底辟构造密切相关,该矿床具泥底辟流体的成矿特征。     

云南金顶铅锌矿床的有机成矿作用——来自围岩、矿石中有机质生物标志化合物的证据

云南金顶铅锌矿床是世界上成矿时代最新且唯一的陆相沉积岩容矿的超大型铅锌矿床。矿区存在2类有机质——原生型和迁移型,与矿石共生。生物标志化合物研究结果表明：正构烷烃碳数分布范围较宽,有2种峰型;萜烷化合物的相对丰度五环三萜烷＞三环萜烷＞四环萜烷;规则甾烷C27～C28～C29呈不对称V字型分布;有机质的母质来源以低等水生生源的海藻类为主,伴随有一定量的陆源高等植物组分;有机质沉积于弱氧化—弱还原环境;成矿热液的热力作用使样品遭受了一定程度的热解,部分样品还遭受了生物降解作用;生物标志物多参数对比表明有机质来源于三叠纪三合洞组碳酸盐岩地层。原生型有机质的成矿作用主要体现在对成矿金属元素的预富集上,而迁移型有机质的成矿作用主要是对成矿金属元素的活化运移。     

云南金顶铅锌矿床的有机成矿作用——来自围岩、矿石中有机质生物标志化合物的证据

云南金顶铅锌矿床是世界上成矿时代最新且唯一的陆相沉积岩容矿的超大型铅锌矿床。矿区存在2类有机质——原生型和迁移型,与矿石共生。生物标志化合物研究结果表明：正构烷烃碳数分布范围较宽,有2种峰型;萜烷化合物的相对丰度五环三萜烷＞三环萜烷＞四环萜烷;规则甾烷C27～C28～C29呈不对称V字型分布;有机质的母质来源以低等水生生源的海藻类为主,伴随有一定量的陆源高等植物组分;有机质沉积于弱氧化—弱还原环境;成矿热液的热力作用使样品遭受了一定程度的热解,部分样品还遭受了生物降解作用;生物标志物多参数对比表明有机质来源于三叠纪三合洞组碳酸盐岩地层。原生型有机质的成矿作用主要体现在对成矿金属元素的预富集上,而迁移型有机质的成矿作用主要是对成矿金属元素的活化运移。     

金顶铅锌矿床地质特征及成因探讨

金顶铅锌矿床以陆相碎屑岩为主岩，明显区别于以海相碳酸盐岩为主岩的MVT矿床；其成矿背景、矿体产状及ωPb／ωZn都与SST铅锌矿床有较大差异；金顶铅锌矿床与SEDEX矿床相比，在矿体产状、金属—矿物分带、矿体上下盘特征以及接触界线上均存在一定差异。矿床特征的研究发现，金顶铅锌矿床上有盖层，下有遮档层，中间为孔隙度、渗透率较好的储集层，这一岩套组合类似于油气的生成，而穹窿、F2断层形成的构造空间则为成矿流体的贮集、沉淀和成矿提供了条件。     

滇西北兰坪盆地金顶超大型矿床有机岩相学和地球化学

云南兰坪金顶矿床是世界上形成时代最新且唯一陆相沉积岩容矿的超大型铅锌矿床,也是中国目前最大的铅锌矿床,有机物质在金属成矿中可能发挥重要作用,受人关注.矿石及矿化岩石中产有包括干酪根、轻油、烃类气、重油、沥青及方解石中石油、甲烷包裹体等多种形式、产状和成熟度的有机物质,油气显示突出,古油气藏遗迹明显,是金顶古油气藏在铅锌成矿过程中热成熟、裂解和被改造、破坏不同阶段的产物.有机物质的氯仿沥青"A"变化大(72×106～395415.42×106)."A"的族组分中,总烃(58.47%)大于"非烃 沥青烯"(41.53%),饱和烃/芳香烃比值大于1,具Ⅰ型有机母质特征.有机转化率(A/C=0.5%～7.2%)较矿床外围岩石低,有机热成熟度高.矿石及矿化岩石中有机质的饱和烃包括正构烷烃、Pr、Ph和iC18等化合物,碳数分布介于C10～C34之间,C21 22/C28 29=0.78～3.582,Pr/C17=0.25～0.646,Ph/C18=0.39～1.57,有机母质为海相菌藻类.有机质中检测出萘、菲、三芳甾烷、联苯、荧蒽等芳香烃类化合物,菲系列化合物最为明显,MPI1=0.215～0.434,MPI2=0.252～0.588,菌藻等有机母质发育在高盐度还原沉积环境,烃源岩主要是三叠系残留海相碳质泥岩和泥灰岩.伴随金顶局部穹隆过程,很可能在金顶穹隆中形成油气藏,它是矿区铅锌快速大规模集中成矿的重要还原剂之一.     

义县萤石矿床稀土元素地球化学特征及其指示意义

为了研究辽西义县萤石矿床的成矿机理及成矿流体来源,文章对矿区萤石稀土元素进行了分析。结果表明:2种类型的萤石为同源不同阶段的产物,从成矿早期至晚期,LREE逐渐减少,Ce负异常由弱变强,Eu则均显明显的正异常;矿床成矿流体主要来源于中侏罗世髫髻山旋回岩浆热液;成矿过程为岩浆热液与围岩(主要为白云质灰岩和灰岩)的相互作用,并有天水的混入;成矿环境相对氧化。     

云南兰坪县金顶铅锌矿床稀土元素特征及意义

通过对金顶矿床稀土元素的分析,显示稀土总量较低,具有轻稀土比较富集、轻重稀土元素具中等分馏的特征。铕(Eu)在铅锌金属矿物和石膏中比较亏损(δEu=0.06~0.76),表现出负异常;而在褐铁矿、天青石中铕(Eu)比较富集(δEu=0.76~14.95),表现出正异常;表明褐铁矿、天青石与其它铅锌矿物不是同一期的产物;暗示金顶铅锌矿床在沉积之后经受了后期热液的改造叠加成矿作用。这对矿床成因研究及勘查具有一定的参考意义。