构造煤的动力变质作用及其演化规律

采用Ｘ射线衍射分析，电子顺磁共振等方法研究了构造煤的动力变质作用特征和演化规律。构造煤与煤层的变形变质历史有关，动力变质作用形成的构造煤，其结构特征与其它变质类型煤不同，演化途径也不同，但它们的演化规律一致。     

构造煤的动力变质作用及其演化规津

采用X射线衍射分析、电子顺磁共振等方法研究了构造煤的动力变质作用特征和演化规律。构造煤与煤层的变形变质历史有关,动力变质作用形成的构造煤,其结构特征与其它变质类型煤不同,演化途径也不同,但它们的演化规律一致。      

煤岩构造变形与动力变质作用

煤岩是一种对温度、压力等地质环境因素十分敏感的有机岩,地质演化过程中的各种构造-热事件必然导致煤岩发生一系列物理与化学结构的变化,并形成不同类型的构造煤。在构造应力作用下,煤岩不仅发生脆性和韧性变形,而且还产生不同程度的动力变质作用。因而,关于煤岩构造变形与动力变质作用的研究不仅具有重要的科学意义,而且在煤层气资源评价以及煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测方面也具有重要的实际意义。文中在已有研究成果基础上,通过对构造煤系列Ro,max、XRD和NMR(CP/MAS+TOSS)等测试和实验方法的对比研究,深入分析了煤岩不同构造变形和动力变质特征,进一步探讨了构造应力下煤岩动力变质作用的机理。研究成果表明,在构造应力作用下,煤岩脆性变形主要是通过破裂面上快速机械摩擦转化为热能而引起煤岩化学结构与其成分的改变;而韧性变形煤主要是通过局部区域应变能的积累而引起煤岩化学结构的破坏,从而发生不同机制的动力变质作用。     

煤的变质程度对焦炭结构构造的影响

从宏观和微观两方面对不同变质程度煤所形成焦炭的结构、构造进行了深入研究。从气煤到肥煤阶段（Ｒｏ，ｍ：０．７７％～１．１６％），焦炭气孔壁厚度逐渐增大；进入焦煤阶段（Ｒｏ，ｍ＞１．１６％），焦炭气孔壁厚度降低。气煤、１３焦煤形成的焦炭结构以各向同性体为主，焦煤、肥煤炼出的焦炭以粒状镶嵌结构为主。由气煤和高变质程度的焦煤形成的焦炭，其气孔以微孔和大孔为主，气孔分布标准差Ｄｓ最大；肥煤炼出的焦炭，其气孔分布大小较均一；１３焦煤和低变质程度的焦煤成焦后，气孔分布状况介于上述二者之间     

区域隆起构造是分析煤变质带的依据

不少煤变质规律的研究者，提出煤变质带或煤变质区，但他们都未说明划分“带”或“区”的地质依据，煤的变质都是受多种地质作用而成，因此必须研究区域地质构造与煤变质的关系。在成煤的长期过程中，地质的区域活动是多种多样的，反复多次，以致每个煤田的煤种往往是多种多样的。所以不研究地质变化，不可能找到煤的真正变质规律。本文所指的区域隆起构造是指：造山带，山前褶皱带和其外缘隆起等。     

构造动力变质作用初探

构造动力变质作用初探王治顺，朱大岗（中国地质科学院地质力学研究所，北京１０００８１）关键词构造动力变质作用、阶段划分、主要类型、基本特征笔者提出的构造动力变质作用的基本概念是：在构造动力及其引发的动力热流共同作用下，岩石、矿物所发生的变形、变质作用，...     

构造动力变质作用初论

本文提出了构造动力变质作用的基本概念。即在构造动力及其引发的动力热流共同作用下,岩石、矿物在构造运动中发生的形变、相变而呈现的变质作用。按构造动力变质作用的物理化学条件,动力变质岩的结构构造、动态重结晶和混合岩化作用、应力矿物共生组合关系及其空间分布等特征,将构造动力变质作用由弱到强划分为4个发展阶段和相应的4种基本变质类型——脆性、脆-塑性、塑性和动力热流变形变质,并论述了它们各自的基本特征。      

构造煤甲烷吸附表面能研究

煤的表面能是致使煤具有吸附性差异的根本原因。通过分析动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分的影响,借助甲烷等温吸附实验,计算了不同温度下随着压力增大,原生结构煤和构造煤吸附甲烷的煤表面能的变化情况,并从构造煤动力变质角度分析了其表面能变化的原因。结果表明：动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分改造作用明显,构造煤比共生的原生结构煤微孔隙更发育,吸附能力更强;计算结果也表明,随着温度的升高和压力的增大,构造煤吸附甲烷的表面能降低值均大于共生的原生结构煤,构造煤吸附甲烷的能力更强。     

羌塘中部高压变质带的退变质作用及其构造侵位

羌塘中部的高压变质带主要由榴辉岩、石榴石白云母片岩和蓝片岩等组成,它们在遭受高压变质作用之后折返,构造侵位于晚古生代展金组地层中,二者以韧性变形带为接触边界.本文以高压变质带中的榴辉岩和韧性变形带为研究对象,讨论了高压变质带折返过程中的退变质作用特征及折返时代.研究表明,榴辉岩在高峰期变质作用之后的折返过程中经历了由榴辉岩相→蓝片岩相→绿帘角闪岩相的退变质作用演化过程;在高压变质带构造侵位过程形成的韧性变形带中,白云母石英片岩的白云母40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为219±2Ma.高压变质带在219Ma左右构造侵位于展金组地层中,并于214Ma之前最终抬升出露地表.     

Exhuming the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt: the importance of tectonic discontinuities

Tectonic processes that have been proposed to explain the transport to the surface of regional metamorphic belts can be broadly divided into two types. (i) Corner-flow within a convergent margin bounded by two essentially rigid plates associated with extension at shallow levels. This type of model assumes deformation is distributed throughout the margin and that any discontinuities are of secondary importance. (ii) Expulsion or extrusion of coherent metamorphic nappes. In this second idea, tectonic discontinuities are fundamental in the transport to the surface of metamorphic rocks. The wealth of geological data available from a variety of studies in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, southwest Japan makes it well-suited for studying the relative importance of continuous vs. discontinuous deformation in the process of exhumation. In the Sanbagawa belt a sudden decrease in metamorphic pressure going down section of several kilobars suggests the presence of a major tectonic contact separating two major regional nappes: an overlying higher-pressure Besshi nappe and an underlying lower-pressure Oboke nappe. Major tectonic discontinuities have also been proposed within the Besshi nappe, however, indicators of metamorphic temperature, the results of radiometric age dating, and microstructural studies all suggest that post-metamorphic discontinuities are minor and that this nappe formed and remained as an essentially coherent unit. Lithological associations and petrological studies suggest the following positions for the two nappes. The Besshi nappe formed deep within the former accretionary wedge, adjacent to the overlying mantle wedge, and with a dip of roughly 30 °C. In contrast, the Oboke nappe formed at moderate depths within the accretionary wedge, was distant from the mantle wedge, and was roughly horizontal. Penetrative deformation that post-dates the peak of metamorphism has affected nearly all of the Sanbagawa belt and has played an important role in its exhumation. However, the presence of a broad coherent Besshi nappe overlying the lower-pressure Oboke nappe suggests that some process such as buoyancy-driven extrusion was also important in the exhumation process and in forming the structure of the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt.     

煤的变形产气机理探讨

对煤在不同变形机制作用下的化学结构变化与产气等方面的研究成果进行了调研分析,对比总结了国内外有关煤的高温高压实验,提出了一些新的认识和研究方向。①研究表明,不同的变形作用,如脆性变形和韧性变形对煤分子的结构演化趋势和影响机理明显不同;②在煤的高温高压实验方面,许多实验过程都发现了气体的产生,但因实验设计温度过高,超过实验煤的热解甚至裂解温度,因此造成对产气机理的多解性,即气体是煤热解甚至高温裂解产生的,还是由于煤发生变形作用产生的,或者两者均有贡献。利用次高温高压实验探讨变形作用能否促使气体的产生是可行的。综合前人的研究成果认为,煤在构造应力作用下发生变形时能够产生气体,这可能是超量煤层气的来源之一。同时,产出的超量煤层气的赋存状态可能并非仅仅是传统观念的物理吸附,而可能是以低键能的化学键形式存在于煤体结构中。     

煤的变形产气机理探讨

对煤在不同变形机制作用下的化学结构变化与产气等方面的研究成果进行了调研分析,对比总结了国内外有关煤的高温高压实验,提出了一些新的认识和研究方向。①研究表明,不同的变形作用,如脆性变形和韧性变形对煤分子的结构演化趋势和影响机理明显不同;②在煤的高温高压实验方面,许多实验过程都发现了气体的产生,但因实验设计温度过高,超过实验煤的热解甚至裂解温度,因此造成对产气机理的多解性,即气体是煤热解甚至高温裂解产生的,还是由于煤发生变形作用产生的,或者两者均有贡献。利用次高温高压实验探讨变形作用能否促使气体的产生是可行的。综合前人的研究成果认为,煤在构造应力作用下发生变形时能够产生气体,这可能是超量煤层气的来源之一。同时,产出的超量煤层气的赋存状态可能并非仅仅是传统观念的物理吸附,而可能是以低键能的化学键形式存在于煤体结构中。     

构造变形过程中盖层封闭性研究

研究了埋藏-成岩-抬升变形过程中盖层封闭性的演化特点,开展了构造变形过程中盖层破裂实验.认为泥岩在高演化阶段封闭性变差并不具有普遍性,在深埋条件下和构造稳定区,高演化泥岩仍可具有良好的封闭性;构造抬升是盖层封闭性发生破坏的主要因素;力学实验表明,膏盐岩盖层在极小的埋深(1 000 m左右)下就有很强的塑性,其极限强度很...     

构造变形过程中盖层封闭性研究

研究了埋藏—成岩—抬升变形过程中盖层封闭性的演化特点,开展了构造变形过程中盖层破裂实验。认为泥岩在高演化阶段封闭性变差并不具有普遍性,在深埋条件下和构造稳定区,高演化泥岩仍可具有良好的封闭性; 构造抬升是盖层封闭性发生破坏的主要因素; 力学实验表明,膏盐岩盖层在极小的埋深（1000 m左右）下就有很强的塑性,其极限强度很低,应变很大,是优质盖层; 泥岩盖层在浅埋藏条件下,容易产生破裂,但在深埋条件下（围压超过50 MPa）,泥岩表现出塑性流变,仍然具有较好的封闭条件; 泥灰岩破裂强度随着埋深的变化不明显,始终表现为比较强的脆性,高压下容易产生破裂。     

桐柏-大别山区高压变质相的构造配置

作为华北和扬子陆块间的碰撞造山带桐柏大别山区以发育高压、超高压变质带为特征,从南到北变质相从低级到高级,代表俯冲带深度不同的变质产物,整体形成高压变质相系列。不过现今各变质相岩石的分布极受后期地壳规模的伸展构造控制,大别杂岩的穹隆作用更使高压变质相带的空间分布复杂化。超高压变质岩今日多呈大小不等的块体嵌布于相对低压的大别杂岩之内,造山带根部物质的热软化,使许多深层地幔物质得以像挤牙膏一样挤出于大别杂岩内。它们之中广泛发育着减压退变质的显微结构,与大别杂岩内一些麻粒岩相表壳岩所保存的减压退变质证迹一样,同是挤出作用和碰撞后隆升的构造证迹。高压相系的发育使南桐柏山和大别山迥然不同于桐商（ 商丹） 断裂以北的北秦岭北淮阳变质带。新近发表的同位素年代学（４０Ａｒ ３９ Ａｒ） 资料：３１６ ～４３４ Ｍａ ,已证明北秦岭是古生代变质带,它与桐柏－ 大别印支期碰撞造山带差异甚大。这两个变质地温梯度差异甚大的变质地体的拼合,说明华北和扬子陆块碰撞的主缝合带是商丹－ 桐商断裂带     

Petrology, structure and tectonic significance of the Tuclame banded schists in the Sierras Pampeanas of Córdoba and its relationship with the metamorphic basement of northwestern Argentina

In the northwest of the Sierras Pampeanas of Córdoba (Central Argentina), in the Tuclame area, rocks called ‘banded schists’ are recognized. They are known since 120 years ago and are one of the most important lithologies of the metamorphic complex in this region. The compositional banding is the most conspicuous structural mesoscopic feature, composed of quartz-rich and mica-rich layers. It is a tectonic banding produced by pressure solution during a compressive event. P–T conditions of 557 ± 25 °C and 3.9 ± 1 kb were obtained for the main metamorphic event. A detailed field checking allowed recognition of the banded schists as decimetric or centimetric xenoliths isolated within the regional migmatites and the anatectic granitoids and as kilometric-scale belts within Sierras de Córdoba and San Luis. The authors have also identified banded schists in the Sierras de Aconquija, Ambato, Ancasti and Guasayán. Other workers recognized them in the Puna, Cumbres Calchaquíes, Sierras de Quilmes and Fiambalá, among the most well known outcrops. The banded schists have systematic petrological features and a distinctive mesoscopic structure that allow their identification and correlation with the other outcrops, which are arranged as a huge belt 2000 km long and 150 km wide, between 64°00′–66°30′W and 25°00′–41°34′S. In this work, all these rocks are proposed to be integrated into the Puncoviscana Basin, since field evidence indicated that the banded schists transitionally pass by transposition to phyllitic rocks typical of this metamorphosed basin, which would cover a region of about 300,000 km². At present, there is no accurate geochronology available for the metamorphic and deformation events proposed in this work for the Tuclame banded schists. However, considering the regional geological evidence, the great spread of the petrostructural process forming these rocks, the transition between the Puncoviscana Formation and the banded schists, and the earlier idea that the Puncoviscana Formation is the shallowest equivalent of deeper structural levels in the Sierras Pampeanas, we favor for the moment the hypothesis that the banded schists could be part of the oldest evolution of the Pampean orogeny (early Pampean stage) and could represent different structural levels of the same orogen, probably a late Precambrian–early Palaeozoic orogen. The events of migmatization and emplacement of anatectic granitoids could represent a late Pampean stage of early Palaeozoic age. Thus, the Pampean orogeny could have lasted around 30–40 Ma (570–530 Ma).     

The Kamuikotan zone in Hokkaido, Japan: tectonic mixing of high-pressure and low-pressure metamorphic rocks

Abstract. In the Kamuikotan zone, central Hokkaido, Japan, two distinct types of metamorphic rocks are tectonically mixed up, along with a great quantity of ultramafic rocks; one type consists of high-pressure metamorphic rocks, and the other of low-pressure ones. The high-pressure metamorphic rocks are divided into two categories. (1) Prograde greenschist to glaucophaneschist facies rocks derived from mudstone, sandstone, limestone, a variety of basic rocks such as pillow and massive lavas, hyaloclastite and tuff, and radiolarian (Valanginian to Hauterivian) chert, among which the basic rocks and the chert, and occasionally the sandstone, occur as incoherent blocks (or inclusions) enveloped by mudstone. (2) Retrograde amphibolites with minor metachert and glaucophane-calcite rock, which are tectonic (or exotic) blocks enclosed within prograde mudstone or serpentinite, or separated from these prograde rocks by faults. The K-Ar ages of the prograde metamorphic rocks (72, 107 and 116 Ma on phengitic muscovites) are younger than those of the retrograde rocks (109, 132, 135 and 145 Ma on muscovites, and 120 Ma on hornblende). The low-pressure metamorphic rocks consist of the mafic members of an ophiolite sequence with a capping of radiolarian (Tithonian) chert with the metamorphic grade ranging from the zeolite facies, through the greenschist (partly, actinolite-calcic plagioclase) facies to the amphibolite (partly, hornblende-granulite) facies. The low-pressure metamorphism has a number of similarities with that described for'ocean-floor'metamorphism. The tectonic evolution of such a mixed-up zone is discussed in relation to Mesozoic plate motion.