基于板块构造理论黑龙江亚板块地震活动动力学模型的研究

基于板块构造理论,根据黑龙江亚板块所处的地震动力学环境和构造物理条件,结合区域地震活动图像,分析研究总结出的地震活动特征,着手建立了动力学分析模型,通过历史和新近地震活动的检验,证明该模型可以较为圆满的解释区域内绝大多数显著地震活动现象,对未来地震趋势研究工作有较大参考价值.     

球形地球模型的地震位错理论及其应用

地震位错理论是研究地震断层滑动与地球物理场变化之间关系的理论,是震源机制、地球内部构造、地震预测等基本地球物理问题与大地测量、地球物理观测数据之间的联系纽带。被广泛使用的半无限空间介质模型的位错理论,由于其几何模型的限制,在地震变形和地球动力学等应用研究中会导致一定程度的误差。此外,现代大地测量技术可以在全球和区域尺度上精确地观测地震变形,亟需一个适用于全球地震变形研究的地震位错理论。为此,本团队基于球形地球模型,经过多年系统性研究,建立了地震位错理论新体系。所构建的球形地球模型的地震位错理论,促进了全球地震变形和地球动力学变化的研究,是近年来地球物理学领域取得的重要理论进展之一。本文简要地介绍了国内球形地球模型地震位错理论的发展及其应用研究。首先,介绍了弹性球形地球模型、三维不均匀地球模型和黏弹地球模型的位错理论;其次,介绍球形地球模型的位错理论在地球动力学变化研究、断层与地下介质结构反演和地震大地测量学研究方面的相关应用;最后,对球形地球模型的位错理论的发展方向作出展望。     

地震孕育过程的非线性动力学模型

本文提出了依据观测数据反演地震孕育过程的非线性动力学模型的方法，给出了可预报时间尺度的确定方法及系统稳定性判别准则，对唐山地震的分析表明，非线性动力学分析方法是行之有效的。     

大陆地震的动力学模型研究

应用非线性动力学模型，以大陆构造构体为参照对象，对大陆地震的成组孕育和发生过程进行模拟研究，通过对６×８弹簧－滑块－阻尼器组合单元非线性动力学模型的理论计算及其结果的分析，得到了一系列与实际地震较类似的人工地震图像，如模型中的地震活动在时间上有轮回怀，在地点上有条带性，并在不同轮回中有条过移的现象。模型中应力变化十分复杂，但仍能为预测地震提供概略性的信息。     

我国地震的现今地球动力学研究的进展与方向

本文从活动构造、大陆地壳形变与现代地壳运动、地震活动区与大震震源区的深部探测及动力学、大陆强震区的地壳介质结构与地震成因、构造的物理及数值模拟、大陆岩石圈动力学以及地球动力学模型研究七个方面扼要介绍了近年来我国开展的与地震有关的现今地球动力学研究进展和取得的一系列新认识以及研究动向。在此基础上提出了微动态地球动力学，上地幔的非均匀性、深浅部构造关系及其动力学和地球动力学模型的理论研究三个应该优先发展的研究领域。     

基于大陆地震活动特点建立的简化动力学模型--细胞自动机模型

基于大陆地震活动的特点和已建立的由弹簧－滑块－阻尼器组成的平面网络非线性动力学模型研究结果,根据细胞自动机的原理,提出了对这类模型的一种简化模型－细胞自动机模型。其演化规则是根据大陆地震活动特点和从上述非线性模型中总结出来的,介质参数采用分维分布设定。将新建的模型应用于３０×４０单元组成的较大系统中,探讨了该模型显示的一些地震活动特点。     

DLA：一个“经典”地震学问题的现代解

本文通过扩散置限凝聚模型的物理学背景和地震学背景以及ＤＬＡ模型对一些地震现象的定性解释等几个方面，讨论了ＤＬＡ模型的地震学意义，并试图以此为基础，探讨这类普适的动力学生长模型应用于地震预测研究的潜力和困难。     

实际地形对2010年玉树MS7.1地震动力学破裂过程及地震动特征的影响

基于震源动力学模型,采用曲线网格有限差分法模拟了水平自由地表及实际地形条件下2010年玉树MS7.1地震的震源破裂过程及相应的地面地震动,获取了断层面上的破裂传播过程、最终滑移量分布及峰值地面速度分布,讨论了实际地形对玉树地震破裂过程及相应地震动的影响.基于本文设定的动力学模型,模拟结果显示:断层面上的高应力降是玉树地...     

2013年MS7.0芦山地震的动力学破裂过程及其影响因素

2013年4月20日在四川芦山发生了M S7.0地震,震源运动学反演结果给出了此次地震的破裂过程和同震滑动分布.为了更好地理解造成芦山地震破裂过程的力学原因,本文综合野外地质调查、余震定位、深地震反射剖面等结果,构建芦山地震铲型断层模型,以震源运动学反演结果为约束,将震源参数与震源附近的构造应力场结合,建立断层面上滑动量和牵引力的时空分布关系,通过试错法给定震源动力学计算参数模拟芦山地震破裂传播的可能情况,进而分析讨论不同动力学计算参数对芦山地震破裂过程和同震滑动分布的影响.结果显示,初始应力是决定断层是否发生错动的关键;临界滑动弱化位移D c对破裂滑动速率有着很大的影响;成核区半径和初始应力主要影响破裂成核的快慢;局部不均匀破裂强度主要影响破裂行为和断层最终滑动量分布.利用边界积分方程法可以有效计算芦山地震铲型断层模型的动力学破裂过程,再现此次地震的主要特征.通过探究动力学参数对破裂过程影响,可解释运动学反演结果所揭示的破裂特征的力学原因,对于深入了解地震震源过程的物理本质和预测未来可能发生的地震的主要特征有着重要的参考意义.     

TRS—80微型机在地震模型实验中的应用

在地震模型实验中,我们采用了以TRS—80微型机为中心的联机系统,实现了实验数据采集、数据传输、数据处理,直至输出各种成果图表。由于采用了各种数字处理方法,对研究震波的运动学和动力学特征,揭示地震和地震勘探中的规律,为地震模型实验增添了快速准确的手段。为此,我们在TRS—80机上研制了一套地震模型实验数字处理专用软件。一年来的实际应用,证明了这套软件基本能适应地震模型实验各个阶段的不同需要,在几个研究课题的资料处理中发挥了作用,取得     

Weimer电场模式在地球磁层内的特征

地球磁层中的电场是研究磁层物理的重要参数,目前常用的对流电场有均匀晨昏电场和投影电场.电离层电场可以看做磁层电场沿磁力线在电离层的投影,本文选取的电离层电场模型为Weimer(2001模式)电场.利用T96磁场模式,沿磁力线将电离层电场投影到磁层空间,得到一个新的磁层电场模式,并讨论了磁暴、行星际磁场(IMF)、太阳风参数和亚暴等对磁层电场的影响.利用该模型计算的电场结果与卫星探测结果相符.     

基于三维构造张量的位场边界识别滤波器

地质体构造边界位置的确定是位场数据解释中的一项重要工作,现有很多基于位场梯度张量数据的边界检测滤波器,但存在识别边界位置模糊且无法均衡深浅地质体异常的缺点.本文定义了位场数据的三维构造张量,并提出基于位场构造张量的边界滤波器.为了同时显示不同振幅异常的边界位置,对新定义的滤波器进行归一化处理.在高阶均衡滤波器的计算中需要计算位场的垂向高阶导数,本文引入一种计算的稳定算法,基于拉普拉斯方程利用位场水平导数求解垂向导数,可减小垂向导数计算中产生的误差.将定义的滤波器应用到合成的重磁数据中证明了新方法相比传统的滤波器能更加清晰、准确地圈定边界位置,而且针对同时含有正负异常的地质情况,可避免产生额外的错误边界.最后将新的滤波器应用到实测的重磁数据的解释中,结果显示基于构造张量的滤波器可更准确清晰地划分出断裂的边界位置,发现更多的构造细节.     

应用非连续性模型模拟断层活动对青藏高原应力应变场的影响

在青藏高原的运动变形过程中,断层活动起着至关重要的作用.本文利用有限元数值模拟的方法,分别计算了在GPS做边界约束下青藏高原及周边区域的连续体模型和含断层的不连续体模型的运动状态和应力场分布.从连续性模型和非连续体模型的差异发现,断层存在与否很大程度上影响了青藏高原现代运动场的分布.主要体现在,断层的滑移运动（1）增加了青藏高原东西两侧的拉张趋势;（2）加大了青藏高原物质东移的速度;（3）改变了塔里木和柴达木盆地的运动状态.模拟结果显示,非连续模型的运动场分布与GPS观测结果吻合程度大大高于连续体模型结果,表明断层活动在青藏高原的运动学和动力学过程中起着重要的作用,在研究青藏高原的动力学机制中,必须考虑断层作用的影响.     

On the validity of a model for the reversals of the Earth's magnetic field

Abstract

We have used techniques of nonlinear dynamics to compare a special model for the reversals of the Earth's magnetic field with the observational data. Although this model is rather simple, there is no essential difference to the data by means of well-known characteristics, such as correlation function and probability distribution. Applying methods of symbolic dynamics we have found that the considered model is not able to describe the dynamical properties of the observed process. These significant differences are expressed by algorithmic complexity and Renyi information.     

An inspection of the long-term behaviour of the range of the daily geomagnetic field variation from comprehensive modelling

This paper attempts to reveal whether long-term trends in the ionosphere are reflected in the amplitude range of the geomagnetic daily variation recorded at ground level. The smooth and regular variation observed in the magnetograms on magnetically quiet days is induced by the ionospheric currents flowing in the dynamo region. So it is likely that trends in the conductivity or in the dynamics of this region could produce changes in the current densities, and consequently in the range of the geomagnetic variation. The crucial aspect is how to separate the changes produced by the geomagnetic activity itself, or by secular changes of the Earth's magnetic field, from the part of the variation produced by factors affecting trends in the ionosphere, which could have an anthropogenic origin. To investigate this, we synthesized for several geomagnetic observatories the daily ranges of the geomagnetic field components with a comprehensive model of the quiet-time, near-Earth magnetic field, and finally we removed the synthetic values from the observed ranges at those observatories. This comprehensive model accounts for contributions from Earth's core, lithosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere and coupling currents, and, additionally, accounts for influences of main field and solar activity variations on the ionosphere. Therefore, any trend remaining in the residuals, assuming that all the contributions mentioned above are properly described and thus removed by the comprehensive model, should reflect the influence of other sources. Results, based on series of magnetic data from observatories worldwide distributed, are presented. Trends in the X and Z components are misleading, since the current system changes in form as well as in intensity, producing changes of the focus latitude in the course of a solar cycle and from one cycle to another. Some differences exist between the long-term trends in the Y component between the real and modelled ranges, suggesting that other non-direct solar causes to the amplitude changes of the solar quiet geomagnetic variation should not be ruled out. Nevertheless, the results also reflect some short-comings in the way that the comprehensive modelling accounts for the influence of the solar activity on the range of the daily geomagnetic variation.     

汶川地震前后中国大陆地磁场动态演化特征初步研究

利用我国地磁观测台网每天的子夜均值资料,运用高性能计算技术,建立了中国大陆地磁场动态演化模型.利用该模型,研究了2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前后中国大陆地磁异常场动态演化.结果表明:地震前后地磁异常场变化特性较明显,具有显著的阶段性特征,这可能反映了地震不同孕育阶段的特征.     

Simulation of the effect of wind speedup in the formation of transverse dune fields

A computer simulation model for transverse‐dune‐field dynamics, corresponding to a uni‐directional wind regime, is developed. In a previous formulation, two distinct problems were found regarding the cross‐sectional dune shape, namely the erosion in the lee of dunes and the steepness of the windward slopes. The first problem is solved by introducing no erosion in shadow zones. The second issue is overcome by introducing a wind speedup (shear velocity increase) factor, which can be accounted for by adding a term to the original transport length, which is proportional to the surface height. By incorporating these features we are able to model dunes whose individual shape and collective patterns are similar to those observed in nature. Moreover we show how the introduction of a non‐linear shear‐velocity‐increase term leads to the reduction of dune height, and this may result in an equilibrium dune field configuration. This is thought to be because the non‐linear increase of the transport length makes the sand trapping efficiency lower than unity, even for higher dunes, so that the incoming and the outgoing sand flux are in balance. To fully describe the inter‐dune morphology more precise dynamics in the lee of the dune must be incorporated. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

喜马拉雅西构造结区深部地球物理场特征剖析

本文基于喜马拉雅西构造结地带区的重力场、电磁波场和地震波场特征,从不同学科的角度对喜马拉雅西构造结区深部地球物理场做了分析.不同学科的研究成果表明,西构造结区不仅存在着令人瞩目的中、深源地震,而且其重力场、电磁波场和壳、幔地震速度结构存在着高度的非均匀性.这不仅表明其在不同演化阶段和不同物质组成先后参与了岛弧与大陆、大陆与大陆碰撞的造山过程及其导致的横向结构特征的显著差异上,同时也反映出这种复杂过程在对深层演化进程所带来的影响,故导致了西构造结区的形成和长期演化的复杂过程.显然西构造区的介质属性、构造格局和深层过程均制约着、并强烈影响着高原西北缘及其西部的深、浅构造组构和运动学与动力学响应.故在青藏高原的动力学模型构建中占有着重要地位.由于西构造结区深部结构和动力学研究工作尚少,而又因自然条件和政治环境的制约,故该区深部物质与能量的交换和其物理-力学过程等核心问题尚有待于加强研究和探索.     

Dynamics of Axisymmetric Truncated Dynamo Models

An important question regarding the study of mean field dynamo models is how to make precise the nature of their underlying dynamics. This is difficult both because relatively little is known about the dynamical behaviour of infinite dimensional systems and also due to the numerical cost of studying the related partial differential equations. As a first step towards their understanding, it is useful to consider the corresponding truncated models. Here we summarise some recent results of the study of a class of truncated axisymmetric mean field dynamo models. We find conclusive evidence in these models for various types of intermittency as well as multiple attractors and final state sensitivity. We also find that the understanding of the underlying dynamics of such dynamo models requires the study of a new class of dynamical systems, referred to as the non-normal systems. Current work demonstrates that these types of systems are capable of a novel type of intermittency and also of relevance for the understanding of the full axisymmetric PDE dynamo models.     

Nonlinear and multifractal approaches of the geomagnetic field

Recent nonlinear dynamics techniques have been developed to analyse chaotic time series data. We first summarize the procedure which gives an appropriate reconstruction of the unknown dynamics from scalar measurements in a pseudophase space. It permits, firstly, the representation of the trajectories of the dynamical system—they define an attractor when the system is dissipative—by preserving its topological properties. We then present the invariant measures and ergodic quantities such as the multifractal spectrum and Lyapunov exponents which can be estimated on the reconstructed attractor. The multifractal analysis provides us with a characterization of the scaling energy of the process whereas the Lyapunov exponent gives another statistical measure of the stability of the dynamics. The estimation of these quantities was tested on synthetic data. The nonlinear and multifractal analyses were finally applied to the hourly mean values of the magnetic field recorded at the Eskdalemuir (ESK) observatory over 79 years (692,520 data measurements for each component). The estimations of a 5-dimensional pseudo-phase space and a positive Lyapunov exponent confirm the possibility of low-dimensional deterministic chaos in the magnetic field observations at ESK observatory. The correlation between the solar activity (the Wolf number), the unstable nature of the magnetic field, and the singularity spectrum points out the forcing of the solar cycles on the dynamics of the magnetic field at ESK observatory.