中华绒螯蟹幼蟹蜕壳的生态学观察

本文对河蟹幼蟹蜕壳过程及蜕壳后的特征进行了比较详细的观察,并初步探讨了蜕壳与光照、温度及生境的关系对于0.5-2g的幼蟹,蜕壳期大约需要3-6h,软壳期需要2h,薄壳期需要15h．幼蟹特别喜欢选择有草的生境作为蜕壳地点,也喜欢在池塘浅水区蜕壳,但是在2m以内水深对蜕壳成功率没有影响．蜕壳存在明显的昼夜节律,白天蜕壳的数量显著高干夜间(F(1.30)=13.4,P=0.0009),蜕壳高峰发生在上午(07:00-11:00),低谷一般发生在夜间(23:00-03:00)．协方差分析（昼夜为协变量）表明：水温的昼夜变化(28-35℃)对蜕壳并没有显著的影响(F_7,11=1.99,P=0.1467),在水温高达 35℃时蜕壳仍然能顺利进行,蜕壳下限温度在14℃左右。     

长江中华绒螯蟹的资源与养殖现状及其种质保护

根据中华绒螯蟹的资源及其养殖现状,分析了我国目前各水系河蟹的种质变异及其河蟹幼蟹培育和成蟹养殖中存在的问题,针对中华绒螯蟹 种质保护的要求,就防止河蟹幼蟹性早熟及和蟹养殖的遗传污染与种质混杂等问题,提出了对长江河蟹品质保持的初步设想。     

鲂胚后发育

研究了草型湖泊蟹,鱼网围混养对水域中氮,磷平衡的影响,对养殖过程中氮,磷的输入输出测算表明：利用该养殖模式进行生产,不仅不会加重水域中的氮,磷负荷量,相反还可以从水域环境中吸收一部分氮,磷,在整个养殖过程中,由于投放蟹,鱼种和饲料形成的氮,磷输入分别为２７．８８９ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－１和４．３８１ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,而起捕蟹,鱼种和饲料形成的氮,磷输入分别为２７．８８９ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２和４．３８ｋｇ．ｈｍ     

长江水系中华绒螯蟹工厂化养殖

长江水系中华绒螯蟹,在满足其营养及较适水质环境的前提下,用工厂化恒温条件饲养,从大眼幼体起经１４１ｄ可养成成蟹,个体大小达到或超过池养的２秋龄蟹,性成熟熟率达到８９％,可作为亲本进行人工繁殖。     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物-水界面氮迁移特征初步研究

用乙炔为抑制剂,气相色谱法测定了１９９７年夏季太湖梅梁湾口沉积物－水界面的反硝化率和Ｎ２Ｏ的自然排放率,太湖梅梁湾沉积物的反硝化率为１．４－５．６μｍｏｌＮ２／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）,Ｎ２Ｏ的复原斐和率为０．０８－０．６６μｍｏｌＮ２／（ｍ＾２．ｈ）,探讨了沉积物－水界面ＮＯ＾－３的交换动态。指出沉积物内硝化－反硝化作用是太湖湖泊生态系统氮循环过程中一个重要的环节。在湖泊水土界面氮交换中,沉积物是具有吸收     

一秋龄性成熟中华绒螫蟹的生物学──1.外部形态特征及性腺变化

本文描述了一秋龄性腺成熟中华绒螯蟹（简称河蟹）的外部特征并与一秋龄未成熟及二秋龄成熟河蟹进行比较,同时给出了体重与壳宽的回归方程．保安湖的研究结果表明,对于一秋龄雌蟹,体重大于２９．８ｇ（壳宽为４．０３ｃｍ）全部成熟,而体重小于１３．１ｇ（壳宽为３．００ｃｍ）均不成熟,体重在１３、１－２９．８ｇ之间,既有成熟又有未成熟．对于一秋龄雄蟹,体重大于２６．０ｇ（壳宽３．９１ｃｍ）,全部成熟,而于１２．０ｇ壳宽２．６６ｃｍ）均未成熟,体重在１２．０－２６．０ｇ之间,既有成熟者又有未成熟个体．对一秋龄成熟河蟹成熟系数逐月变化的观察表明,在翌年３月份达到峰值,雌蟹为１２． ３２± １． ７５％,雄蟹为 ４． ２４± ０． ０６％;此后,性腺迅速退化,至翌年七月上旬,卵巢退变成细索状结构．己无完整的卵粒．     

鄱阳湖湖口地区4500年来环境变迁

本文描述了一秋龄性腺成熟中华绒螯蟹（简称河蟹）的外部特征并与一秋龄未成熟及二秋龄成熟河蟹进行比较,同时给出了体重与壳宽的回归方程,保安湖的研究结果表明,对于一秋龄雌蟹,体重大于２９．８ｇ全部成熟,而体重小于１３．１ｇ均不成熟,,体重在１３．１￣２９．８ｇ之间,既有成熟又有未成熟,对于一秋龄雄蟹,体重大于２６．０ｇ,全部成熟,而于１２．０ｇ均未成熟,体重在１２．０－２６．０ｇ之间,既有成熟者又有未成     

蟹、鱼网围混养对草型湖泊氮磷平衡的影响

研究了草型湖泊（东太湖）蟹、鱼网围混养对水域中氮、磷平衡的影响对养殖过程 中氮、磷的输入输出测算表明：利用该养殖模式进行生产,不仅不会加重水域中的氮、磷负荷量,相 反还可以从水域环境中吸收一部分氮、磷在整个养殖过程中,由于投放蟹、鱼种和饲料形成的氮、磷输入分别为２７．８８９ｋｇ·ｈｍ~（－２）‘和４．３８１ｋｇ·ｈｍ~（－２）,而起捕蟹、鱼导致的氮、磷输出分别为４１．１７７ｋｇ·ｈｍ~（－２）‘和５．８０１ｋｇ·ｈｍ~（－２）,可以从湖泊中吸氮、磷量分别为１３．２８８ｋｇ·ｈｍ~（－２）‘和１．４２０ｋｇ·ｈｍ~（－２）该养殖 模式还具有理想的经济效益,对水生生物群落的影响亦较小,符合可持续发展的要求     

太湖中4种细菌的分离、鉴定及生长曲线的测定

对４种可能和太湖微囊藻生长代谢有关的细菌进行了分离,经鉴定,其中３株为假单 菌,１株为芽孢杆菌,在相同培养条件下,Ｘ１,Ｙ２的迟缓期小于０．５ｈ,３０ｈ左右进入稳定期,Ｄ的迟缓期为１ｈ,２０ｈ左右进入稳定期,Ｈ的迟缓期达１０ｈ,６０ｈ进入稳定期。     

中华绒螯蟹"颤抖病"病原、病理学初步研究

本文对健康和患“颤抖病”中华绒螯解（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）进行了微病理学研究,在病蟹中发现类立克次体生物大量寄生。该微生物多呈球状或棒状,直径在０．２２－０３５μｍ之间,具细胞壁和细胞膜,但无典型的细胞核,该微生物在发病初期主要出现于血细胞中,发病晚期大量出现于鳃腔中和心脏、附肢肌肉、消化道、消化腺和生殖腺中的结缔组织及神经胶质中。回感实验表明该生物是江苏淮阴地区河蟹“主贺抖病：的     

短钝溞（Daphnia obtusa Kurz)在碳酸盐型水体中的移植驯化与培养

利用斜生栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓ ｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ）对山东禹城地区碳酸盐水型瘦水与肥水两种水体进行生物改良后,引种短钝溞（ Ｄａｐｈｎｉａ ｏｂｔｕｓａ Ｋｕｒｚ）作室内培养试验研究结果表明,短钝溞在有适宜种类微藻作开拓环境的先驱生物存在条件下,可以耐受碳酸盐型水质,并能成功地生长繁殖,本文还对３种培养液（有机型、无机型、结合型）及两种培养模式（间收式与接种式）下种群增长的动态规律作了初步的探讨     

Life History Characteristics of Cladocerans Cladocera) Fed on Wastewaters

Recycling domestic wastewaters is one way to maximize the utilization of freshwater. Although sewage treatment plants help to remove particulate wastes, organic matter still remains, which can be used to harvest sizeable populations of zooplankton. In an effort to identify cladocerans which could grow on this organic matter, we tested the life table demography of the commonly found cladocerans (Alona rectangula, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Moina macrocopa, and Daphnia pulex) feeding on wastewater at three different stages of purification (tank that receives crude wastes (A), the biological reactor (B), and the penultimate stage of the treatment process (C)) from the Iztacalco water treatment plant in Mexico City. Experiments were conducted using the medium from each of the 3 tanks previously mentioned and a control of Chlorella vulgaris at 1.0 × 106 cells mL^?1. We found that the average lifespan ranged from 5…30 days with D. pulex living the longest. The growth rate, which ranged from ?0.57 to +1.5 was highest for M. macrocopa. Our data indicate that Moina macrocopa, which had higher reproductive rates on wastewater than the controls, was most suited for growing in wastewaters.     

Semicontinuous Outdoor Cultivation of Scenedesmus acutus in Waste Water

The algae were cultivated in an outdoor cultivation unit in waste water from sewage treatment plant processing city sewage and largescale hoggery effluent. The cultivation area (2m²) had a slant of 3% and the suspension layer thickness was about 5 cm. The total suspension volume in the cultivation device was 150 I. Mass balance served us for derivation of formulas for the average rate of algal biomass production and for the extent of nutrient removal from waste water. Experiments showed a considerable effect of dilution rate on individual parameters in these formulas. The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is optimal at a dilution rate of 0.3 day^?1 whereas optimum biomass production lies at about 0.1 day^?1. The nitrogen and phosphorus yield coefficient Y (g biomass/g element) are practically identical, both of them depending on dilution rate. The effect of the dilution rate on other characteristics of the effluent water has not yet been unambiguously proved. The results are shown of bacteriological and mycological examinations, in addition, of the chemical analysis of resulting algal biomass.     

Zooplankton response to the lake restoration in the drinking-water source in Meiliang Bay of subtropical eutrophic Lake Taihu, China

A 3-year ecological engineering project was carried out from 2003 to 2005 in the drinking water source in Meiliang Bay, Lake Taihu, China. The project area was divided into three zones: Zone C (outside the area), Zone B (pelagic part within the area) and Zone A (littoral part within the area). The community composition, density and biomass of zooplankton were studied as a part in the lake restoration study. Also, the abundance, biomass and composition of fish in the engineering area were annually analyzed in the littoral zone (Zone A). The average density of cladocerans decreased from the outer part to the inner part of the lake, i.e., from Zone C to Zone A, while the average density of copepod did not significantly vary among the 3 zones. The average densities of rotifer and ciliate increased from Zone C to Zone A. RDA analysis indicated that Microcystis biomass more impacted the zooplankton compositions after temperature. In Zone A, many planktivorous fishes, e.g., Coilia nasus, Hemiculter leucisculus, Pseudorasbora parva, dominated the fish community, which caused a marked decrease in the abundance of cladocerans, especially large-sized cladoceran Daphnia galeata and Daphnia obtusa. Our results suggested that both fish predation and other environmental factors such as the Microcystis bloom greatly affected the zooplankton community during the restoration of subtropical eutrophic lakes.     

旅游酒店排污影响下的岩溶地下水水化学变化

岩溶地下水系统具有高度的开放性和脆弱性,使得地下水极易遭受污染.为探究旅游酒店排污对岩溶地下水水化学变化的影响,以金佛山世界自然遗产地水房泉流域为例,对水房泉地下水的水化学进行自动化监测,对流域内雨水、土壤水、某酒店自来水、污废水进行定期采集,结合流域硝酸盐氮氧同位素分析.结果表明,监测期间水房泉水化学变化随酒店入住游客量总体表现为3个阶段：前期受降雨影响显著,旅游高峰期间水质急剧恶化,后期水质明显好转.酒店生活污废水的排放成为水房泉水化学演变的重要因素,硝酸盐氮氧同位素表明水房泉的NO₃^-主要来自粪便、污废水以及土壤N的混合.H₂SO₄及污水中HCl、有机酸等可能参与了碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,使水房泉Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、HCO₃^-浓度增加明显.流域岩溶管道发育,地下水流速快,使污染物质扩散迅速,故在研究期间水房泉主要离子的浓度高峰对污废水排放高峰的响应仅滞后约4 d.     

天津中心城区河网氮磷污染与富营养化特征

2013年底天津中心城区河道全部连通,形成中心城区河网.为了掌握河网形成后的水质状况,于2014年3月-2015年2月进行了为期1年的定点水质监测,并对其水体氮、磷时空分布及富营养化特征进行分析.结果表明,河网水体氮污染严重,以铵态氮(NH+4-N)为主;磷污染程度较轻,主要形态为磷酸盐(PO3-4-P);河网水体中氮、磷浓度顺水流方向均呈上游高、下游低的空间分布特征;氮、磷各项指标浓度时间变化趋势基本一致,3月均最高,10月均最低,冬季处于相对较低水平;与河网形成前相比,海河干流NH+4-N、总磷(TP)和PO3-4-P浓度年平均值分别下降6.5%、14.7%和16.4%,津河总氮、NH+4-N、硝态氮、TP和PO3-4-P浓度年平均值分别降低18.6%、34.5%、12.9%、31.6%和32.5%,表明河网形成后氮、磷污染程度较之前有所改善,其中津河改善较为明显;河网水体全年处于中度富营养状态,主要为磷限制性状态;河网富营养化防治应遵循以控制营养盐为主的控源、截污、水环境增容和生态补水策略.     

Uncertainties in mean discharges from two large South American rivers due to rating curve variability

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of land application of sewage sludge on phosphorus (P) losses during intense rainfall. Three rainfall simulations (40 mm h^?1 of 30 min duration) were conducted on a field amended with sewage sludge. The overland flow water (OFW) was monitored and sampled every minute. The suspended solid, the dissolved and total phosphorus (respectively SS, TP and DP) concentrations were analysed. The forms of particulate bound P (PP) were investigated. Several results stem from this experiment: (a) sludge application induced a large increase in the DP content of the OFW; the concentrations obtained (0.15–0.57 mg l^?1) were shown to result from desorption processes from the SS; and (b) in contrast, sludge application affected neither the SS content nor the TP concentration of OFW (9.5 g mg l^?1 P, consisting of PP for 95%). However, sludge preserved the structure of soil surface and led to a 45% decrease in runoff rate (150 m³ ha^?1 collected on the test surface compared to 290 m³ ha^?1 on a reference). This indirectly reduced TP losses (2.7 kg ha^?1 on the reference surface compared to 1.4 kg ha^?1 on the test surface).     

Reduction of Ammonia,Hydrogen Sulfide,and Short‐Chain Fatty Acids Emission during the Sewage Sludge Composting

The effect of mature compost (MC) used as a bulking agent on ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and short‐chain fatty acids emission reduction during sewage sludge (SS) composting process was studied in this paper. Three types of mixtures, single SS, SS + wood chips (SS + WC), and SS + MC, were composted in a laboratory reactor. Among the different treatments, decrement rates of NH₃ emission (based on initial TN) from SS to SS + MC and SS + WC to SS + MC were 63 and 59%, respectively. The H₂S concentration ranged from 0.759 to 1.140 mg m^?3 for SS, from 0.075 to 0.455 mg m^?3 for SS + WC, and from 0.075 to 0.425 mg m^?3 for SS + MC and the short‐chain fatty acids (C₂–C₅) concentration ranged from 0.10 to 1.00 ppm for SS, from 0.10 to 1.50 ppm for SS + WC, and from 0.10 to 0.80 ppm for SS + MC. In addition, the temperature apparently, as well as the thermophilic stage, was also elevated by bulking agent addition, especially by the MC addition. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that there was more diversity of the bacterial community during the SS + MC process. According to these results, MC was a suitable bulking agent for reduction ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and short‐chain fatty acids emission during the SS composting.     

Linking human-biophysical interactions with the trophic status of Dal Lake,Kashmir Himalaya,India

The study analyses the long-term biophysical and demographic changes in Dal lake, located in the heart of Srinagar city, Kashmir India, using a repository of historical, remote sensing, socio-economic and water quality data supported by the extensive field observations. The lake faces multiple pressures from the unplanned urbanization, high population growth, nutrient load from intensive agriculture and tourism. The data showed that the lake has shrunk from 31 km² in 1859–24 km² in 2013. Significant changes were observed in the land use and land cover (LULC) within the lake (1859–2013) and in the vicinity of the lake (1962–2013). Analysis of the demographic data indicates that the human population within the lake has shown more than double the national growth rate. Additionally, 7 important water quality parameters from 82 well distributed sites across the lake were analyzed and compared with the past data to determine the historical changes in the water quality from 1971 to 2014. The changes in the LULC and demography have adversely affected the pollution status of this pristine lake. Ortho-phosphate phosphorous concentration has increased from 16.75 μg L⁻¹ in 1977–45.78 μg L⁻¹ in 2014 and that of the nitrate-nitrogen from 365 μg L⁻¹ to 557 μg L⁻¹, indicating nutrient enrichment of the lake over the years. Built-up area within the lake has increased 40 times since 1859, which, together with the changes in the population and settlements, have led to the high discharge of untreated nutrient-rich sewage into the lake. Similarly the expansion of floating gardens within the lake and agriculture lands in the catchment has contributed to the increased nutrient load into the lake due to the increasing use of fertilizers. The information about the existing land cover, demography and water quality was integrated and analyzed in GIS environment to identify the trophic status of the lake. The analysis indicated that 32% of the lake falls under sever degradation, 48% under medium degradation while as 20% of the lake waters are relatively clean. It is believed that the results provide improved knowledge and insights about the lake health and causal factors of its degradation necessary for effectively restoring its ecological and hydrological functionality.     

培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)休眠卵形成的影响

在种群累积培养状态下研究了培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫（ Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓ ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ）休眠卵形成的影响,结果表明,在培养液不予更换的情况下,萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵的产量和形成效率分别为 ７２４ ３３３３± ４０． ５２５７ｉｎｄ（６ｄ．２０ｍＬ）－１和 ６ ．０３６１± ０． ３３７７ｉｎｄ（５ × １０６ ｃｅｌｌｓ）－１（ａｌ－ｇａｅ ｄｉｅｔ）与之相比,当培养液每 ２天更换一次时,其休眠卵的产量和形成效率分别下降至６３７．３３３３±１６． ８０２８ｉｎｄ．（６ｄ·２０ｍＬ）－１和５ ．３１１１±０ ．１４００ｉｎｄ（５×１０６ｃｅｌｌｓ）－１（ａｌｇａｅ　ｄｉｅｔ）．随着培养液更换频率增大至每天一次时,其休眠卵的产量和形成效率下降的幅度进一步增大培养液更换对轮虫种群中的混交雌体百分率和混交雌体受精率无显著的影响,最后探讨了培养液更换对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵形成影响的机理．