A derived probability distribution approach to stormwater quality modeling

The closed-form analytical stormwater quality models are developed for simulating urban catchment pollutant buildup and washoff processes. By integrating the rainfall–runoff transformation with pollutant buildup and washoff functions, stormwater quality measures, such as the cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of pollutant loads, the expected value of pollutant event mean concentrations (EMCs) and the average annual pollutant load can be derived. This paper presents methodologies and major procedures for the development of urban stormwater quality models based on derived probability distribution theory. In order to investigate the spatial variation in model parameters and its impact on stormwater pollutant buildup and washoff processes as well as pollutant loads to receiving waters, an extended form of the original rainfall–runoff transformation which is based on lumped runoff coefficient approach is proposed to differentiate runoff generation mechanisms between the impervious and pervious areas of the catchment. In addition, as a contrast to the aggregated pollutant buildup models formulated with a single lumped buildup parameter, the disaggregated form of the pollutant buildup model is proposed by introducing a number of physically-based parameters associated with pollutant buildup and washoff processes into the pollutant load models. The results from the case study indicate that analytical urban stormwater management model are capable of providing results in good agreement with the field measurements, and can be employed as alternatives to continuous simulation models in the evaluation of long-term stormwater quality measures.     

A two-layer model for studying 2D dissolved pollutant runoff over impermeable surfaces

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.     

NUMERICAL MODELING OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTANT TRANSPORT-TRANSFORMATION IN FLUVIAL RIVERS：A REVIEW

A detailed discussion of existing three kinds of mathematical models of heavy metal pollutant transport-transformation in fluvial rivers is presented, with an emphasis on the mathematical model of heavy metal pollutant transport-transformation dynamics. The imperfection of two kinds of mathematical models, that is, mathematical model of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium and that of chemical reaction kinetics, and the shortcoming of existing mathematical models of heavy metal pollutant transport-transformation dynamics are pointed out. Furthermore, the structure of mathematical model of heavy metal pollutant transport-transformation dynamics in fluvial rivers is suggested. Equations in the mathematical model of heavy metal pollutant transport-transformation dynamics in fluvial rivers will be discussed in the following paper.     

太湖地区西苕溪流域营养盐污染负荷结构分析

污染负荷研究是实施污染物总量控制、保护水质的基础,由于非点源污染一直是水环境研究的一个难题,致使河流污染负荷估算缺乏合理的估算方法.本项研究针对太湖的富营养化问题,选取太湖上游西苕溪流域,采用GIS的流域分析方法,选取单一土地利用类型的小流域,分析流域土地类型与径流量及流域出口浓度的统计关系,获取不同土地利用类型营养盐污染的产出率,合理估算了西苕溪流域的非点源营养盐污染负荷,并根据西苕溪流域社会经济统计数据及已有的污染产出率研究成果,估算了西苕溪的点源营养盐污染负荷,在此基础上估算了西苕溪流域的营养盐污染总负荷量,分析了不同污染源在总负荷量的比例.最后通过比较估算的总负荷量与实测负荷量,计算了西苕溪流域河网体系对营养盐的降解能力.研究得出, 林地产出径流浓度总氮0.715mg/L、总磷0.039mg/L,耕地产出径流浓度总氮为2.092mg/L, 总磷0.166mg/L,西苕溪流域总氮负荷量为3143.43t/a,非点源污染负荷量为1589.52t/a;总磷负荷量为226.32t/a,非点源为108.36t/a,西苕溪流域河网体系对总氮、总磷的年降解率分别为 35.39%、21.48%.     

Soil erosion and pollutant transport during rainfall-runoff processes

The pollutant from land surface applied to agricultural chemicals is one of the major sources of contamination in water bodies. The pollutant transport within a watershed is profoundly influenced by the rainfall-runoff processes, especially the associated upland erosion and sediment transport processes because most of pollutant can be dissolved into water or attached to the soil particles. A set of soil experiments in laboratory was conducted in this paper to investigate the impacts of upland erosion and sediment transport on pollutant loads. The soil utilized for the experiments was the silty sand collected from Loess Plateau, China; and ammonium bicarbonate was applied on the soil surface as the pollutant source. Runoff discharge, soil loss, and ammonia- and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were measured to establish the relationships which can help the numerical model to predict the pollutant losses coupled with upland soil erosion during the rain-fall-runoff processes. The experimental results indicate the ammonia-nitrogen concentration in runoff reaches the peak at the initial stage of the overland flow generation, and quickly decreases and approaches to the steady state. The ammonia-nitrogen transported by the soil loss also makes contributions to the nitrogen loss; and its amount mainly depends on the soil transport rate. The ammonia-nitrogen dissolved in overland flow is dominant due to the strong aqueous solution of ammonium bicarbonate during the first storm right after its application.     

河道入湖污染物量计算精度分析

入湖污染物量计算精度的高低决定入湖污染物量分析结果的客观性和准确性.本文以太湖为例,分析2010年环太湖河道入湖污染物量、时空分布情况及多年环太湖河道入湖染污物量变化情势.在此基础上,使用现在已有监测条件分析时段内每日水量水质监测数据计算逐日入湖污染物量时段累积值,并以此作为现有分析计算河道入湖污染物量的最高计算精度值.通过设定不同监测方案、采用不同计算方法分析河道入湖污染物量及其计算精度,认为现有分析计算的河道入湖污染物量已是每日河道水量水质同步监测下河道入湖污染物量的80%左右.针对河道入湖污染物量计算精度的分析可为制定科学的河道入湖污染量监测方案、提高河道入湖污染物量计算精度提供技术支撑.     

太湖典型地区工矿企业废水中主要污染物排放特征研究——以江苏溧阳市为例

在调查了江苏省溧阳市化工、纺织等18家典型工矿企业废水中TN、TP、 CODMn等主要污染物质排放强度及特征基础上,估算了溧阳市工业行业的万元产值排污系数及TN、TP、CODMn的年排放量. 2000年度溧阳市全市工业行业年排放TN 479.9t, TP 40.8t, CODMn的1529.7t,约占太湖外源性污染负荷的2%-3%. 造纸、印染、化工、纺织等行业的万元产值排污系数较其它行业为高.被调查企业排污口废水中TN、TP、CODMn等污染物排放强度具有夜间高于白天等日变化特征.     

Kinematic wave solutions for pollutant transport by runoff over an impervious plane,with instantaneous or finite‐period mixing

Kinematic wave solutions are derived for transport of a conservative non‐point‐source pollutant during a rainfall‐runoff event over an impervious plane. Rainfall is assumed to be steady, uniform and finite in duration. Prior to the start of rainfall, the pollutant is distributed uniformly over the plane. When rainfall occurs, the pollutant is washed off in a particular manner and the mixing of pollutant in the runoff water occurs either instantaneously or in a finite period of time under the assumption that the pollutant is soluble and is mixed completely in the runoff water. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pollutant transport in coastal areas with and without background wind

A three-dimensional meteorological model and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model are used to study the effects of a uniform large-scale wind on the dispersion of a non-reactive pollutant in a coastal region with complex terrain. Simulations are carried out both with and without a background wind. A comparison between model results and measured data (wind and pollutant concentrations) indicates that the coupled model system provides a useful mechanism for analyzing pollutant dispersion in coastal regions.     

Studying the Process of Pollutant Transport by Water Flowing under a Dam with a Rabbet

The process of pollutant transport by water flowing under a hydraulic structure is examined. The study is focused on the effect of the number of rabbet under the dam and their positions relative to its subsurface contour on the process of pollutant transport.     

Analytical and experimental study on dissolved pollutant wash‐off over impervious surfaces

Non‐point source pollution in the impervious surface of city, which including dissolved and particulate pollutants, is a significant source of water pollution. Simple first‐order decay models can generally simulate the cumulative wash‐off process of the particulate pollutants. There is inadequate knowledge as to whether or not they are suitable for dissolved pollutants. This study presents a mathematical wash‐off model for dissolved pollutants, which combines analytical equations for overland flows and the exponential equation for the pollutant wash‐off. A series of laboratory experiments have been conducted to verify this wash‐off model. It shows that the pollutant concentration and pollutant transport rate can be predicted well by the newly developed equations. It is found that the pollutant concentration monotonically decreases to zero as the accumulated pollutants are washed off, whereas the pollutant transport rate first increases to the maximum value and then decreases to zero. The maximum pollutant transport rate is found to increase with the decrease of the arrival time of the maximum value. The difference between the simplified exponential model and the amended wash‐off equation depends on the initial residual percentage (P_c), but the present equation generally provides a more accurate representation of the wash‐off process of dissolved pollutants.     

太湖流域重污染区主要水污染物总量控制

太湖流域产业、人口集聚,水环境污染已经成为整个太湖流域经济可持续发展的制约因素之一,为解决经济发展引起的环境问题,对污染物排放实行总量控制至关重要.为此以太湖流域梅梁湾、竺山湾上游集水区域(重污染区)为研究区域,全面调查区域社会经济、产业结构、土地利用以及各类污染源现状,构建重污染区套网格水文、水质数学模型,计算区域水环境容量与污染物削减量,依据水功能区划与水域面积分配到各镇(街道),确定重污染区以镇(街道)级为基本单位的分阶段总量控制目标,制订主要污染物控制与负荷削减综合系统方案,提出2015年各类污染源重点工程措施,方案实施后区域河网水质平均达标率达80%,为太湖流域水环境管理提供技术支撑.     

Evaluation of pollutant build-up and wash-off from selected land uses at the Port of Brisbane, Australia

The quality of stormwater runoff from seaports can be an important source of pollution to the marine environment. Currently, little knowledge exists with regards to the pollutant generation capacity specific to seaports as they do not necessarily compare well with conventional urban land use. The research project focussed on the assessment of pollutant build-up and wash-off. The study was undertaken using rainfall simulation and small impervious plots for different port land uses with the results obtained compared to typical urban land uses.The study outcomes confirmed that the Port land uses exhibit comparatively lower pollutant concentrations. However, the pollutant characteristics varied across different land uses. Hence, the provision of stereotypical water quality improvement measures could be of limited value. Particle size <150 μm was predominant in suspended solids. Therefore, if suspended solids are targeted as the surrogate parameter for water quality improvement, this particle size range needs to be removed.     

制订湖泊水污染物排放标准的原则和方法探讨(一)

本文在湖水自净能力研究的基础上,根据我国“水污染防治法”和排放水污染物许可证制度的要求,结合各地湖泊污染的实际情况,提出了制订湖泊水污染物排放标准的技术原则、工作程序和计算方法。并附有不同类型湖泊排放标准计算实例,可供各地湖泊管理部门在制订地方水污染物排放标准中参考选用。     

Effect of Anthropogenic Load Variations on the Hydrochemical and Hydrobiological Regime of the Ivan'kovo Reservoir

Ten-year dynamics of pollutant input from point and non-point sources in the Ivan'kovo Reservoir basin is analyzed. The shares of input components of the water balance in the anthropogenic load on the water body are specified. Data confirming the effect of significant reduction in pollutant input on the reservoir water quality, bottom sediments, and biota are presented.     

滇池流域水污染特征(1988-2014年)及防治对策

为明确滇池流域水污染特征并提出有针对性的污染控制对策,对流域污染变化规律及其组成和空间分布特征进行分析.研究表明,近二三十年,滇池流域点源污染负荷的产生量和削减量显著增加,入湖量有所削减;城市面源入湖量随建成区面积的扩张而持续上升;农业面源入湖量在1990s出现峰值,随后下降.目前,滇池流域化学需氧量主要来源于城市面源;总氮主要来自污水处理厂尾水;总磷主要来自农业面源和未收集的点源;各控制单元入湖污染负荷已基本演变为以未收集的点源和城市面源为主.针对流域目前存在的问题,应继续坚持点源污染治理,高度重视城市面源污染治理,加强农业面源治理,进一步完善流域截污治污体系,为滇池水质改善创造条件.     

鄱阳湖二维水动力和水质耦合数值模拟

针对大型通江湖泊水位变化剧烈,地形起伏多变,岸线复杂,湖泊内部窄小洪道与大面洲滩和洼地连接复杂,湖泊洲滩出露、淹没频繁交替等湖泊水情和地貌特征,基于二维浅水方程和对流扩散方程组构建了鄱阳湖二维水动力和水质耦合模拟模型.模型采用非结构网格有限体积法进行离散,以HLLC算法计算单元界面的水量、动量和物质输运通量.水陆边界通...     

城市富营养化湖泊生态恢复--南京莫愁湖物理生态工程试验

在分析了太湖及其流域所面临的水环境质量问题及其原因基础上,回顾总结了“十五”太湖水环境治理经验,认为源头控制需要长期不懈的努力,太湖流域的湖泊治理要针对太湖平原河网与湖荡水系特色,要重视太湖东部草型湖区生态环境恶化的严重性,必须加强生态修复单项技术间的效应优化和有效集成．根据太湖流域的社会经济发展规划,提出了太湖流域水污染控制技术与水体生态修复工程示范的总体思路是:从污染源头到湖泊出口,依次通过污染源控制、河道截污、湖荡调节、河口净化、湖泊生态修复、出湖疏导等多道防线,有效促使太湖水环境向良性方向转化．在此基础上提出了具体实施建议:全流域污染源削减和太湖水源地典型水域生态修复技术集成与工程示范,同时进行全流域水环境治理强化管理政策与决策支持技术的研究与示范．     

Study of statistically correcting model CMAQ-MOS for forecasting regional air quality

Based on analysis of the air pollution observational data at 8 observation sites in Beijing including outer suburbs during the period from September 2004 to March 2005, this paper reveals synchronal and in-phase characteristics in the spatial and temporal variation of air pollutants on a city-proper scale at deferent sites; describes seasonal differences of the pollutant emission influence between the heating and non-heating periods, also significantly local differences of the pollutant emission influence between the urban district and outer suburbs, i.e. the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutant is closely related with that of the pollutant emission intensity. This study shows that due to complexity of the spatial and temporal distribution of pollution emission sources, the new generation Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model developed by the EPA of USA produced forecasts, as other models did, with a systematic error of significantly lower than observations, albeit the model has better capability than previous models had in predicting the spatial distribution and variation tendency of multi-sort pollutants. The reason might be that the CMAQ adopts average amount of pollutant emission inventory, so that the model is difficult to objectively and finely describe the distribution and variation of pollution emission sources intensity on different spatial and temporal scales in the areas, in which the pollution is to be forecast. In order to correct the systematic prediction error resulting from the average pollutant emission inventory in CMAQ, this study proposes a new way of combining dynamics and statistics and establishes a statistically correcting model CMAQ-MOS for forecasts of regional air quality by utilizing the relationship of CMAQ outputs with corresponding observations, and tests the forecast capability. The investigation of experiments presents that CMAQ-MOS reduces the systematic errors of CMAQ because of the uncertainty of pollution emission inventory and improves the forecast level of air quality. Also this work employed a way of combining point and area forecasting, i.e. taking the products of CMAQ for a center site to forecast air pollution for other sites in vicinity with the scheme of model products "reanalysis" and average over the "area".     

古土壤中胡敏酸和胡敏素14C测年值统计分析

文中使用统计方法对44个不同气候条件下形成的古土壤中胡敏酸、胡敏素的14C测年结果进行分析,探讨不同组分14C年龄的可靠性。对比和统计分析结果表明,从总体上胡敏素可能是古土壤中最古老的惰性组分,其14C年龄可代表古土壤形成(平均)年龄;形成于晚更新世的地质样品胡敏酸与胡敏素的14C年龄差异并不明显,但全新世尤其晚全新世的沉积物中胡敏酸与胡敏素的14C年龄差异比较显著,可能因埋藏较浅而受到更多的污染影响;对全新世(尤其晚全新世)古土壤样品开展不同组分14C测年是保证地质事件年龄准确可靠的有效手段