兰桥排土场边坡失稳模式及其稳定性数值分析

以兰桥矿区排土场边坡工程为例,在掌握排土场边坡工程地质条件的基础上,详细分析该多台阶排土场边坡失稳的破坏模式和主要影响因素,采用极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法对其稳定性进行分析。计算结果表明,该边坡可能沿着排土场下卧腐殖土层滑动,塑性区首先在腐殖土层贯通,接着主要向上产生2条塑性区变化带,其中沿着中部台阶边坡发展的塑性区较早贯通,而塑性区朝坡顶的贯通相对滞后;随着地下水位的升高,竖向拉应力区有扩展趋势,其产生的附加位移越大,对边坡的安全越不利;以竖向增量位移的变化趋势作为监测和分析边坡稳定性的依据时,应避开位移为零或变化很小的坡段;水平增量位移集中于坡脚,并且在边坡中部偏下的位置开始产生剧变,这种不连续的过渡,更加剧了边坡失稳的可能性。     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in sewage sludge and sediments of the New York Bight

Sediments of the New York Bight were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and found to be heavily contaminated by such substances. The highest concentrations are adjacent to an offshore sludge dump zone, implying that the primary source of PCBs is sewage sludge in the area under consideration. Widespread transport of PCBs out of the bight is not evident as the area of contamination is limited to areas of mud accumulation. The PCB profile in a core of these mud facies can be historically correlated to the commercial production of PCBs.     

Pollution of organic compounds and heavy metals in a coal gangue dump of the Gequan Coal Mine,China

Samples around a coal gangue dump of the Gequan Coal Mine were collected in April 2009. GC (gas chromatography) and GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) were employed to analyze the composition of organic matter in the samples. ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) was used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals. The contents of organic extracts are within the range of 140-750 mg/kg. Alkand aro-ratios are relatively high. Compared to those of the background sample (GQ13 ), the contents of saturated hydrocarbon compounds in all the samples are relatively high. The contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are relatively high with the distance getting closer to the coal gangue dump. These indicate that organic matter in the samples is from coal particles of the coal gangue dump. The distributions of heavy metals are very similar: the contents decrease with distance from the dump, which indicates that the harmful heavy metals from the coal gangue dump have polluted as thick as at least 500 m.     

北京地区碳酸盐糜棱岩和碳酸盐假熔岩碳氧同位素组成的初步研究

北京地区部分碳酸盐糜棱岩和碳酸盐假熔岩碳氧同位素组成的测试结果表明,碳酸盐岩在发生塑性变形时其δ13C、δ18O值均有不同程度的降低。同位素证据表明,碳酸盐糜棱岩的形成温度较低,并具有缓慢冷却的生成环境;碳酸盐假熔岩具有高温淬冷的同位素地球化学特征,它的形成可能与发震断层的迅速破裂过程有关。研究断层面附近产出的碳酸盐岩的稳定同位素组成对确认古地震事件是有意义的     

Current Problems in Organizing Water Protection Zones at Water Bodies: Case Study of the Uglich Reservoir

A retrospective review of the current scientific publications on the problems of water protection zones at water bodies is given. The content of regulations on water protection zone in the RF Water Code 2006 now in force is interpreted. The legislations regarding the establishment of water protection zones and riparian buffer strips at water bodies in Russia and other countries are compared and analyzed. The technologies and specifics of the development of geoinformation system “Water Protection Zone and Riparian Buffer Strip of a Water Body” are demonstrated as applied to determining the boundary of the water protection zone and riparian buffer strip for the Uglich Reservoir. Assessment of the anthropogenic load onto a drainage basin within the water protection zone of the Uglich Reservoir and a method for geoecological zoning of its territory are considered as an example.     

Mianlüe tectonic zone and Mianlüe suture zone on southern margin of Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt

The Mianlue tectonic zone (Mianlue zone), an ancient suture zone in addition to theShangdan suture in the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, marks an important tectonic division geo-logically separating north from south and connecting east with west in China continent. To de-termine present structural geometry and kinematics in the Mianlue tectonic zone and to recon-struct the formation and evolution history involving plate subduction and collision in theQinling-Dabie orogenic belt, through a multidisciplinary study, are significant for exploring themountain-building orogenesis of the central orogenic system and the entire process of the majorChinese continental amalgamation during the Indosinian.     

柯坪塔格推覆体的新生代变形与扩展

柯坪塔格推覆体位于天山西南麓。新生代以来,由于印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞,天山晚古生代褶皱和断裂构造重新复活隆起,并向南北两侧推挤,在前陆盆地中渐进式地形成多排褶皱-逆断裂带。文中讨论了皮羌近SN向断裂带以西推覆体的新生代变形与扩展特征。结果表明,推覆体的新生代变形为波浪式差异性隆起。从天山南侧到塔里木盆地方向,构成推覆体的各排褶皱-逆断裂带的形成顺序有先后之分,早期形成的靠近天山,晚期形成的靠近塔里木盆地,反映推覆体在形成过程中由北向南的扩展,其扩展距离最大约76km。除此之外,各排褶皱-逆断裂带前缘都由多条断裂组成,它们与褶皱伴生,具有不同的形成和新活动时代。早期形成的断裂靠近山地一侧,晚期形成的断裂靠近盆地一侧,反映褶皱-逆断裂带单排前缘断裂也具有由北向南扩展的性质,其扩展距离为100~500m。最后,对推覆体扩展的形成机制进行了讨论     

Mianle tectonic zone and Mianle suture zone on southern margin of Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt

The Mianle tectonic zone, defined as a series of fault zones consisting mainly of south-verging thrusts and nappes, represents the south boundary of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt. The north side of the eastern end of the Mianle tectonic zone adjoins the exposure of the Dabieshan UHP rocks. Further to east, the zone was offset by the Tanlu faults and moved to eastern Shandong Province. While to its west, across the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the zone was dislocated by the Altun fault, and…     

Variations in wastewater composition in the water use system of Kovdorskii mining-and-processing integrated works

Variations in wastewater composition in the case of seepage through levees bounding treatment facilities as a function of the composition of dump rock and recirculation water of the concentrating mill. The character and degree of pollutant leaching is established as a function environmental pH. Measures for mitigating the adverse impact of the interaction between disintegrated tailing dumps and rock-forming overburden with the recirculation water of tailing dump on water resources of the area of production activity of the Kovdor Mining-and-Processing Integrated Works (MPIW)     

Capture Zones for Simple Aquifers

Abstract. The protection and cleanup of aquifers is a matter of high priority for all states and the federal government. One concept that is receiving increased attention is that of wellhead protection. Capture zones showing the area influenced by a well within a certain time are useful for both aquifer protection and cleanup. If hydrodynamic dispersion is neglected, a deterministic curve defines the capture zone. Analytical expressions for the capture zones can be derived for simple aquifers. However, the capture zone equations are transcendental and cannot be explicitly solved for the coordinates of the capture zone boundary. Fortunately, an iterative scheme allows the solution to proceed quickly and efficiently even on a modest personal computer. Three forms of the analytical solution must be used in an iterative scheme to cover the entire region of interest, after the extreme values of the x coordinate are determined by an iterative solution. The resulting solution is a discrete one, and usually 100-1000 intervals along the x-axis are necessary for a smooth definition of the capture zone. The presented program is written in FORTRAN and has been used in a variety of computing environments. No graphics capability is included with the program; it is assumed the user has access to a commercial package. The superposition of capture zones for multiple wells is expected to be satisfactory if the spacing is not too close. Because this program deals with simple aquifers, the results rarely will be the final word in a real application. However, the program is useful as a first phase in developing wellhead protection or aquifer cleanup schemes.     

Fracture Toughness Measurements and Acoustic Emission Activity in Brittle Rocks

Fracture toughness measurements under static loading conditions have been carried out in Barre and Lac du Bonnet granites. An advanced AE technique has been adopted to monitor real-time crack initiation and propagation around the principal crack in these tests to understand the processes of brittle failure under tension and related characteristics of the resulting fracture process zone. The anisotropy of Mode I fracture toughness has been investigated along specific directions. Microcrack density and orientation analysis from thin section studies have shown these characteristics to be the primary cause of the observed variation in fracture toughness, which is seen to vary between 1.14 MPa.(m)^1/2 and 1.89 MPa.(m)^1/2 in Barre granite. The latter value represents the case in which the crack is propagated at right angles to the main set of microcracks. The creation of a significant fracture process zone surrounding the propagating main crack has been confirmed. Real-time imaging of the fracture process and formation of fracture process zone by AE techniques yielded results in very good agreement with those obtained by direct optical analysis.     

Ecotoxicological effects of a semi-submerged municipal dump (Castle harbour, Bermuda) on the Calico scallop Argopecten gibbus

A biomarker study was undertaken using the Calico scallop Argopecten gibbus to assess the ecotoxicological effects of a semi-submerged municipal dump on the adjacent patch reef lagoon ecosystem (Castle harbour, Bermuda). Caged scallops were deployed in situ for 2 months at various distances from the dump (50 m, 900 m and 2.7 km) and at a reference site (14 km). A suite of biomarkers comprising metallothionein (MT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), vitellin-like proteins (Vn), glutathione S-transferase (GST), DNA strand breaks and condition factor (CF) were investigated in various tissues of the scallop (gill, digestive gland and gonad). Levels of heavy metals were also measured in the whole scallop soft tissue. While there was some variation in response between tissues, in general the results indicated that the dump was negatively impacting scallops deployed in the adjacent marine environment: elevated levels of MT, DNA strand breaks, Vn and GST and reduced condition factor were found for scallops deployed nearest to the dump and at the site 1.5 km from this point source of contamination (Tuckers town) in Castle harbour, with respect to the reference site, North Rock (although this exhibited some degree of metal contamination). The gills from scallops deployed at the dump site were the most responsive tissue, with the highest expression of MT, LPO and DNA damage. This study indicates the potential of the Calico scallop as a convenient bioindicator species in the marine tropical benthos.     

FAULT ROCKS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE KANGDING-MOXI FAULT ZONE

Mylonite,cataclasite and especially fault rocks subjected to both mylonitization and cata-clasis widely developed along the Kangding-Moxi fault zone.A mylonite zone has formed as a result of ductile shearing in early stage.In later stage brittle fracturing has occurred along this mylonite zone,accompanied by the formation of the present Kangding-Moxi fault zone.Later on,ductile shearing and multiperiods of brittle fracturing occurred along the fault zone.Differential stress magnitude d     

Issues and Options in the Delineation of Well Capture Zones under Uncertainty

The delineation of wellhead protection areas (WHPAs) under uncertainty is still a challenge for heterogeneous porous media. For granular media, one option is to combine particle tracking (PT) with the Monte Carlo approach (PT‐MC) to account for geologic uncertainties. Fractured porous media, however, require certain restrictive assumptions under this approach. An alternative for all types of media is the capture probability (CP) approach, which is based on the solution of the standard advection‐dispersion equation in a backward mode, making use of the analogy between forward and backward transport processes. Within this context, we review the current controversy about the correct form of the conceptual model for transport, finding that the advection‐diffusion model, which represents the diffusive interchange between streamtubes with differing velocities, is more physically realistic than the conventional advection‐dispersion model. For mildly to moderately heterogeneous materials, stochastic theories and simulation experiments show that this process converges at the field scale to an effective advection‐dispersion process that can be simulated with conventional transport models using appropriate macrodispersivity values. For highly heterogeneous materials, stochastic theories do not yet exist but there is no reason why the process should not converge naturally as well. Macrodispersivities appear to be formation‐specific. The advection‐dispersion model can be used for capture zone delineation in heterogeneous granular media. For fractured porous systems, hybrid equivalent porous medium and discrete fracture network or CP‐based approaches may have potential. In general, capture zones delineated by PT without MC will always be too small and should not be used as a basis for land‐use decisions.     

Delineation of three-dimensional well capture zones for complex multi-aquifer systems

The delineation of well capture zones is a basic component of ground water protection. The conventional methodology for capture zone delineation is backward advective particle tracking, often applied under the assumption of a two-dimensional aquifer. The suitability of the conventional approach for complex heterogeneous multi-aquifer systems was investigated, using the Waterloo Moraine aquifer system as an example. It was found that the conventional approach produces irregular particle tracks that require judgment to interpret in a meaningful way, and it can raise questions that may affect the credibility of the capture zone delineation. As an alternative, the potentially powerful but little-used backward-in-time advective-dispersive transport approach was investigated. A key advantage of this approach is its capability to represent local heterogeneities through the dispersion term. The dispersion process has a natural smoothing effect that results in unambiguous capture zones without the need for interpretation, thus enhancing credibility. The question of capture zone validation is also addressed. The meaning of a three-dimensional capture zone is considered, and it is shown that a fully three-dimensional representation of the system is crucial for valid results. The distinction between the maximum extent capture zone and the surface capture zone is also explained. In the case of complex heterogeneous systems, advective particle tracking can be used as an initial screening tool, whereas the more realistic backward-transport modeling approach can be used for final capture-zone delineation.     

An application of 4D seismic monitoring technique to modern coal mining

To study the impact of modern coal mining on the overlying formation, a full‐life‐cycle four‐dimensional seismic monitoring study has been carried out. Four seismic data campaigns have been performed using flexi‐bin geometry with square bins, with total duration of 171 days. The four seismic datasets have been processed with the same processing workflow and parameters; major problems such as statics correction, signal‐to‐noise ratio, resolution, and consistency processing are addressed taking into account the geological features of the research area. This guarantees that remaining four‐dimensional differences between the time‐lapse datasets show mostly geological factors due to the coal mining and effects such as surface subsidence. Our four‐dimensional seismic monitoring of modern coal mining shows that mined and unmined areas have significant zoning characteristics; coal mining has a direct impact on the overlying formation. The mining leads to obvious event subsidence, which reflects that overlying formations undergo subsidence during the mining process. The overlying formation appears as two zones called caving zone and fractured zone. We determine the fault dip of the overlying formation at one end of the working face to be 56°or so by calculation and conversion. We also see that, during the coal mining process, over time, the overlying formation has a self‐recovery capability, which gradually strengthens from the roof siltstone upward to the Aeolian sandstone near the surface. The stability of 20‐m coal pillars between working faces displays a strengthening trend and remains safe during the mining process due to both coal seam supporting and formation compaction effects.     

Microearthquake analysis for hydraulic frac－turing proces

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Mixed function oxidase activity and cytochrome P-450 forms in black-headed gulls feeding in different areas

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mixed function oxidase (MFO) system and the forms of supposed cytochrome P-450 in the liver of black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) feeding in a lagoon and on a garbage dump. Tissue levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were also determined. Ethoxyresorufin 10-deethylase (EROD) and aldrin epoxidase activities were higher in the dump gulls than in the lagoon gulls. A marked thickening of the proteins in the cytochrome P-450 area, particularly of P-450c and P-450d, was also found in the dump gulls. No relationship was found between MFO activity and tissue chlorinated hydrocarbon levels.     

丽江7.0级大震前地震活动分形异常

该文提供１９９６年２月丽江７．０级大震前滇西北地震活动空间容量维、关联维、信息熵十分显著的异常图像；这些异常是在大震孕震区形成，应变释放加速阶段之后出现的，恰好揭示了源区、近源区大释放前的非线性变化过程。这与１９６５年以来云南及邻区８组大震前地震分形研究的结论完全一致；进一步说明地震活动分形异常对地震孕育阶段具有重要的指示意义。     

Asymmetric X-ray diffraction peak of metamorphosed carbonaceous material

Abstract It was revealed that the asymmetric X-ray diffraction peak of metamorphosed carbonaceous material was a combination of two types of symmetric peaks from the coaly material and graphite crystallite. Numerical synthesis using the two symmetric peaks shows the graphitization process observed in a metamorphic sequence is accompanied by a continuous change of the peak shape and apparent interplanar spacing. Based on the analytical results and geological observations, it is suggested that graphitization of carbonaceous material consists of two processes: (i) the formation of graphite crystallites at the expense of the coaly material through the formation of transitional material and the increasing abundance of crystallites which is observed in the chlorite zone; and (ii) growth of crystallites forming well-ordered graphite, which occurs in the higher-grade zone.