坐标系转换及相关问题的探讨

我国常用的大地坐标系有北京54、西安80、国家2000、WGS84等,在实际工作中,常常会遇到测量点野外采集坐标与实际提交成果坐标的坐标系不一致、不同坐标系的数据资料需要匹配,选择适当的换算方法进行坐标系转换后才能使用。本文结合工作实际,将野外GPS采集到测量点的WGS84坐标,选用布尔莎七参数法转换,并阐述了坐标转换的原理和流程,浅析了坐标系转换中常见的认识误区,有一定的实用意义。     

基于GIS的北京54坐标与西安80坐标转换方法与应用

对北京54坐标与西安80坐标转换原理进行了论述.结合工作中遇到的一些实际问题,列举了两个坐标转换实例.对“辽宁省矿业权实地核查”成果深度研究,获得了全省1/5万各图幅的北京54与西安80坐标转换改正值.对全省坐标转换改正值进行分析,提出了常用的七参数布尔莎模型以及三参数坐标转换适应范围.阐述了利用MapGIS软件进行北京54坐标与西安80坐标转换步骤.     

1980西安坐标系与2000坐标系坐标成果转换方法及精度分析

利用不同的解算软件,采用三维七参坐标转换模型和二维四参坐标转换模型,把1980西安坐标系成果转换成2000坐标系成果,利用大量检核点进行坐标转换成果精度检查,并对检查点点位精度做了详细的统计、分析;不仅阐述坐标转换方法和要求,而且得出在2种坐标转换模型应用的条件与要求。     

手持GPS坐标系统转换参数求解方法的探讨

手持GPS使用的坐标系统是WGS-84坐标，在普通测量中，可使用5参数法转换到54北京坐标系或80国家坐标系。首先收集或采集2到3个北京坐标系x、y、B、L、h、ξ值和WGS-84坐标系B、L、H值，根据大地坐标系与空间商角坐标系的转换关系，求取相应三维直角坐标，然后利用参数转换公式求取5个转换参数Dx、Dy、Dz、DA、DF。     

北京54坐标系转换西安80坐标系的Cass方法

在一个地区内查找3个或3个以上北京54坐标系和西安80坐标系的已知重合点的坐标,然后利用Cass软件中坐标转换系统求解54坐标系与80坐标系转换的7个参数。此方法简单准确,用此参数可以进行该地区两个坐标系之间的转换。     

宿州市2000国家坐标系转换方法的研究

通过结合安徽省宿州市现行的坐标系统和测绘成果的现状,论述了2000国家坐标系建立和转换的必要性和紧迫性。利用平面四参数和三维七参数转换方法,采用三种不同的选点方案,对转换精度进行了对比分析,实现了宿州市现有测绘成果坐标转换为2000国家坐标系的目标,对后续项目实施有一定参考意义。     

手持GPS三参数计算

在野外地质测量工作中,使用手持GPS(它属于WGS-84大地坐标系)导航时,当需要尽可能高精度的测量时,需要根据已知道的当地参数,和最近的已知点坐标(1954年北京坐标系或1980西安坐标系),通过计算,求取坐标转换的3个参数。     

铀矿地质成果数据2000国家大地坐标系转换方法研究

通过对铀矿项目地质成果数据中的空间数据进行分析,把数量庞大的数据分为单点空间数据和图形空间数据两类。在EXCEL软件平台下,使用VBA编写空间数据平面四参数程序,实现四参数模型计算和所有单点坐标的2000国家坐标批量转换。又由于90%的铀矿地质成果图采用MapGIS格式,故采用EXCEL结合VBA在MapGIS二次开发平台上编写程序,实现对MapGIS格式图件的2000国家坐标系的批量转换。选择鄂尔多斯市巴音青格利铀矿地质普查项目进行空间数据2000国家大地坐标的转换,并对结果进行精度分析。结果表明:此方法在生产中精度可靠且容易操作,可以快速准确地完成铀矿地质资料空间数据的2000国家坐标系转换,值得在其他铀矿勘查地区推广。     

坐标转换参数的求解方法及其应用

根据坐标转换参数的解算模型,介绍几种常见的坐标转换参数的求解方法及其参数个数与精度;探讨选择坐标转换参数的条件及转换参数的应用,从而阐明转换参数对GPS技术的推广和全球资料的统一的重要作用。     

手持GPS坐标系转换方法

导航型手持GPS目前在中小比例地质调查等领域得到广泛应用,由于坐标系之间存在差异,在实际应用过程中,必须将手持机的WGS84坐标系转换为我国应用的BJ54或西安80坐标系。坐标转换的准确与否,直接影响到工程测量定位的精度,传统的坐标转换计算所需要的起算资料不易收集,计算过程过于繁琐,非专业人员难以掌握。本文根据收集的三角点BJ54坐标(或西安80坐标),和现场测定的过渡坐标,求出各参数在本工作地区的变化率,建立参数方程,反向求出适合于当地的各项改正参数,方法简便易行,为手持GPS定位的坐标转换方法提出一种新的思路。     

Discovering a pull-apart basin using InSAR in Bursa,Turkey

The city of Bursa in Turkey is surrounded by major and secondary fault branches which splay from the North Anatolian Fault. Nonetheless, as their traces were not exactly known in the alluvial land of the Bursa basin, until this study, they were not plotted in the official active fault map of Turkey. In this study, the Bursa basin was observed by InSAR technology, and the subsidence which is consistent with the pull-apart basin geometry was detected in the basin. This finding was discussed in the local platforms in Turkey. Then, the city of Bursa was included into the priority provinces for the urban reconstruction under the risk of an earthquake, and the official active fault map of the region was revised by General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration of Turkey.     

The patterns of centrality in the province of Bursa (Turkey)Die zentralörtliche struktur der provinz Bursa (Türkei)La hiérarchie des lieux centraux dans la province de Bursa (Turquie)

The paper deals with the problem of central place hierarchies in developing countries. If the information collected in the province of Bursa — by means of the questionaire method and in field work — is interpreted from the point of view of services offered in the central place alone, a multi-graded hierarchy is evident. However, the central place-oriented behaviour of the rural population of Bursa province reveals a two-graded hierarchy: towards the respective district centre and towards the provincial capital (Bursa city). The different qualities of services offered in the district centres must be explained in the light of different socio-economic standards in the various regions of the province of Bursa.     

Simulation of large earthquakes and its implications on earthquake insurance rates: a case study in Bursa region (Turkey)

Ground motion intensity parameters of past and potential earthquakes are required for a range of purposes including earthquake insurance practice. In regions with no or sparse earthquake recordings, most of the available methods generate only peak ground motion parameters. For cases where full ground motion time histories are required, simulations that consider fault rupture processes become necessary. In this study, a major novel use of simulated ground motions is presented in insurance premium calculations which also require ground motion intensity measures that are not always available through observations. For this purpose, potential earthquakes in Bursa are simulated using stochastic finite-fault simulation method with dynamic corner frequency model. To ensure simulations with reliable synthetic ground motions, input parameters are derived from regional data. Regional model parameters are verified by comparisons against the observations as well as ground motion prediction equations. Next, a potential large magnitude event in Bursa is simulated. Distribution of peak ground motion parameters and time histories at selected locations are obtained. From these parameters, the corresponding Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMI) are estimated. Later, these MMIs are used as the main ground motion parameter in damage probability matrices (DPM). Return period of the scenario earthquake is obtained from the previous regional seismic hazard studies. Finally, insurance rates for Bursa region are determined with implementation of two new approaches in the literature. The probability of the scenario event and the expected mean damage ratios (MDR) from the corresponding DPMs are used, and the results are compared to Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) rates. Results show that insurance premiums can be effectively computed using simulated ground motions in the absence of real data.     

The effects of elevation on thermal bioclimatic conditions in Uludağ (Turkey)

This study compares the thermal bioclimatic conditions recorded at Bursa (100 m) and Uluda? (1878 m) meteorological stations at 7:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST (local standard time) between 1975 and 2006, by using the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), which is calculated from meteorological parameters. The effects of elevation-dependent environmental and atmospheric conditions on thermal perception (i.e., PET) values were analyzed and assessed. The analysis showed that the mean annual difference between PET values in Bursa and Uluda? was 12 ºC. The difference was lower in winter (9 ºC PET) and higher in summer (15 ºC PET). The highest difference between PET values occurred in the afternoon (16 ºC PET) and the lowest difference occurred in the morning (8.4 ºC PET). The differences occur as a result of high altitude and higher surface albedo due to snowfall, which leads to lower PET values and thus to less comfortable thermal conditions. The mean PET values of Bursa and Uluda? decrease 0.67 ºC every 100 m.     

Reliability of Lifeline Networks with Multiple Sources under Seismic Hazard

Lifelines are networks extending spatiallyover large areas. Transportation systems, pipelines,communication and power transmission systems areexamples of lifelines. The performance of a lifelineafter a major earthquake is particularly vital for acommunity because of the emergency services that areusually required after such events. Performancemeasures are usually expressed in terms of quantitiesthat are assessed based on statistical andprobabilistic methodologies. The major performancemeasure is the probability of reaching from aspecified point to another one successfully after acatastrophic event, such as an earthquake. Evaluationof this performance measure requires a seismic hazardmethodology, capacity determination techniques andnetwork reliability assessment methods. By combiningthese three aspects in one model, it is possible tocalculate the reliability of any lifeline system underseismic danger. The aim of this paper is to present aprobabilistic model for the evaluation of the seismicreliability of lifeline networks having multiplesources. The seismic reliability of a waterdistribution system located in Bursa, Turkey isassessed in order to show the implementation of theproposed model. The numerical calculations are carriedout by the LIFEPACK software, which is developed forthis purpose.     

Geophysical investigation of a mineral groundwater resource in Turkey

The hydrogeological conditions in Uludag (Nilufer River catchment, Bursa, Turkey) were assessed, using time-domain electromagnetic soundings, electrical resistivity and induced polarisation tomography, to detect the most promising zones for new water-well siting, in order to increase the quantity of water for bottling. The hydrogeological model is quite complex: deep mineral and thermal water rises from a main vertical fault which separates two lithological complexes. The highly mineralised (deep) water is naturally mixed with low mineralised water at a shallow depth, 30–40 m; the mixed mineral water is found in some surface springs and shallow wells, while the highly mineralised water is found at depth in some unused deep wells located close to the main fault. All the water points (springs and wells) are located inside a “mineral water belt” on the north side of the Nilufer River. The geophysical survey confirmed the hydrogeological model and highlighted four promising zones for well siting (zones with very low electrical resistivity and high induced polarisation anomalies, corresponding to the main water-bearing faults). One of the geophysical anomalies, the furthest from the exploited sources, was verified by means of a test well; the drilling results have confirmed the water mixing model.     

Das Verhalten des Olivins als Gefügekorn in einigen Olivingesteinen

Zusammenfassung Cebänderte Olivingesteine aus Bursa bei Topuk (Kleinasien) und alpine Olivintektonite aus dem Nonsberg und Ultental (südöstliche Ortleralpen) werden hinsichtlich ihres Olivingefüges untersucht. Eine an Ultentaler und Nonsberger Olivintektoniten bisher nicht beschriebene B-Achsenregelung wird mit der bisher ebenfalls nicht beschriebenen und von der ersteren abweichenden Olivinregelung an den Olivingesteinen aus Bursa konfrontiert.Nach der im Innsbrucker Institut üblichen Bezeichnungsweise werden die kristallographischen Achsen mit dem Index des betreffenden Minerals also z. B. o=Olivin bezeichnet, also a₀, b₀, c₀ Koordinaten, welche sich beispielsweise auf zwei sich kreuzende b-Achsen b₁ und b₂ beziehen, erhalten die Indizes, a₁, b₁, c₁, a₂, b₂, c₂. Wo es sich um Koordinaten des Gefüges handelt, ist dies ausdrücklich betont.Mit 12 Gefügediagrammen im Text.     

The urban geography of underdevelopment: a case of petty commodity production

The study in urban geography of underdevelopment has serious inadequacies although there are numerous studies on unemployment, housing, transportation and poverty problems of the city in underdeveloped societies. Urban petty commodity production (a group of activities normally seen as lying outside the principal spheres of large-scale production in underdeveloped economies), for example, has been the focus of development economics and geography in the last two decades but the specific problem of appropriation of urban landscape by this group of activities, which in turn reproduce and transform the landscape has, at the very best, been only partially and indirectly addressed. This paper deals with this problem with particular reference to material derived from fieldwork in the Turkish city of Bursa.     

The Influence of Weathering on the Engineering Properties of Dunites

Weathering processes cause important changes in the engineering properties of rocks. In this study, dunites in the Bursa region in western Turkey were investigated and the changes in engineering properties due to weathering were evaluated. The studies were initiated with field observations including measurement of the characteristics of discontinuities such as spacing, aperture, fill material, roughness, and Schmidt hammer rebound value. Subsequently, laboratory studies were conducted in two stages. The first stage comprised mineralogical, petrographic, and chemical analyses. The second stage included physicomechanical tests to determine specific gravity, unit weights, water absorption, effective porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, P-wave velocity, and slake-durability index. According to these evaluations, the changes in engineering properties were determined to be mostly related to serpentinization at every stage of weathering. The most suitable parameters for characterizing the degree of weathering of the studied dunites are loss-on-ignition values, specific gravity, unit weight, water absorption, and effective porosity.