新世纪中国银行体制改革与地方银行机构 网点的空间分布 ——兼与全国性商业银行的比较

20世纪90年代以来,中国银行体制改革催生了以城市商业银行和农村商业银行为代表的地方银行,它们以中小企业和城乡居民为主要服务对象,弥补了全国性商业银行的市场空缺,在我国金融体系中发挥着日益重要的作用。对银行体制改革的分析发现,城市商业银行和农村商业银行从仅限于单一地区经营,到放开地域经营限制,允许跨区域设立分行后,两银行机构网点的数量呈现出快速增长趋势,其网点的地理分布在改革前后发生了较大变化。将两银行与全国性商业银行的网点分布进行对比发现,其总行布局与地方经济发展刺激下的金融需求有着更为密切的联系;两银行跨区域设立异地分行的区位选择具有较大差别：城市商业银行优先选择发达地区,而后采取全国性战略布局和区域性梯度式布局两种模式扩张;农村商业银行则优先考虑欠发达地区,然后主要以区域内跳跃式扩张。     

发展中地区银行业空间系统变化--以河南省为例

基于对中国发展中地区的河南省的第一手调查数据,对经济水平较低、受外部影响较小但增长迅速的内陆省份银行业空间系统变化进行了量化分析和解释。结果表明,与国际上发达国家相同,中国发展中地区的国有银行业逐步向中心城市集中。其中,作为区域中心的地级城市的地位上升最为突出。其形成原因主要与制度变化有关;而区域经济的发展差异,又是促进该趋势的直接诱因。这一观点通过混合OLS模型模拟得到证明。城市内部的银行业区位变化,具有一些与发达国家的不同之处。区域经济快速发展带来了中心城市的迅速拓展。同时经济结构调整,又带来了城市内不同地区经济发展水平的变化。由此形成了银行业区位的不断扩散,新兴快速增长的地区,迅速吸引了一批银行的建立。对郑州市58家银行网点的调查表明,在1978年之前,银行网点设立十分遵循计划体制的安排;而在1979年以后,邻近地段“人均收入水平高：决定着相当一部分银行网点的布局。这从微观角度佐证了河南省的分析结论。金融系统的集中格局,为非中心地区经济发展带来的不利影响,应该给予关注。     

Enclaves and ethnic ties: The local impacts of Singaporean cross‐border tourism in Malaysia and Indonesia

Cross‐border tourism is often proposed by governments as an incentive for economic growth, but critics have suggested that its impacts are, in fact, overplayed. This paper presents research in the Indonesia‐Malaysia‐Singapore Growth Triangle (IMS‐GT). It examines the broad economic impacts of Singaporean cross‐border tourism on local host communities in two locations: Kukup, a traditional Malaysian fishing village in Johor, southern Peninsular Malaysia, and Bintan in Riau Islands Province in western Indonesia. The study found that cross‐border tourism generated income, employment and some local economic linkages. In Kukup clear economic benefits with increased income and employment were unevenly distributed between ethnic groups. The Bintan enclave development had some linkages to the island economy but was reliant on immigrant labour. Cross‐border ethnic ties, particularly Chinese, also played an important role in the growth of tourism in the IMS‐GT. The paper shows that cross‐border tourism can be a useful addition to more conventional forms of international tourism within national tourism planning and could lead to significant economic benefits for local communities.     

中国银行业基层网点的空间演化机制

中国银行业改革持续深化,不同类型银行的业务限制和地域限制逐步取消,银行间竞争日益激烈,重新调整网点布局已成为各家银行应对措施之一。重点关注2007—2016年中国银行业基层网点的空间演化路径,在借鉴演化经济地理研究中产业关联思想的基础上,提出地方产业基础的金融关联度和区域间投资的金融关联度两个重要变量,以此构建解释框架。考虑到中国银行业渐进式的改革历程,按银行所有制及银行规模分组进行比较分析。研究发现：① 地方银行市场竞争越激烈会显著提升产业基础、投资流向的金融关联度在银行网点布局决策中的重要性,银行网点会向金融关联度高的地区集聚;② 各影响因素的作用机制随地方银行市场环境和银行成长过程发生变化,表现出阶段性特征;③ 银行的个体异质性也是影响银行网点空间演化路径的因素之一。     

中国金融产业结构的时空演绎分析

基于空间统计分析法和GIS技术,使用经济普查的银行、证券和保险机构数据,对大陆31个省份金融产业结构的时空演变进行分析。结果表明：从时间来看,中国金融产业的演变具有明显的阶段性、跳跃性、非同步性和非平稳性的特征。从空间来看,各省金融发展不平衡。服务于低端金融需求的银行机构在空间上的分布渐趋均衡,而与投资和保险紧密相关的高端金融机构在空间分布上差异则不断扩大。随着金融安全与投资、融资需求的增加,未来中国金融系统中保险和投融资的金融机构比例将会不断扩大,中国区域金融系统在空间上将呈现部分行业空间差异不断扩大及另一部分行业空间分布差异不断缩小的两种状况同时并存的趋势。     

金融联系视角下沿海发达地区城镇网络空间结构研究

基于世界城市网络研究路径和沿海湾区经济发展背景,以浙江省县市（区）级行政单位为研究对象,将19家国内银行在各行政单元的数量和级别分布作为基础数据,使用链锁模型、社会网络分析等研究方法,对浙江省城镇网络空间的结构特征进行分析。研究表明：一是浙江省金融机构分布层级明显,与城市行政等级及经济地位密切相关;二是除杭州金融中心作用凸显之外,宁波、台州和温州等沿海城市也成为金融机构网络中的重要空间节点;三是研究区域内的政府干预、金融需求、经济协作关系以及文化差异对金融联系下的城市网络的扩张有显著的影响,金融业比重、人均GDP和行政边界则并无显著作用。     

Pluralism as Principle in Urban Geography

This paper examines the geographic shifts in the corporate control of banking which have resulted from interstate acquisitions between 1982 and mid-year 1986. Ninety-nine transactions during the study period have resulted in the interstate transfer of corporate control of $88 billion in assets. In the Southeast, North Carolina and Georgia banks have gained control of assets at the expense of the banking industry in Florida and South Carolina. Within the New England region, Massachusetts banks have made major acquisitions in neighboring states. In the West, California banks have been active with acquisitions in Arizona and Washington. The pattern of acquisitions has been influenced not only by the geographyof interstate banking legislation but also by the relative size of banks. The roles of Atlanta, Charlotte, Boston, and Los Angeles as regional money centers have been expanded because of interstate banking acquisitions.     

河南省银行业发展格局及其与区域经济发展关系研究

从金融地理学的视角,以河南金融统计资料为基础,分析了河南省银行业的市场竞争结构、区域空间发展格局,及区域银行业发展与区域经济发展关系.分析表明,河南银行业具有以下特征:国有商业银行市场份额在下降,其他银行机构市场份额上升;区域银行业发展差异扩大,河南省银行业向郑州集中;省内区域间资金流动加速,区域存款、贷款规模和区域经济总量、GDP的相关性不断下降.最后,从区域、银行互动角度,提出了通过银行业的健康良性发展推动河南经济快速发展的对策.     

Integration or Self-Sufficiency? Peninsular Malaysia and the Rice Trade in Southeast Asia

The issue of food self-sufficiency has recently come under scrutiny as global trade liberalisation has been in conflict with national development strategies founded on protection and encouragement of staple food production. This paper examines the case of rice in Peninsular Malaysia from an historical perspective. It traces the evolution of self-sufficiency strategies from colonial times tothe present and notes how and why such policies have been questioned both in the past and in recent years. It then suggests that a more integrated Southeast Asian regional rice economy may evolve as support for national self-sufficiency wanes and, in this, there may be much to learn from the colonial era when such a regional rice trade thrived.     

Moved by the Company - International Migrants and Transnational Organisations

Labour markets are generally thought to have become more integrated across international boundaries. Employees that move between branches of transnational organisations are a potential contributor to this integration. Interviews with human resources managers in 33 New Zealand‐based organisations indicate that the number of employees transferred is small and likely to decrease as corporate functions are transferred from New Zealand to regional offices.     

银行业改革与国有商业银行网点空间布局——以中国工商银行和中国银行为例

伴随着国有商业银行股份制改革,中国国有商业银行在全国的网点布局发生了战略性变化。在经营效益的驱动下,银行采取集中化策略,大幅度减少基础网点数目,而增加支行数目。两类网点地理分布的空间不均衡性加大,地理集中度上升。网点布局向主要经济增长极集中,而从边疆地区与落后地区撤离。对中国工商银行和中国银行基础网点及支行空间分布统计分析表明,两者的两类网点的地理分布在股份制改革后均发生了较大的变化,基础网点更加接近主要客户群体,支行则更加集中在经济发展较好的地区。结合自身的业务优势与特点,两者在两类网点的区位选择上也有一定的差别。国有商业银行经营效益导向的网点布局战略将可能带来落后地区的金融排斥问题。     

GEOGRAPHICAL PATTERNS OF INTERSTATE BANKING: A SNAPSHOT OF THE U.S. METROPOLITAN SYSTEM IN THE EARLY 1990s

This paper investigates the spatial and hierarchical patterns of interstate banking, major interstate-banking command and control centers, and the spatial structure of the major interstate-banking organizations in the early 1990s. The research has identified a distinct geographical pattern of interstate banking, a spatially skewed and regionally focused pattern of interstate-banking command and control fields, 15 interstate-banking hierarchical systems, and dominance of regional and western centers over New York and Chicago in interstate banking. In addition, determination of major interstate-banking command and control centers is discussed and the 26 largest centers are identified. Finally, this paper demonstrates that spatial networks of major bank holding companies, especially those of regionals and super-regionals, are the foundation of the spatial structure of interstate banking.     

广州市银行业的空间布局特征与模式

以广州都市区2013年全部类别银行的1 637个银行网点为基本数据,利用平均最邻近距离、核密度函数、缓冲区分析、空间模式提炼等方法探索广州市银行业的空间布局特征及其类别差异,总结其空间分异模式。结果表明：① 广州市银行业空间不均衡性布局显著,并呈现中心集聚特征;② 不同类型银行的分布特征差异显著。国有商业银行的服务便利性和数量等级高,网点密度大,构成了广州市银行业的主体;③ 广州市银行业布局总体呈现由中心向外围逐渐递减的“圈层+扇形”空间模式。其中,核心商圈是银行业高度集聚区,中心城区密度递减最为显著,近郊区密度最低;④ 不同类型银行的空间密度模式差异显著。国有商业银行、全国性股份制银行和城市商业银行分别呈现由中心到外围非均匀递减的倒“S”型、“L”型和“阶梯型”曲线模式。外资港资银行呈现为核心商圈集聚模式。农村商业银行为均质的“一”字型直线模式。     

经济地理学视角下创新网络与区域增长研究述评

创新是引领经济发展的第一动力,创新与区域增长之间的关系成为经济地理学者关注的重点领域。文章通过梳理近年来有关创新网络测度、创新网络与区域增长关系、创新网络作用于区域增长方式等方面的文献发现：网络资本可以弥补社会资本在解释企业创新结网经济价值方面的不足,区域增长呈现出网络化特征已成为学界共识,知识流与邻近性能较好地解释创新网络与区域增长的关系机理。然而,当前研究对社会资本如何促进区域增长,网络资本与区域增长关系模型如何构建,不同类型的邻近性与知识对区域增长的影响有何差异等问题尚不明确,建议重视网络资本对区域增长的作用并实证检验二者的关联,同时还应重视创新网络中企业家精神、创新个体心理行为特征等因素对区域增长的影响。     

Agribusiness on a Grand Scale – Felda's Sahabat Complex in East Malaysia

While agribusiness is normally associated with western multinational companies, Malaysia provides an alternative example of a Third World agribusiness, the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA). FELDA has evolved through an advisory stage and then a major land settlement agency phase, assisting Malaysia's rural poor, to its present position as a major employer of immigrant agricultural labour and as a large commercial business in palm oil exporting. This recent agribusiness approach is best exemplified by FELDA's Sahabat complex of 54 schemes in Eastern Sabah. There, mono‐cultural oil palm cropping has been successfully developed while earlier environmental concerns have been largely ignored. Plans for Sahabat have been modified to accommodate immigrant labourers from Indonesia and the Philippines rather than local settlers from Malaysia. A modernised plantation approach has taken over from the initial contract farming and social engineering approach.     

Carbon stock of oil palm plantations and tropical forests in Malaysia: A review

In Malaysia, the main land change process is the establishment of oil palm plantations on logged‐over forests and areas used for shifting cultivation, which is the traditional farming system. While standing carbon stocks of old‐growth forest have been the focus of many studies, this is less the case for Malaysian fallow systems and oil palm plantations. Here, we collate and analyse Malaysian datasets on total carbon stocks for both above‐ and below‐ground biomass. We review the current knowledge on standing carbon stocks of 1) different forest ecosystems, 2) areas subject to shifting cultivation (fallow forests) and 3) oil palm plantations. The forest ecosystems are classified by successional stage and edaphic conditions and represent samples along a forest succession continuum spanning pioneer species in shifting cultivation fallows to climax vegetation in old‐growth forests. Total carbon stocks in tropical forests range from 4 to 384 Mg C/ha, significantly wider than the range of total carbon stocks of oil palm plantations, 2 to 60 Mg C/ha. Conversion of old‐growth forest areas to oil palm plantations leads to substantial reduction in carbon storage, while conversion of forest fallows to oil palm plantations may sustain or even increase the standing carbon stock.     

Evolution of new regional development interventions in New Zealand: An analysis of the first year of the Provincial Growth Fund

Regional development has evolved in response to shifting local and global priorities. These shifts have transformed both the way we think about regions, their role and how that shapes the outcomes and benefits that might occur from engaging in regional development. Key debates centre around the ability (or desirability) of regional development interventions to unsettle path dependence and “lock‐in” created by past approaches and to create opportunities for alternative development futures and to provide choices between sectoral‐based investments to support economic activity in contrast to a more place‐based approach to regional development. This paper overviews the dynamic nature of regional development to offer reasons for its recent resurgence by highlighting the key debates about the purpose and function of regions and what regional development can or should do. We then discuss the New Zealand context specifically and use the first year of Provincial Growth Fund investments to reflect on how the processes, objectives and goals reflect particular interpretations of the meaning and purpose of regional development. We conclude that a strong adherence to a growth imperative has the potential to reinforce path dependencies at the expense of alternative development pathways.     

A new look at population change and regional development in Aotearoa New Zealand

In New Zealand, population change is interlinked with regional development. Places growing in population attract regional investment, while regional investment—or lack thereof—can change migration patterns. However, to determine the appropriate response to population change for a community, it is important to understand that population change involves much more than “just” migration. Specifically, it involves interactions between the three components of population change: natural change (births minus deaths), net migration (international and internal) and population ageing (changing cohort size). For example, migration can be negative, but growth can be positive due to underlying natural increase or growth in cohort size. Responses need to differ, depending on these drivers. The goal of this article is to provide new insights into these interactions using data for 275 cities, towns and rural centres (hereafter “urban places”) in New Zealand for the period 1976 to 2013. The results show that natural change has been consistently positive for most urban places up to the present, although projections indicate that in the future this component will become negative across much of the country. At the same time, net migration shows considerable spatial variation, not only in terms of volume, but also direction (negative or positive), which differs markedly by age. A net gain of people of retirement age can offset a net loss of young adults to deliver overall growth, and vice‐versa, but the two have very different implications for longer term growth. An analysis of the drivers of net migration using GIS and machine learning techniques provides an indication of the importance of economic conditions (land‐use and access to markets), lifestyle, access to essential services (hospitals and education) and their interaction with age in regional change. The results show that population age is the best predictor of migration. Younger people are moving to cities for tertiary education and work and older people near or in retirement are moving to smaller lifestyle towns but also want to be close to amenities such as hospitals and international airports. The research also shows that natural lifestyle characteristics (landscape and climate), in combination with age are just as important as economic conditions for understanding migration. Regional development, such as infrastructure that helps business (ports and services) is important for the working age population but not necessarily the retirement age group. When regional development, age/life‐cycle stage and lifestyle come together, such as in Queenstown and Tauranga, net migration gain is high.     

基于区域密度函数的区域空间结构与增长模式研究——以京津冀都市圈为例

区域密度函数是分析区域空间结构及其变动趋势的有效工具,但其在实证研究中的应用尚比较少见.现有研究大多使用单中心密度函数,研究局限于单中心城市区域.探讨了适用于多中心城市区域的区域密度函数的形式,并进一步将其应用于对京津冀都市圈空间结构特征及区域增长模式的分析.使用探索性空间数据分析方法分析区域人口密度分布发现,京津冀都市圈具有多中心空间结构特征.分别应用单中心和多中心区域密度函数分析京津冀都市圈空间结构与增长模式,单中心密度函数的分析显示京津冀都市圈的主要中心城市尚处于向心集聚的发展阶段,而多中心密度函数的分析则显示京津冀都市圈呈现集聚与扩散并存的空间发展趋势,并且不同层次的中心城市表现出三种不同的增长模式,分别为去中心化扩散、中心增长型扩散和向心集聚.由于多中心区域密度函数综合考虑多个中心对区域人口密度分布的影响,因此能更准确地反映京津冀都市圈人口密度分布的变化趋势.     

Green and Sustainable Commercial Property Supply in Malaysia and Nigeria

The aim of this study is to identify the predictive factors and variables that motivate decisions to supply sustainable or green commercial properties, and to apply discriminant analysis technique to assess if there are significant differences in perception between real estate developers in Malaysia and Nigeria based on the identified variables. The result revealed a significant discriminant function differentiating the two countries based on their perception of the variables. The motivational components and attributes were found to be in favor of Malaysia. The Wilks' lambda F‐test and the standardized discriminant function coefficients, showed that there were significant differences between developers in both countries as assessed by the life‐cycle cost motivations, green policies and certification, market strategy, developers expected rate of return, green tax incentive, and available green skills. However, the variables with the most predictive power in accounting for the differences were found to be within the measures of life‐cycle, cost‐saving motivations.