Compensating elastic transmission losses for P-wave attenuation estimation from sonic logs

The decay of seismic amplitude is caused by a variety of physical phenomena that can be divided broadly into elastic transmission losses (including geometrical spreading, interface transmission losses and scattering attenuation) and intrinsic attenuation, where wave energy is converted into heat due to viscous friction. The so-called statistical averaging method is currently considered as the most advanced sonic wave attenuation estimation method, and there exist various implementations of this method. But the way elastic transmission losses – that mask the true intrinsic attenuation – are compensated for appears to be an issue and in some cases this correction has been overlooked. In this paper, we revisit the statistical averaging method for intrinsic attenuation estimation with particular focus on the role of elastic transmission losses. Through synthetic examples, we demonstrate the importance of compensating for elastic transmission losses even if the variation of velocity and density with depth is not notable. Our implementation of the method uses finite-difference simulations thereby providing a versatile and accurate way to generate synthetic seismograms. We use a combination of elastic and viscoelastic finite-difference simulations to demonstrate the significant error without accurate compensation of the elastic transmission losses. We apply our implementation of the method to sonic waveforms acquired in an exploration well from Browse basin, Australia. The resulting intrinsic attenuation estimates are indeed indicative of gas-saturated zones identified from petrophysical analysis in which viscous friction are thought to be of importance.     

中沙海域的广角与多道地震探测

由于浅滩和暗礁广布,中沙海域（环礁区）长期以来处在南海地震探测的空白区域.为了揭示该区域的地壳结构及地层-构造特征,进而全面刻画南海陆缘新生代伸展过程,我们首次在中沙及其邻近海域完成了1条广角地震测线OBS2017-2和4条多道地震测线的数据采集.对得到的海底地震仪（OBS）数据进行了格式转换、位置校正等初步处理,识别了来自地壳深部的震相并对中沙环礁地壳结构进行了正演模拟;对穿过中沙环礁的多道地震剖面进行了地层-构造解释,共划分出6套地层.OBS2017-2测线处理结果显示,其数据质量良好,深部震相清晰,且位于环礁内的台站震相延伸较长,可达100 km以上.中沙环礁地壳性质为轻微减薄的坚硬大陆块体,厚度约为25 km左右.多道地震剖面显示,环礁之上沉积层厚度较薄,除环礁西南部存在一条基底断裂——"排洪-美溪断裂"外,基本不存在其他构造-岩浆活动.而在环礁坡脚周缘,有广泛的岩浆侵入和喷出体的存在.中沙环礁上较薄的上地壳厚度和沉积特征指示了该区域可能在古新世时期经历的强烈暴露剥蚀作用.中沙海域最新开展的广角和多道地震探测填补了南海地质地球物理研究的空白,为解读该区的构造-沉积演化提供了数据基础.     

Wide-angle linear forward modelling of synthetic seismograms

We address the issue of linearity and scale dependence in forward modelling of seismic data from well logs, for large ray parameters, wide angles or large offsets. We present a forward model, within the context of seismic‐to‐well matching, that is linearized in the elastic properties of the earth. This model preserves linearity at large ray parameters and can handle fine‐layering effects such as induced anisotropy. Starting from a low‐contrast small‐ray‐parameter model, we extend it to a large‐ray‐parameter model by fully linearizing the elastic‐property contrasts. Overall linearity of the forward model is extended by partitioning the compressional‐wave and shear‐wave velocity fields into two fundamental scales: a kinematic scale that governs wavefield propagation effects and a dynamic scale that governs wavefield scattering effects. This analysis reveals that the standard practice in forward modelling of strongly filtering the ratio of compressional‐wave velocity to shear‐wave velocity is well founded in the underlying physics. The partitioning of the velocity fields also leads naturally to forward modelling that accounts fully for stretch effects, to resolution of the angle‐of‐incidence versus ray‐parameter dichotomy in seismic‐amplitude analysis, and to full accounting for induced anisotropy and dispersion effects due to fine‐layering of isotropic media. With the onset of routine long‐offset acquisition and the compelling need to optimize asset management in order to maximize reserve recovery, this forward model recognizes the physics of seismic wave propagation and enables a more complete exploitation of amplitude information in pre‐critical seismic data.     

P-wave Tomography in Inhomogeneous Orthorhombic Media

— A P-wave tomographic method for 3-D complex media (3-D distribution of elastic parameters and curved interfaces) with orthorhombic symmetry is presented in this paper. The technique uses an iterative linear approach to the nonlinear travel-time inversion problem. The hypothesis of orthorhombic anisotropy and 3-D inhomogeneity increases the set of parameters describing the model dramatically compared to the isotropic case. Assuming a Factorized Anisotropic Inhomogeneous (FAI) medium and weak anisotropy, we solve the forward problem by a perturbation approach. We use a finite element approach in which the FAI medium is divided into a set of elements with polynomial elastic parameter distributions. Inside each element, analytical expressions for rays and travel times, valid to first-order, are given for P waves in orthorhombic inhomogeneous media. More complex media can be modeled by introducing interfaces separating FAI media with different elastic properties. Simple formulae are given for the Fréchet derivatives of the travel time with respect to the elastic parameters and the interface parameters. In the weak anisotropy hypothesis the P-wave travel times are sensitive only to a subset of the orthorhombic parameters: the six P-wave elastic parameters and the three Euler angles defining the orientation of the mirror planes of symmetry. The P-wave travel times are inverted by minimizing in terms of least-squares the misfit between the observed and calculated travel times. The solution is approached using a Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The stability of the inversion is ensured by making use of suitable a priori information and/or by applying regularization. The technique is applied to two synthetic data sets, simulating simple Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) experiments. The examples demonstrate the necessity of good 3-D ray coverage when considering complex anisotropic symmetry.     

Cavity effect on Rayleigh wave dispersion and P-wave refraction

Sinkholes and cavities can represent serious hazards to human safety and urban infrastructures,cause roadbed subsidence,and so on.It is therefore essential to evaluate various sinkholes in different depths and sizes to assess the risk of collapse.This paper evaluates the effect of different cavities on Rayleigh-wave propagation and body(P)wave refraction.Rayleigh(R)wave propagation is analyzed according to the classical multi-channel analysis of surface waves(MASW)method also considering the R-wave backscattering.Synthetic seismic traces are computed by means of finite element modeling(FEM)for cavity and intrusion at different depths and sizes.Furthermore,field acquisition data is used to verify the detection effect of a cavity on R-and P-waves.The results show that the presence of backscattered R-waves and the changes in the R-wave velocity spectrum can help in cavity identification.Additional possible evidence is represented by significant changes in the refraction travel times over the cavity location.It can be concluded that the field data are in good agreement with the synthetic,and it could be effective to consider the results of both R-and P-wave analysis in order to efficiently identify the cavities.     

Effect of crack aperture on P-wave velocity and dispersion

We experimentally studied the effect of crack aperture on P-wave velocity, amplitude, anisotropy and dispersion. Experimental models were constructed based on Hudson’s theory. Six crack models were embedded with equal-radius penny-shaped crack inclusions in each layer. The P-wave velocity and amplitude were measured parallel and perpendicular to the layers of cracks at frequencies of 0.1 MHz to 1 MHz. The experiments show that as the crack aperture increases from 0.1 mm to 0.34 mm, the amplitude of the P-waves parallel to the crack layers decreases linearly with increasing frequency and the P-wave velocity dispersion varies from 1.5% to 2.1%, whereas the amplitude of the P-wave perpendicular to the crack layers decreases quadratically with increasing frequency and the velocity dispersion varies from 1.9% to 4.7%. The variation in the velocity dispersion parallel and perpendicular to the cracks intensifies the anisotropy dispersion of the P-waves in the crack models (6.7% to 83%). The P-wave dispersion strongly depends on the scattering characteristics of the crack apertures.     

人工源宽角地震实验的谱元法模拟和逆时偏移成像方法研究

人工源宽角反射(折射)地震资料具有偏移距较大、信噪比较低等特点,通常用于地震波走时反演重建地壳速度结构。逆时偏移成像方法作为勘探地震学领域获取地下构造形态的有效手段之一,可以有效弥补走时反演方法的不足。本文针对大偏移距宽角反射(折射)地震实验,利用四边形网格谱元法进行波场模拟,结合了有限元法的灵活性和谱方法的指数收敛性,高效且高精度获取模型合成地震记录,后采用逆时偏移成像方法将合成地震记录偏移归位,获取地壳几何结构,验证了逆时偏移成像方法在宽角地震资料处理及结果解释中的适用性,为后期实际地震资料的偏移成像提供了理论依据和支持。     

球面波的反射P波AVO分析

本文对球面波反射P波反射系数计算公式进行了推导,根据推导公式计算出第I类AVO和第Ⅲ类AVO介质中反射系数及相位随入射角的变化,并与基于平面波的Zoeppritz方程计算的结果进行对比.结果显示,对于第I类AVO介质,球面波反射系数在临界角附近较基于平面波的Zoeppritz方程计算结果更精确;同时受界面深度的影响较大,随深度的增加,球面波AVO趋势接近平面波AVO.最后,通过数值模拟技术,对模型数据和实际数据进行模拟,对平面波AVO道集和球面波AVO道集进行了验证分析.浅层的第I类AVO现象,在近临界角和超临界角处折射引起反射系数与相位的变化较大,对于第Ⅲ类AVO现象,由于不存在临界角问题,球面波模拟结果与基于平面波的Zoeppritz计算结果差别较小.上述计算分析,可为实际资料的大偏移距道集的AVO分析提供理论基础.     

非均匀各向异性介质的地震P波走时层析成像研究

大陆动力学已经成为当今固体地球物理各领域研究的主导方向。大陆动力学涉及问题非常广泛,但核心问题是大陆形变及其动力学。地震各向异性是地球动力学过程的指示器,根据地震各向异性的研究结果,可以推断上地幔物质的流动或变形,有助于了解地球内部的应力状态和地球的演化过程。     

裂缝型HTI介质的纵波弹性阻抗

裂缝发育导致的地震波场各向异性,是裂缝型油气藏的一个重要特征.然而针对该类油气藏的叠前弹性阻抗技术,一直没有通过各向异性弹性阻抗公式建立与裂缝参数的直接关系.本文在回顾封闭平行硬币状裂缝模型和线性滑动模型的基础上,将裂缝填充物性质、分布密度与围岩的横纵波速度比,引入裂缝型HTI介质弹性阻抗公式,并对相应的归一化弹性阻抗响应特征进行模拟分析.分析表明,弹性阻抗受以上三参数的影响规律存在明显差异,其中含气裂隙介质随裂缝密度的变化要明显高于对应的流体裂隙介质,流体填充裂隙介质随横、纵波速度比的变化幅度要高于对应的含气裂隙介.该结论初步为裂缝型油气藏流体识别工作提供了依据.     

地震记录的P波自动捡拾

震相到时的精确捡拾是地震定位的关键所在,是进行地震预警的前提.对云南测震台网的观测数据进行P波自动捡拾试验.用基于幅值和频率的P波识别方法和STA/LTA方法捡拾到的P波到时,与人工捡拾的结果比较接近,取得较好的结果;用该方法对云南强震台网的部分强震记录的竖向资料进行P波到时自动识别,也获得了较好的结果.     

用格点尝试法求解P波初动震源机制解及解的质量评价

P波初动符号物理图像明确,是稳定的地震波信息.在资料充分时,可以较好地确定震源机制解.网格搜索法是目前流行的利用P波初动符号求解地震震源机制解的方法.不过,在实际观测资料不充分时,虽然较迭代算法优越,但网格搜索法依然有较大的不确定性.到目前为止,人们还没有找到合理的解决方案,极大地制约了这一类方法的应用.针对这一现状,本文在许忠淮提出的格点尝试法的基础上对网格搜索法进行了几个方面的改进.首先,采用新的加权方法计算加权矛盾比：权重因子包括反映初动符号质量的权重以体现资料质量的影响;不包括反映观测点与节面距离的权重以避免因节面附近资料权重的双重减小带来的系统偏差;通过减小震源球上密集资料点的权重以部分地抵消震源球上P波初动符号资料分布不均匀对可能解的影响.在通过加权矛盾比筛选可能的震源机制解时,把震源球分为面积相对均匀的网格进行解的搜索,避免了因网格划分不均匀所导致的平均解的计算偏差.针对资料不足情况下震源机制解会受控于个别观测点P波初动符号的情况,我们借鉴杰克刀（jackknife）技术,在可选解中增加了那些一个观测点被去除后的可选解,既对解的质量有了更好的把握,又增加了找到真解的可能性.进一步地,针对可选解存在多个解簇的情况,本文提出了通过聚类提供多组可选解的做法.最后,针对目前缺乏对解的合理评价体系的现状,提出了主要基于解的离散度并参考加权最小矛盾比对震源机制解质量进行评价的新方案.     

Two-dimensional Crustal Velocity Structure along Hirapur-Mandla Profile from Seismic Refraction and Wide-angle Reflection Data

—The seismic velocity structure of the upper and lower crusts along Hirapur-Mandla pro|fi|le was obtained by 2-D forward modeling of the refraction and wide-angle reflection data. Digitized record sections of the analog data were utilized for delineation of the crustal velocity model across the Vindhyan basin and the Narmada-Son lineament by travel-time modeling and qualitatively matching the amplitudes of synthetic seismograms with seismic record sections. An interface at a depth of 8 km has been traced from wide-angle reflection data of shot points 160 and 235 between Jabalpur and Mandla. The wide-angle reflection phase from crust-mantle boundary is very prominent in all the seismic record sections of shot points 0, 40, 80, 120 and 235. The Moho horizon along the entire study area was continuously traced, depicting an upwarp between Katangi and Jabalpur below the Narmada-Son lineament. The three faults inferred near Narsinghgarh, Katangi and Jabalpur divide the crust into four blocks. The number of faults and displacement patterns along them, depicted along the profile, indicates that block tectonics appear to be active in this region throughout the geological history.     

HTI介质中的反射纵波方位属性

利用横波响应进行裂缝性各向异性介质的检测在实际应用中取得了很好的效果,但技术复杂、成本较高使该方法的广泛使用受到限制,而纵波资料采集和处理技术的精细有效保持了纵波的各种属性,这为直接利用纵波资料进行裂缝检测创造了条件.地下垂直定向裂缝通常用HTI介质模型来描述,为此,本文利用射线追踪和反射率法计算了层状各向同性介质背景下的HTI介质顶、底界面的反射纵波旅行时和反射系数,并分析了这些属性随观测方位的变化规律.研究表明,HTI介质底界面反射纵波旅行时和HTI介质顶界面反射系数表现出了明显的方位各向异性;旅行时、振幅和AVO梯度属性均在0°观测方位和90°观测方位上存在最大差异,可以用多种属性联合来精确判定裂缝的发育方向.     

中国大陆及邻区上地幔P波各向异性结构

利用分布在中国大陆及邻近地区的213个地震台站记录到的远震P波走时数据和弱各向异性条件下P波速度扰动调和分析方法,研究了中国大陆上地幔P波各向异性结构.研究结果表明中国大陆西部上地幔变形主要受印度大陆俯冲的影响.印度大陆的P波快波方向总体为NNE方向,与绝对板块运动方向一致,这表明印度大陆上地幔流动方向与板块运动方向一致.青藏高原内部、东天山的P波快波方向与主压应力方向接近,而在青藏高原南缘、北缘及东北缘等块体边界地区P波快波方向与主压应力方向垂直.中国大陆东部上地幔变形主要受菲律宾板块和太平洋板块俯冲的影响.在扬子板块内部P波快波方向为SE方向,这与绝对板块的运动方向一致.华北地区的各向异性结构较为复杂,可能与华北克拉通裂解有关.中国大陆东北的东部平均方向为SE,而在兴安岭一侧为SSW方向,即平行于构造线方向.根据各向异性的倾角,中国大陆及邻区上地幔各向异性结构大体可分为三块:1)青藏新疆地区的各向异性倾角接近水平,推测该区形变力源主要为上地幔物质水平流动.2)南北带地区的各向异性倾角较大,特别是在青藏东缘地区的倾角约为40°,这可能是由于青藏向东挤出过程中受华南地块和鄂尔多斯地块的阻挡,在板块边界地区产生了垂直变形.3)中国东部地区各向异性结构较为复杂,在中国大陆东北部各向异性倾角接近水平,这可能是该区上地幔变形主要受太平洋板块俯冲的影响,而在太行山、大别—苏鲁地区各向异性倾角较大,这表明该区上地幔以垂直变形为主.     

3-D Prestack-migration of Wide-angle Data from a Variscan Transition Zone

—In addition to the near normal-incidence observations within the German DEKORP 2 project in 1984, wide-angle observations have been carried out on a parallel profile across the boundary between the Saxothuringian and Moldanubian crust, approximately 50 km NE of the main transect to control three-dimensional variations. Explosion sources have been used for the entire survey, providing excellent conditions for wide-angle registrations. A velocity model has been derived on the basis of in- and off-line refraction measurements using a kinematic raytracer which was extended to three dimensions by interpolation of 2-D velocity fields between parallel sections. Although prestack-migration of the data led to aliasing effects due to large shot and geophone spacing, stable results were obtained by forming envelopes after single-shot migration. The migrated sections reveal a strongly reflective Moho at about 31 km depth and a steeply (50°) dipping intracrustal reflector, which seems to be related to the border between the two Variscan units.     

川滇地区三维P波速度结构研究

根据本文提出的更为严格的地震数据筛选方法——横向分区地震均值筛选法,选取了四川、云南、重庆和贵州地震台网的224个固定台站和49个流动台站在2008年1月1日—2017年12月31日期间记录的48,177个地震、372,483条初至P波绝对到时数据以及2,413,407条精度较高的相对到时数据,利用区域双差地震层析成像...     

Regional anomalies of P-wave amplitudes and tectonics of focal regions

A distinct regional dependence of amplitude observations at closely-situated pairs of Central European seismic stations (about 1° apart) was observed for the short-period P waves at teleseismic distances. For the investigated regions, namely Japan, the Kuriles, Kamchatka, the Aleutians, and Alaska, the magnitude corrections change by 0.3 magnitude units. These changes are related to the change of the strike and dip of the sinking lithospheric plates. A relative decrease of the amplitudes, generally observed for different pairs of stations, corresponds to a decrease of the angle between a seismic ray and a slab.     

P-wave amplitude spectra of Nevada underground nuclear explosions

Summary Short-period vertical-componentP-wave spectra have been determined for twelve Nevada underground nuclear explosions recorded by the Swedish seismic station network. Selected events cover the magnitude range fromm _b =5.9 tom _b =7.0 and the shot-depth range from 460 m to 1400 m. All explosion spectra show pronounced minima near 1 sec period. Within individual test areas the period at which the minimum occurs increases systematically with increasing shot-depth. This dependence makes it possible to interpret the observed minima in terms of interference betweenP- andpP-waves. One atmospheric explosion from Novaya Zemlya is analyzed to verify the inferred minima intrpretation.The minimum-period shows also a systematic linear dependence upon the magnitude. However, the physical explanation for this dependence is not evident and it may just be a consequence of a magnitude-depth relation.On leave from the Geophysical Institute, Czechosl. Acad. Sci., Prague 4-Spoilov, Boni II.     

马尼拉俯冲带的地震层析成像研究

基于国际地震中心的P波走时数据和层析成像反演方法,获得了具有较高分辨率的马尼拉俯冲带的深部速度模型.结果表明,（1）高速的南海俯冲板片沿马尼拉俯冲带的俯冲形态随纬度发生变化,在14°N和16°N之间,板片俯冲角度较大,俯冲深度可达400~500 km,在17°N附近,俯冲板片角度和深度较南部变小,而在18°N附近,俯冲板片以近垂直角度俯冲到地幔转换带;（2）17°N和18°N之间俯冲角度的变化意味着南海板片发生了撕裂;（3）在14°N附近,南海板片由300 km以上的近垂直俯冲转为200~300 km深度的近水平展布,与震源分布存在较大的差异,表明南海板片发生了撕裂,并且导致410 km间断面抬升.根据成像结果计算的不同位置南海板片的俯冲长度和时间表明,南海板片俯冲之前的面积为现今面积的两倍,14°N最先开始发生俯冲,并由南向北扩展.