Study on the characteristics of earthquake''''s impact on cities

Introduction With rapid development of national economy, urbanization has been speeded up in China, and several city groups or city belts with extra-large cities as their centers have been formed. For example, Pearl River Delta urbanized area surrounds Guangzhou City, Shenzhen City, Zhuhai City; Yangtze River Delta urbanized area surrounds Shanghai City, Suzhou City, Wuxi City, Nanjing City, Hangzhou City; Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan urbanized area surrounds Beijing City, Tianjin City…     

The Characteristics of Earthquake Disasters and Countermeasures for Their Mitigation in Metropolitans

Metropolitans are a result of fast economic development in China. Many metropolitans have emerged in the eastern part of China. Earthquake disasters in metropolitans are more complicated and serious than those in a smaller city, and the impact of earthquake disaster on the economy and society is large. The characteristics of earthquake disasters and countermeasures to protect against and mitigate disaster in the metropolitan, as well as some key research fields in the earthquake disaster protection and mitigation, are discussed.     

Focal mechanism study of north Potwar dformed zone, Pakistan

Introduction Northern Pakistan is one of the seismically active regions in the world. Numerous studies have been undertaken to highlight and understand the ongoing collisional process of the Indo-Pakistan plate with the Kohistan island arc. Besides the N-S compression, as a result of the con-vergence, transpressional features have also been recognized. However, in the studied area pres-ence of evaporites (Eocambrian) has led to the development of duplex type models with the basal decollemen…     

The housing loss assessment of rural villages caused by earthquake disaster in Yunnan Province

Introduction In accordance with the systematical theory of natural disaster, the intensity of disaster-causing factor and the frangibility of the disaster-bearing body decide the disaster degree (SHI, 1991, 2002). The building facilities is the uppermost disaster-bearing body in the earthquake disaster system, as the population and fortune in the city are concentrated, the density of the housings is large, the antiseismic and disaster reduction of the city have always been an important aspect…     

Towards a Virtual Asian－Pacific Seismological Network

Regional international cooperation in seismic data exchange and joint seismological analysis in the Asian-Pacific regions plays an important role in the reduction of earthquake disasters in these regions as well as the development of global seismology.Based on the up-to-date development of new technology and digital broadband seismology,we discussed the Asian seismological Commission(ASC) Proposal “Asian-Pacific Seismological Data Center“,We applied the concept of virtual seismological network(Ottemoeller and Havskov,1999) to the proposed ASC data exchange program.Based on the development of digital seismology,we in troduced a concept of “modern earthquake catalogues“which include not only location parameters and magnitudes as in the conventional earthquake catalogues but also new parameters of earthquakes such as CMT,radiated energy,STF,and earthquake rupture process,We recommended a webbased regional international data exchange program between the ASC members with the purpose of forming a virtual Asian-Pacific seismological network,and the interpretation and analysis of broadband digital seismic waveforms conducted at distributed“data centers“.     

Damage to urban buildings in zones of intensities Ⅷ and Ⅶ during the Wenchuan earthquake and discussion on some typical damages

The outline and typical characteristics of damages to building in Jiangyou city and Anxian county(intensity VⅢ), Mianyang city and Deyang city(intensity VII) are introduced in the paper.The damage ratios, based on the sample statistics of multi-story brick buildings together with multi-story brick buildings with RC frame at first story(BBF), are presented.Then some typical damages, such as horizontal cricks of brick masonry buildings, X-shaped cricks on the walls under windows, the damages to columns, beams...     

Preliminary Analysis of Tectonic Deformation Phenomena in Some Archaeological Sites in Shandong Province

Earthquake archaeological research was conducted in recent years at four archaeological excavation sites in Shandong, focusing on the identification and analysis of the tectonic deformation phenomena. The non-tectonic deformation phenomena were distinguished at the site of the Shang Dynasty ruins at Daxinzhuang in the Jinan suburbs. In Longshan, sand vein-filled cracks were recognized in the cultural layers of the Chengziya site, Zhangqiu City. Sand veins on the trench wall and sand tubes at the trench bottom were found densely distributed at the Shang and Zhou Dynasty cultural layers, at Qinhuangtai site, Binzhou City. The tectonic and non-tectonic origin cracks were identified on the city wall of the Site of Capital of State Qi, Linzi City. In Rizhao city, parallel distributed sand vein fracture groups were found in the cultural layer of Longshan-Warring States-Han Dynasty at Yaowangcheng site. Typical conjugate shear fractures were identified on the city wall of the ancient city of the State of Xue, Tengzhou City. The above natural deformation phenomena are concentrated in the culture layers of the Spring and Autumn-Warring States-Han Dynasties and before, and characterized by seismic sand-soil liquefaction traces, which indicate that these regions might have been in the seismic active episodes in the corresponding periods. The above inference has been confirmed by microscopic data analysis.     

Examination of Historical Data of the 1125 Lanzhou M7.0 Earthquake and Analysis of Seismogenic Structure

Detailed examination of historical data of earthquakes and field investigations of loess landslide caused by the earthquake and tracing of active faults in Lanzhou area indicate that the Yijitanpu town,one of six towns of Jincheng city,was devastated by the 1125 Lanzhou earthquake.The citly is now located in the Vinylon Factory south of Hekou(River Mouth)in the Xigu distict of Lanzhou city.We delermined that the six old towns mentioned in historical records lie in an area stretching from the south of Xigu district to Hekou in Lanzhou.This is consistent with the distibution of loess landslides caused by the earthquake,the extension of Holocene active faults,and the distribution of traces of the seismic rupture zone.A comprehensive analysis shows that the seismogenic structure for the 1125 Lanzhou M7.0 earthquake should be the Xianshuigou fault segment at the western termination of the north-border active fault zone of the Maxianshan Mountains which are located in south of Lanzhou city with the distance of only 4km.     

The dynamic and thermodynamic processes dominating the reduction of global land monsoon precipitation driven by anthropogenic aerosols emission

Changes in monsoon precipitation have profound social and economic impacts as more than two-thirds of the world's population lives in monsoon regions. Observations show a significant reduction in global land monsoon precipitation during the second half of the 20 th century. Understanding the cause of this change, especially possible anthropogenic origins, is important.Here, we compare observed changes in global land monsoon precipitation during 1948–2005 with those simulated by 5 global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project-phase 5(CMIP5) under different external forcings.We show that the observed drying trend is consistent with the model simulated response to anthropogenic forcing and to anthropogenic aerosol forcing in particular. We apply the optimal fingerprinting method to quantify anthropogenic influences on precipitation and find that anthropogenic aerosols may have contributed to 102%(62–144% for the 5–95% confidence interval)of the observed decrease in global land monsoon precipitation. A moisture budget analysis indicates that the reduction in precipitation results from reduced vertical moisture advection in response to aerosol forcing. Since much of the monsoon regions,such as India and China, have been experiencing rapid developments with increasing aerosol emissions in the past decedes, our results imply a further reduction in monsoon precipitation in these regions in the future if effective mitigations to reduce aerosol emissions are not deployed. The observed decline of aerosol emission in China since 2006 helps to alleviate the reducing trend of monsoon precipiptaion.     

Effective solutions to a global 3D visual system in networking environments

Today, with the proposal of digital earth, digital city and digital community, and rapid advances in informa-tion technologies and collection of spatial data, to a great degree, the traditional 2D GIS is promoted to Web and 3D GIS, which greatly challenges the capaci-ties of the system in transmitting and handling massive datasets. A great number of 3D GIS prototype systems have been developed and applied in such areas as mine resource management, digital cities. However, appli-cation sys…     

中国城市抗御地震灾害研究的发展与实践

城市是社会发展的产物,它具有人口密集、经济发达、基础设施集中等特点。城市安全一直是人们普遍关心的问题,城市地震安全受到政府和社会的广泛关注,并且是学术界研究的热点问题之一。唐山大地震后,在反思惨痛震害教训的同时,中国政府和学术界开始了长达40余年的城市抗御地震灾害的研究与实践,形成了有中国特色的城市抗震防灾技术和方法。本文简要地归纳了破坏性地震对城市的影响,从我国先后开展的城市抗震防灾规划、防震减灾规划和韧性城市3个方面系统地总结了中国城市抗御地震灾害研究和实践的发展历程,讨论和评述了在这一研究领域存在的问题。本文对韧性城市的定义、研究内容、特征、评价指标和方法进行了较为详细的介绍,在此基础上,提出了在城市抗震中应重点加强研究的5个方面的问题和今后的研究方向。     

城市地震灾害与防震减灾对策

综合有关资料显示,地震灾害造成城市人员重大伤亡,经济损失惨重,是毁城之首。城市震灾具有许多特点,是防震减灾的重中之重,提出了城市的综合防震减灾对策,可减轻未来震灾损失,促进社会的稳定和可持续发展。     

珠江三角洲城市群地震灾害应急管理的问题分析及对策

以珠江三角洲城市群发展趋势与地震灾害形势为背景,分析其地震应急管理体系存在的突出问题,借鉴国外大城市灾害应急管理的经验,提出构建珠江三角洲城市群地震灾害应急管理新体系的对策。     

新形势下我国城市地震灾害的特点及防治对策

城市是一个国家和地区政治、经济、文化的中心,又是人口、财富、信息的集聚地,正是现代化城市的这种特征造成了一旦发生地震就会导致大量的灾难.城市地震的防治和减灾事关一个城市的存亡.传统的城市地震灾害的特点表现为人员伤亡惨重、经济损失巨大、社会影响广泛等.进入21世纪,随着城市化进程的加快,我国城市的地震灾害表现出了许多新的特点.本文在全面、客观分析21世纪我国城市地震灾害的特点基础上,提出新形势下城市防震减灾工作的具体措施,对我国的城市减灾工作有所裨益.     

河谷型城市的震害特点及防震减灾——以兰州市区为例

兰州是中国最典型的唯一河谷型特大城市,市内多次发生或遭受到强地震波及影响。特殊的地质构造和自然地理环境,使兰州市的震害尤其是地震诱发的地质灾害,表现出多样性、多发性、复杂性和严重性;由于城市的政治、经济结构和地位的影响,使灾害的危害表现在整体性和全局性上,因而兰州市在地震灾害面前又显示出脆弱和易损的一面。建立健全全市防震减灾的机制,预防各种次生灾害,尤其是包括滑坡在内的地质灾害,确保生命线工程的安全和正常运转,提高各级政府的管理水平,强化公众的综合应急应变能力,是做好兰州市防震减灾的重要工作。     

城市园林的抗震减灾功能

在唐山大地震、关东大地震、阪神大地震和我国台湾省集集地震中,城市园林开阔空间发挥了重要的抗震减灾作用。防火树林带是隔离园林内的避难场所与外部火灾的障壁,对提高避难场所的安全性有重要意义。规划建设城市防灾公园是提高城市园林抗震减灾功能的重大举措。城市园林的抗震减灾功能持续时间长,从地震灾害发生一直延续到恢复重建。     

防震减灾公益广告宣传模式及思考

公益广告有效地引导了公益事业的发展,发挥了积极作用,在社会上引起了极大的反响,得到了全社会的支持和参与。但防震减灾公益广告宣传模式研究相对缺失,本文根据防震减灾公益广告的发展现状,调查分析了防震减灾公益广告现阶段存在的问题,给出了防震减灾公益广告宣传模式和对策建议。     

Earthquake Prediction Research in China

1 .ＥＳＴＡＢＬＩＳＨＭＥＮＴＯＦＡＭＵＬＴＩ ＤＩＳＣＩＰＬＩＮＡＲＹＳＹＳＴＥＭＦＯＲＭＯＮＩＴＯＲＩＮＧＥＡＲＴＨＱＵＡＫＥＳＡＮＤＰＲＥＣＵＲＳＯＲＳ　　Ａｍｕｌｔｉ ｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｅｔｕｐｔｏｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓａｎｄｐｒｅｃｕｒｓｏｒｓｓｏａｓｔｏｐｒｏ ｖｉｄｅａｓｕｒｖｅｉｌｌａｎｃｅｂａｓｅｆｏｒｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇ .Ｔｈｅｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔｏｆａｍｕｌｔｉ ｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍｆｏ…     

基于抗震性能普查数据的城区群体建筑震害预测初探

采用孙柏涛等人提出的基于已有震害矩阵模拟的群体震害预测模型,在广东省防震减灾"十一五"重点项目"重点监视防御区县级以上城市建(构)筑物抗震性能普查"数据的基础上,对已做过震害预测城市(区)与普查城市在设防标准、建筑年代、地上层数、建筑用途及平面形状等五方面进行相似度计算,最后得出普查城市的震害矩阵,对比分析结果表明,应用该方法对群体建筑物实施震害预测是可行的。