新沂河沭东段束水温滩河道糙率计算探讨

在分析了新沂河沭阳以东（以下简称新沂河沭东段）行洪能力呈下降趋势的基础上,认为河道糙率是导致行洪上降的主要原因之一。根据实测资料进行河道全断面综合糙率计算时,采用了《比降－－面积法测流规范》（以下简称《规范》中推荐的公式,同时指出这些公式在分别计算泓道、滩地单元糙率上的不足。针对新沂河沭东段束水漫滩河道的特点,提出了一种计算泓道、 单元糙率的新方法,计算成果合理,能较好地反映实际情况。     

南运河畅流期与冰期河道糙率计算及变化规律分析

河道糙率是反映河流阻力的综合性系数,也是衡量河流能量损失大小的特征值。天然河道糙率一般由河道各种糙率单元综合组成。河道糙率是河道工程水力计算中的重要因素,关系到天然河道输水能力和行洪标准的确切评价。南运河处于漳卫南运河水系的最下游,河道全长309 km,是历史上京杭大运河的下段,也是引黄、引江南水北调东线方案的输水干线。通过对南运河畅流期及冰期糙率进行计算,并对畅流期与冰期糙率变化规律进行研究。结果表明,在畅流期,流量不同时,随着流量的增大,河道糙率逐渐变小。当增大至滩地过水(120 m3/以上)的情况下,河道糙率又有所增大。冰期河道糙率与期畅流期相比,冰盖下输水糙率值明显增大。研究河道畅流期与冰期糙率的变化规律,对南运河冰期输水监测具有指导意义。     

冰盖下矩形河道的综合糙率

综合糙率是采用曼宁公式确定河道水位和流量关系的关键参数。在河道冰封期,冰盖的出现增加了流动的阻力,明流条件下确定的综合糙率不再适用,需要重新估算。基于Einstein阻力划分过流断面的原理,冰盖下矩形河道的过水断面可划分为冰盖区、河床区和边壁区。根据总流的连续性方程,在确定各分区糙率系数、水力半径和断面面积的基础上,提出了冰盖下矩形河道综合糙率的计算公式。采用已有的试验水槽测量数据和天然河道实测资料对公式进行了验证,结果表明:公式计算的综合糙率与实测值吻合较好,与Einstein公式和Sabaneev公式相比,计算精度更高;对于冰封水流,宽浅河道采用分区水深代替水力半径进行简化计算的条件有别于明渠水流,在宽深比大于20时,计算结果才满足精度要求。     

冰封河道综合糙率计算方法比较与分析

综合糙率是冰封河道水力计算的重要输入参数。根据水流连续性和力的平衡原理,分别推导得到冰封河道综合糙率的通用公式,并选取抛物线形、矩形和梯形作为典型断面,系统地总结Pavlovskiy、Einstein、Lotter、Sabaneev、Larsen、改进的Larsen等常见公式由通用公式基于何种假定（分区的湿周、流速或水力半径相等）简化得到。采用水槽实测数据和野外观测资料,对比上述公式的计算精度,结果表明改进的Larsen公式的计算结果与实测值吻合较好,推荐在工程设计中使用。前5种公式误差较大的原因在于分区的流速、水力半径相等对于冰封河道不具有普适性,尤其是Lotter公式和Pavlovskiy公式在冰盖和河床糙率差异较大时会明显低估冰封河道的综合糙率,在工程设计中应慎重采用。     

糙率对感潮河段水位预报的影响

感潮河段洪水受上游洪水和下游潮水的共同作用,且河道断面复杂,这些因素加剧了糙率取值的难度.本文通过糙率影响试验,分析了糙率改变对感潮河段计算水位的影响.在具有明显漫滩的断面,将糙率取值分为漫滩糙率和主槽糙率后再进行水位计算.试验结果表明,糙率值的改变对计算水位影响较大,且对感潮河段洪水过程的不同阶段影响程度不同;漫潍糙率的改变对漫滩洪水位影响很大,主槽糙率的改变对低水位影响较大.     

山区河道糙率变化规律浅析

探讨了山区水利水电工程中经常遇到的确定河道糙率问题,总结了糙率选定的基本方法,初步分析了河道糙率变化规律,介绍了部分水电工程的糙率推求方法、结果及体会.     

基于二维浅水模拟的河道滩地洪水淹没研究

提出了一种河道滩地洪水淹没分析的多分辨率处理方法。该方法首先利用有限元数值求解二维浅水方程,模拟河道水流运动,并利用干湿判断处理河道动边界,获得不同流量情况下的河道水面线沿程变化;然后以水面线切割河道滩地高精度DEM(数字高程)地形,利用图像分割及区域生长法识别陆域和水域。该方法实际应用于南渡江下游河口段的滩地洪水淹没分析,有效将二维浅水模拟的低分辨率网格(10m精度)和局部滩地高分辨率地形(2m精度)结合,获得了高精度的淹没范围计算结果。     

历史时期长江中游河道演变与洪灾发展的规律

历史时期,长江中游的河道在科氏力、掀斜构造活动的影响下,长期南移。在主泓南移、气候由湿变干、分汊淤浅的背景下,大量人口由北方迁入,促使沿长江主泓的围堤迅速发展。原先多汊分流的河道,演变为被围堤约束的狭窄河道。水沙集中于狭窄的堤围河道,洪峰难以调节,泥沙淤高河床,形成水涨堤高、堤高水涨的恶性循环。宋末至明代,是长江中游围堤基本成型与完善,也是洪水位不断抬升,洪灾不断加剧的时期,说明洪灾加剧与围堤密不可分。现有的防洪方针,延续了历史上"抗拒洪水"的思路,没有体现"与洪水共处"的原则,需要进行反思。建议采取"疏导为本"的防洪方针,恢复与增加长江中游分流汊道,扩大江河行洪能力,分散泥沙淤积,以达到可持续治洪的目的。     

比降上下断面间距计算公式和比降精度的探讨

由于比降一面积法具有经济、简便、安全、迅速和能测到瞬时流量等优点,1986年被水电部列为符合河段顺直、糙率有较好规律条件水文站的一种测流方法。水面比降是影响比降一面积法测流精度的主要参数。本文将针对水电部部标准《比降一面积法测流规范》(以下简称部标)中的比降上下断面间距公式存在的问题,提出一个新的计算公式;并对如何提高比降精度和比降-面积法的适用条件进行一些讨     

河道糙率的影响因素分析

简略回顾了糙率研究的历史状况,收集山西44个水文站的实测水文资料分析后,认为影响河道糙率的主要因素是河床质组成、岸壁特征、植被状况和水流的平面形态,宽深比对糙率有影响,而比降、含沙量、流域面积大小对糙率没有影响.之外,断面上下游河道的地形、地貌和障碍物决定糙率曲线线型的变化.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.