太阳耀斑中^3He富化的理论

概述了太阳^3He富化的一个完整的两阶段加速模型。具有适当带电状态的太阳粒子。例如^3He，电子和一些重离子主要由频率为ω=2Ω^3He的氢回旋波所加热。这些被预热的粒子进而在费米加速过程中被加速到高的能量。这一自洽的模型解释了加速的各个方面，并预言了粒子的丰度，加热离子的带电状态，以及其能谱与观测相符和的结果。     

太阳风中阿尔文波的研究进展

阿尔文波在太阳风中普遍存在,对其中等离子体的加热与加速有重要意义.从太阳风中的结构、太阳风湍流、太阳风全球模型、等离子体不稳定性(参量衰变不稳定性和火蛇管不稳定性)、太阳风的加热与加速等方面,总结了近年来太阳风中阿尔文波相关的研究进展.结合目前的研究趋势,从亚阿尔文速太阳风、太阳风全球模型和太阳源区3个方向展望了未来阿尔文波的相关研究.     

基于磁流体力学模拟的太阳高能粒子物理模式研究进展

太阳高能粒子(SEP)事件是一类重要的空间天气灾害性事件,其数值预报研究在空间天气预报研究中占有很重要的地位。SEP事件主要包括3种类型:与太阳耀斑爆发相关联的脉冲型事件,与日冕物质抛射驱动的激波相关联的缓变型事件,以及同时具有缓变型和脉冲型事件特征的混合型事件。其中,缓变型SEP事件持续时间较长并且高能粒子强度较大,对这类事件的模拟是当前研究的难点。目前针对缓变型SEP事件的模拟工作业已发展了多个理论和数值模型。每个模型都对SEP加速和传播的复杂过程作了基本的假设,这些模型的模拟结果能够部分重现观测到的SEP事件特征。而若要提高预报SEP事件的能力,则需要将描述三维日冕物质抛射驱动的激波模型与描述高能粒子在行星际空间中的加速和传输的模型耦合起来,建立基于接近真实的SEP加速和传播的三维太阳风背景模拟及以激波参数为输入的SEP模型。主要回顾了缓变型SEP事件中粒子的加速和传输方面的研究进展,以及可用于获取CME激波传播参数的磁流体力学太阳风模型研究现状;综述了缓变型SEP事件的激波一粒子模型(shock-and-particle model);最后对未来工作进行了讨论和展望。     

太阳大气中动力学阿尔文波的产生与加热研究进展

动力学阿尔文波是垂直波长接近离子回旋半径或者电子惯性长度的色散阿尔文波.由于波的尺度接近粒子的动力学尺度,动力学阿尔文波在太阳和空间等离子体加热、加速等能化现象中起重要作用.因此,动力学阿尔文波通常被认为是日冕加热的候选者.本研究工作深入、系统地调研了太阳大气中动力学阿尔文波的激发和耗散机制.基于日冕等离子体环境,介绍了几种常见的动力学阿尔文波激发机制:温度各向异性不稳定性、场向电流不稳定性、电子束流不稳定性、密度非均匀不稳定性以及共振模式转换.还介绍了太阳大气中动力学阿尔文波的耗散机制,并讨论了这些耗散机制对黑子加热、冕环加热以及冕羽加热的影响.不仅为认识太阳大气中动力学阿尔文波的驱动机制、动力学演化特征以及波粒相互作用提供合理的理论依据,而且有助于揭示日冕等离子体中能量储存和释放、粒子加热等能化现象的微观物理机制.     

太阳大气等离子体的电流研究

该文讨论了太阳大气等离子体中电流的成因和对各种爆发活动的作用和影响,对目前的研究现状和存在的问题进行了分析讨论,指出虽然磁场是太阳物理观测和研究的关键要素,但是电流也是理解能量的传输与耗散、不稳定性的驱动和激发、等离子体的加热和粒子加速等太阳物理过程的重要概念.该文还提出了一个定性的改进电路模型,认为电流主要产生于太阳内部的发电机过程,同时电路在日冕部分的环形磁场位型也将产生部分新经典电流,通过磁通量管流入太阳大气,并在日冕区域通过磁场重联等过程释放能量.对该模型尚待解决的问题也进行了简单讨论.     

太阳宏观电场测量进展

太阳耀斑爆发时,日冕中磁自由能通过磁重联在短时间内转换成其他形式的能量,并伴随等离子体的加速和加热,以及带电粒子的加速。在这些过程中,宏观电场的出现起到关键的作用。但是到目前为止,由于太阳上宏观电场的探测比较困难,对电场的研究较少。近几年来随着一系列空间探测卫星被投入使用,加深了人们对日地空间事件发生、发展的物理过程的认识。但是太阳爆发和日冕加热机制等磁活动现象没有得到本质上的认识。太阳宏观电场的探测对突破这一瓶颈具有重要作用。综述了国内外在太阳宏观电场测量上的进展,并提出中国巨型望远镜(ChineseGiant Solar Telescope)在宏观电场观测上可能的科学目标。     

太阳风离子尺度湍流与太阳风加热

太阳风源自太阳大气,在行星际空间传播过程中被持续加热,然而究竟是何种能量加热了太阳风至今未研究清楚.太阳风普遍处于湍动状态,其湍动能量被认为是加热太阳风的重要能源.然而,太阳风湍流通过何种载体、基于何种微观物理机制加热了太阳风尚不明确,这是相关研究的关键问题.将回顾人类对太阳风加热问题的研究历史,着重介绍近年来我国学者在太阳风离子尺度湍流与加热方面取得的研究进展,展望未来在太阳风加热研究中有待解决的科学问题和可能的研究方向.     

脉冲型耀斑中阿尔芬波湍流加速3He和重离子机制探讨

基于在^3He丰富事件中，高能^3He和重离子具有相似的幂律谱分布这一观测结果，通过数值求解Fokker-Planck方程，探讨经阿尔芬波湍动速后的离子分布随时间的演化特征。计算结果表明：加速源区的等离子体密度和阿尔芬波湍动能量密度对粒子能谱分布起主要作用，如果取加速源区等离子体密度n=(0.1-1)10^10cm^-3、磁场强度B=50-100Gs、湍动能量密度为0.4-2ergs cm^-3，则在1秒左右的时间内，湍动阿尔芬波能够将^3He和重离子加速到10MeV/nucleon量级，能谱指数为2.0-3.5。理论计算与观测结果基本一致。     

质子耀斑爆发相的粒子加速

本文从粒子分布函数所满足的带有规则电场的准线性方程出发,得到了包含有规则电场与湍动起伏场相互耦合作用在内的等效动量空间扩散系数,提出了太阳质子耀斑中性片中的规则电场与湍动起伏场的联合加速机制。根据太阳质子耀斑的物理条件,计算表明荷电粒子在中性片中可以被有效地加速,能量可以达到～20MeV,甚至～1GeV。本文证明了离子声湍动起伏场与规则电场的联合加速机制有效地使质子和其它重离子注入到Langmuir湍动加速区中去;并且表明,在Langmuir湍动起伏场与规则电场联合加速的情形下,可以得到与观测事实符合得较好的高能质子的谱以及高能电子的幂律分布的谱。     

利用TALYS计算太阳耀斑伽玛射线

太阳耀斑伽玛射线能谱是加速粒子与太阳大气介质原子碰撞的结果,它是研究太阳耀斑中加速粒子和高能电子最为直接的手段.通过分析伽玛射线能谱,可以获得耀斑过程中加速粒子的成分、能谱、角分布及太阳大气元素丰度等重要信息.TALYS程序是一套模拟核反应的软件,对核反应过程中的所有信息均能完整地描述.利用TALYS计算得到了完整的太阳耀斑伽玛射线的核反应截面数据,开发了一套新的耀斑伽玛射线谱计算程序.详细介绍了耀斑伽玛射线计算的理论模型,并简单探讨了耀斑伽玛射线的特性,为未来的耀斑伽玛射线能谱分析奠定了理论基础.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

正~~     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...