非饱和带水气二相渗流动力学模型

非饱和带地下水运动实质上是一个水气二相渗流过程。本文以多相渗流理论为基础,从水气二相渗流的连续性方程和达西定律出发,推导了非饱和带水气二相渗流的耦合动力学模型,讨论了模型的IMPES和全隐式联立求解方法的原理和步骤,认为IMPES求解方法由于达西系数项的处理,饱和度的计算均采用显式,因此该解法具有稳定性差、精度低且要求计算时间步长小的局限性;而全隐式联立求解方法是联立求解气相、水相方程,同时求出压力和饱和度值,因此压力和饱和度值都是隐式求出,具有较高精度,且无条件稳定,应是今后模型求解的重点研究内容      

水气两相流系统K-S-P模型参数反演的最优估计

应用渗流力学和参数反演辨识最优化理论,建立了水气两相流控制方程,给出了控制两相流系统K-S-P模型参数之间的本构关系,并对其中的相关参数进行数值反演辨识,得出待求参数的最优估计值。对不同质地土壤的实验测试值进行对比分析,其结果吻合较好,验证了模型的适定性和可靠性,解决了实验数据处理以及结果对初值的敏感性问题,并且该数值方法可通过多组初值参数进行数值实验,结合实验结果来满足实际工程的需求。这不仅对非饱和带内污染物传输、气藏工程试井计算、填埋气体的释放以及挥发性有机污染物的去污分析中两相流数值计算提供基础,而且对K-S-P本构关系之间参数的确定提供了可靠的理论依据。     

水气二相渗流耦合模型及其应用

本文建立了非饱和带水气二相渗流的耦合模型,并采用IMPES(隐式求解压力方程,显式求解饱和度)求解方法对该模型进行了求解。在此基础上,将该模型应用于沁水盆地TL煤层气井水气运移、产出的模拟计算,利用该井1999年2月9日～5月6日的水气排采资料,通过历史拟合计算,对影响该井水气产量的主要参数(如渗透率、表皮系数、相对渗透率等)进行了校正、识别,预测了该井未来20年的水气产量动态变化特征。     

非饱和土渗流与变形耦合问题的有限元分析

基于多孔介质力学原理,建立能模拟非饱和土两相流动与变形耦合问题的理论模型。利用Galerkin法对控制方程进行离散,得到控制方程的有限元计算格式。在此基础上,自主开发了有限元计算程序U-DYSAC2,并对Liakopoulos两相流动试验这一经典算例以及重非亲水相流体（DNAPL）在饱和多孔介质中迁移的离心模型试验进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明,理论预测与试验结果基本吻合,验证了所提出的分析方法在模拟非饱和土渗流以及变形问题时的有效性,从而为定量研究饱和-非饱和渗流以及变形问题提供了一条有效途径。     

包气带水气二相流国外研究综述

与传统的包气带中水流研究相比,水气二相流更准确地描述了包气带中的水与空气的流动情况,这对更好地了解固体废物处置场中污染物的运动规律具有重要的意义.与一相流明显不同的是,二相流考虑了空气的运动及其对水流的作用.根据国外近几十年来不同研究者的研究结果,总结了入渗过程中水的流动、空气对水流的影响及空气本身的压力变化情况,并分析了不同作者研究结果的差别.     

基于流动电位正演模型的非饱和带水流过程监测

为了获取非饱和带水流过程的信息,借助流动电位正演模型,通过数值实验探讨非降雨和降雨两种条件下非饱和带流动电位和水流过程的关系,然后用南京中山植物园试验场地野外观测的流动电位和张力数据加以对比和验证。野外试验表明:流动电位可以有效地反映非饱和带水流过程。在夏季无降雨入渗的条件下,日周期变化的地表地下温度差导致水分的运动,流动电位准确地指示了非饱和带含水量和毛细压力的变化情况,从而指示出了水分运移的方向;在夏季有降雨入渗的条件下,降雨锋面推进之处,含水量和流动电位同时有明显的响应,进而根据不同位置的流动电位对降雨入渗响应的时刻差,直接求出入渗锋面的推进速度。     

层状非均质结构包气带入渗过程单相流与两相流数值模拟对比研究

包气带水分入渗过程受多种因素的影响。定量研究层状非均质岩性结构和入渗速率对其影响,有助于解决根据不同条件选择单相流模型或水气二相流模型模拟包气带水分入渗过程的问题。结合填埋场等场地地层条件及污废水入渗特征,分别建立了“上细下粗”和“上粗下细”包气带层状非均质岩性结构水分入渗单相流和水气二相流模型,探讨不同层状非均质岩性结构条件下模型的适用性。在“上粗下细”岩性结构模型基础上,进一步探究入渗速率对水气两相运移结果的影响。基于论文模型研究表明:（1）在包气带岩性结构为“上细下粗”的条件下,气相的影响基本可以忽略,可直接采用单相流模型对包气带水分运移进行模拟;在“上粗下细”岩性结构和本次模型设定的底部压力保持不变及污废水泄漏前场地未接受降水入渗补给等条件下,当包气带上下层介质渗透率比值大于16倍时,气相会对水相运移产生明显影响,且下层介质渗透率越小、上下层介质渗透率比值越大,单相流与两相流的运移结果差别越大,需要采用水气二相流模型模拟包气带水分运移。（2）在包气带“上粗下细”岩性结构条件下,入渗速率越大,气相对水流入渗的阻滞作用越明显,此时包气带水分运移模拟应采用水气二相流模型。     

利用溢出量数据确定非饱和土-水力学参数

在Wei & Muraleetharan基于非饱和土两相流交界面上的动态相容条件提出的多孔介质热动力学混合物理论模型基础上,推导出能描述溢出量与时间关系的溢出量演化方程。根据溢出量演化方程,结合一定变化规律的基质吸力序列,建立了给定基质吸力序列作用下利用多步流动试验瞬态溢出量数据确定非饱和土-水力学参数的方法。通过对低液限粉土、低液限黏土的多步流动试验研究发现,利用瞬态溢出量数据的拟合来确定非饱和土-水力学参数的方法而得到的各基质吸力作用下试样饱和度和渗透系数预估值,与联合测试系统测得的各基质吸力作用下试样的饱和度及渗透系数接近。     

水气混合洞塞泄流溶解氧输移扩散的数值计算

为研究水气二相混合洞塞泄流欠饱和溶解氧输移扩散行为特性,揭示气体体积分数、进口溶解氧浓度、雷诺数等流动特征参数和洞塞尺寸等几何参数对溶解氧浓度恢复的影响规律,开展了水气二相混合洞塞泄流溶解氧输移扩散的室内模型试验,观测流速、压力和溶解氧浓度分布。建立了水气二相混合洞塞泄流溶解氧输移扩散数学模型,并利用物理模型试验数据对数学模型进行了验证。利用验证后的数学模型,分别计算不同进口气体体积分数、溶解氧浓度、雷诺数、洞塞长度和洞塞直径条件下水气二相混合洞塞泄流溶解氧浓度恢复情况。结果发现:气体体积分数越大,进口溶解氧浓度与饱和溶解氧浓度差值越大,雷诺数越小,溶解氧浓度增量越大;洞塞长度越长,洞塞直径越小,溶解氧浓度增量越大。     

非饱和土土-水特征曲线预估方法研究

在Wei等[1]基于多相孔隙介质非平衡渗流理论提出的多孔介质热动力学混合物理论模型的基础上,建立了一个能描述不考虑土骨架变形的非饱和土土-水特征曲线动态模型。依据非饱和土土-水特征曲线动态模型,推导出不考虑土骨架变形的气-水两相非饱和土的饱和度演化方程。利用饱和度演化方程并结合多步流动瞬态试验的成果,通过数值反演,提出了一种能利用多步流动瞬态试验数据快速确定非饱和土土-水特征曲线的方法。通过对低液限粉土及低液限黏土的多步流动瞬态试验研究发现,饱和度演化方程能较好地模拟非饱和土在小基质吸力步长变化下饱和度的变化规律。此外,通过对多步流动瞬态试验试样饱和度的模拟确定的非饱和土土-水特征曲线与联合测试系统测得的土-水特征曲线的结果较为一致。     

粗糙裂隙水、气两相流相对渗透系数模型与数值分析

粗糙裂隙水、气两相流相对渗透系数是岩体工程多相渗流以及水力耦合分析的重要参数。从粗糙裂隙的细观结构出发，基于毛细吸持理论和立方定理，提出了粗糙裂隙水、气两相流相对渗透系数模型。通过与具有不同空间分布的粗糙裂隙水、气两相流试验数据对比分析，验证了模型的准确性。为进一步验证理论模型对不同粗糙程度裂隙的适用性，基于SRAM与Invasion Percolation模型，提出了粗糙裂隙的开度分布生成以及水、气两相流数值分析方法，计算结果表明理论模型与数值数据基本吻合一致，且优于X模型、V-C模型以及Corey模型。     

Identification of diffusion parameters in a nonlinear convection–diffusion equation using the augmented Lagrangian method

Numerical identification of diffusion parameters in a nonlinear convection–diffusion equation is studied. This partial differential equation arises as the saturation equation in the fractional flow formulation of the two-phase porous media flow equations. The forward problem is discretized with the finite difference method, and the identification problem is formulated as a constrained minimization problem. We utilize the augmented Lagrangian method and transform the minimization problem into a coupled system of nonlinear algebraic equations, which is solved efficiently with the nonlinear conjugate gradient method. Numerical experiments are presented and discussed. This work was partially supported by the Research Council of Norway (NFR), under grant 128224/431.     

Pore to pore validation of pore network modelling against micromodel experiment results

Pore network modelling (PNM) has been widely used to study the multiphase flow and transport in porous media. Although a number of recent papers discussed the PNM validation on core-scale parameters such as permeability, relative permeability and capillary pressure; quantitative predictive potential of PNM on pore by pore basis has rarely been studied. The aim of this paper is to present a direct comparison between PNM simulations and corresponding micro-model experiments at the same scale and the same geometry. A number of well-defined and constrained two-phase flow in porous medium experimental scenarios were utilized to validate the physics solving part in PNM (filling rules, capillary and viscous pressure). This work validates that a dynamic pore network flow solver can predict two-phase flow displacements for these experiments for drainage situations at both pore and plug scales. A glass-etched micro-model is used to quantify the accuracy of a dynamic PNM solver on pore and core levels. Two-phase drainage micro fluidic experiments at different flow conditions are performed on micro-models. PNM simulations are performed on the same pattern and flow conditions as used in micro-model experiments. The two-phase distribution extracted from experiment images is registered onto rsults of PNM simulations for direct pore to pore comparison. Pore-scale matching level is found at around 75 % for all three test cases. The matching level of core-scale parameters such as S _{w c} and oil-phase permeability varies from case to case; the relative error to micro-model experiment measurements varies from 15 to 60 %. Possible reasons leading to discrepancies on core-scale parameters are discussed: missing considerations during validation of the combination of uncertainty in both simulator input parameters and experiments are seen as the principal factors.     

不同粒度颗粒在非恒定管流中跟随性试验

管道中固液两相流水击对管道和输送系统可能产生严重的破坏,而固液两相在这种非恒定流中的运动特性是计算最大水击压力变化的重要依据。采用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）,通过试验研究水击发生时,水平圆管中不同平均流速、颗粒粒径条件下,流体介质和粗颗粒在管道断面的速度分布以及粗颗粒跟随性的变化规律。研究结果表明:①在水击发生的不同时刻,圆管流中粗颗粒的流速在管道断面分布呈不规则的抛物线型分布,主要表现为靠近管道壁面底部的颗粒流速略小于靠近管道顶部流速,当颗粒粒径大于1.5 mm,平均流速小于2.5 m/s时,粗颗粒表现出明显的沉降特性;②粗颗粒的跟随性与颗粒受力有密切关系,其中颗粒速度与流体速度的变化量是影响颗粒受力的重要参数;③基于试验数据拟合得到了水击条件下粗颗粒跟随性系数k的经验公式,并分析了颗粒粒径、管道直径、两相流平均流速以及水击发生时间等不同参数对粗颗粒跟随性系数的影响,公式计算值与实测值之间的误差在5%以内。     

磨料两相圆形射流紊流方程的建立及其求解

根据一定合理假设从单相圆形层流边界方程的建立和求解入手，分别建立了两相圆形层流射流边界层方程，单相圆形紊流边界层方程和两相圆形紊流边界层方程并给出了各种情况下的流速分布等参数的解答，为研究磨料两相射流对材料的打击和切割作用奠定了理论基础。     

Simulation of fluid percolation in a rough-walled rock fracture

A comparison of experimental and numerical results is presented addressing two-phase immiscible displacement in rough fractures. Quasi-static, capillary displacement in a rough fracture is modeled using the modified invasion percolation approach proposed by Glass et al (1998), and the results are compared against experimental observations obtained from two-phase flow through a rock fracture using x-ray computed-tomography scanning. The model is based on an algorithm seeking the least resistant pathway for the advancement of the invading fluid using the Young-Laplace equation and accounting for local in-plane curvature of the advancing fluid front. The saturation distribution map generated by the model yields good agreement with the experimental phase distribution and presents more realistic phase structures than those obtained from the conventional invasion percolation approach. The improvement in the results obtained with the modified invasion percolation approach is attributed to the contribution of the in-plane curvature term, which captures the effect of regionalized apertures, rather than single-point apertures, on the shape of the invading front. Glass RJ, Nicholl MJ, Yarrington L (1998) A modified invasion percolation model for low-capillary number immiscible displacements in horizontal rough-walled fractures: influence of local in-plane curvature. Water Resour Res 34:3215–3234     

非饱和带水-气二相流数值模拟研究进展

通过对近年来水-气二相流数值模拟情况的分析,总结了在水-气二相流模拟过程中,各个主要参数或物理过程的数学概化方法,以及近年来求解水-气二相流方程和污染物运移方程的各种方法,论述了各种方法的优点和不足.并提出了需进一步研究解决的问题.     

床面附近泥沙运动的分析

基于水、沙两相的分相测量试验结果,分析了床面附近泥沙颗粒的脉动和力学特性,指出床面附近的泥沙运动有着特殊的力学机制:颗粒相具有较强的非湍流脉动,其产生的脉动应力对颗粒的运动起着重要作用。论述了沙粒在水流中从推移运动到扬起悬浮的物理过程,讨论了过去一些理论中存在的问题和不足,概括了泥沙颗粒在水流中从床面扬起的基本模式,运用两相流理论分析了沙粒在水流中扬起的动力学机理。根据颗粒运动的垂向动量平衡原理,对泥沙颗粒的垂向浓度分布规律作了新的分析解释。证实了除浓度梯度之外,颗粒相的垂向脉动强度梯度也是泥沙扩散的重要扩散势,进一步揭示了悬移质浓度垂线分布存在两种类型的内在机理。     

Improving energy efficiency and fouling mitigation for membrane bioreactor in Al-Rustamiyah sewage treatment plant based on hydrodynamics

In Al-Rustamiyah sewage treatment plant in the east of Baghdad city, capital of Iraq, the membrane bioreactor suffering from a severe biofouling problem. The main reason for this problem is inefficient and inadequate aeration process. The objective of this work is to control fouling and to improve the energy efficiency of the submerged membrane bioreactor. Fouling control is achieved by optimizing the two-phase hydrodynamic parameters (air bubble diameter and shear stress), while energy efficiency improved through analysis of flow field. An experimental rig similar to real plant was built, and several operating and design parameters were experimentally tested. The parameters were air flow rate (1–9 L/min), membrane sheets spacing (3, 5, and 7 mm), and air diffuser design (pipe diffuser and disk diffuser). The bubble sizes were measured experimentally using high-speed camera. It was found that larger bubbles were produced at narrow channels between the membrane sheets. Optimization using computational fluid dynamic with ANSYS FLUENT was employed; the results showed that a bubble diameter of 2.5 mm had a slug flow pattern, resulting in better energy saving for a 3 mm space between membrane sheets with a 5 L/min air flow, while maximum shear stress obtained was (4 Pa). Nutrients removal results from synthetic sewage were 97.32, 79.68, and 13% for COD, NH₃–N, and PO ₄ ^?3 , respectively, at 6 days retention time. The results obtained are quite significant in practice because it contributes to improve the efficiency of membrane bioreactor in Al-Rustamiyah sewage treatment plant.     

ICA及其在气液两相流辨识中的应用

应用独立分量分析（ICA）方法研究气液两相流的辨识问题。根据基于高阶统计量的改进J-H ICA求解算法,利用给定仿真信号及不同流量油、气、水单相流体响应信号,模拟两相、三相混合信源进行分离实验,验证该方法的可靠性,并对生产井实测气液两相流体多路传感器响应信号进行分离。对比及分析分离结果表明,该方法成功地从混合信号中分离出表征气、液特征的源信号,达到了辨识目的。