土工膜岩土力学性质的温度影响试验

HDPE土工膜（geomembrane,GM）在城市卫生填埋场等环保工程中可能会面临高温环境,现有关于GM力学性能的试验研究大都在常温下进行,土工膜力学性质的温度效应关乎到边坡稳定和工程安全.为了揭露土工膜岩土力学性质的温度影响规律,开展了GM温控拉伸试验以及不同温度条件下的GM/砂土界面直剪试验和GM/无纺土工布（geotextile,GT）界面直剪试验.通过对比分析不同温度条件下GM的拉伸性质和GM界面剪切特性,揭露温度环境对土工膜岩土力学性质的定性及定量影响规律.试验结果表明,GM的抗拉强度随温度变化影响显著,相对于常温情况,大于70 ℃的高温可使GM的抗拉强度折减近80%;温度对GM/GT界面剪切特性的影响要明显大于GM/砂土界面,GM岩土力学性质的温度效应引起工程人员的重视.      

温度和含水状态对岩石劈裂强度影响的试验研究

岩土类材料的强度强烈依赖于含水率和温度条件.以兰州兰山砂岩为研究对象,分别进行了不同温度（+20℃、-5℃、-10℃）和不同含水率（干燥、天然含水率和饱和状态）条件下岩石的巴西圆盘劈裂试验.试验结果表明,常温下,岩石抗拉强度随含水率增加而急剧减小,试样饱和时软化、崩解,丧失承载能力;在不同负温条件下,天然含水状态的试样抗拉强度最大,干燥状态下最小;在-10~+20℃范围内,干燥岩石强度随温度升高,抗拉强度增大,含水岩石均是随温度升高,抗拉强度减小,但饱和岩石在-5℃时抗拉强度最大.含水率和温度对岩样强度的影响存在临界值,超过临界值,岩样强度随上述因素反向变化.试验结论为岩土类材料劈裂强度的标准化测试及其工程应用提供了重要的基础数据参考.     

烧变后粗砂岩抗拉特性试验研究

对40块粗砂岩试件高温后的密度、纵波波速和抗拉强度变化规律进行了试验研究。结果表明,高温后粗砂岩的密度随试验温度的升高减小幅度很小,几乎可忽略不记;高温后试件中纵波波速的传播随温度升高基本呈线性降低,而减小率呈二次曲线规律变化;存在一个温度点R,使高温后试件的抗拉强度呈开口向下抛物线关系变化,且在R温度作用后试件抗拉强度达到最大;当试验温度大于700 ℃后,试件的抗拉强度变得很小,且当温度升高时变化幅度也很小。高温后纵波波速与抗拉强度关系复合2次曲线关系。     

高温后花岗岩巴西劈裂抗拉实验及超声特性研究

采用非金属超声检测分析仪和液压伺服试验系统装置,研究不同温度（25 ℃～1 000 ℃)作用后花岗岩的超声特性,分析不同温度条件下花岗岩的劈裂抗拉强度。结果表明,（1）高温后花岗岩的纵波波速、超声波形以及劈裂抗拉强度都与温度的变化密切相关;（2）随着温度的增高,花岗岩试样的纵波波速和劈裂抗拉强度逐渐减小,经历1 000 ℃高温后,纵波波速下降90%,劈裂抗拉强度下降65%,并且,纵波波速和抗拉强度间存在一定的相关性;（3）超声波波形随温度升高由整齐变混乱,由密集变稀疏,尤其在800 ℃波形变化最明显;（4）花岗岩试样的热损伤不断增加,经历1 000 ℃热损伤后,试样的脆性增加,变得轻脆易碎。     

石灰岩和砂岩高温力学特性的试验研究

利用自行研制的岩石加温装置和RMT-150C岩石力学试验机, 对石灰岩和砂岩试样高温后的力学特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明, 随着温度升高, 两种岩石纵波波速逐渐减小。单轴压缩过程中的全程应力应变曲线经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏4个阶段; 达到峰值应力后两种岩石均发生脆性破坏, 砂岩破坏时呈锥形炸裂, 而石灰岩则呈草捆状破坏。高温对两种岩石的强度都有一定的弱化作用, 其峰值应力都随温度升高而降低, 石灰岩700 ℃时强度降幅达84.59 %, 而砂岩强度仅比常温降低22 %左右。两种岩石的峰值应变都随温度升高逐渐增大, 但具体表现不尽相同, 石灰岩500 ℃时应变增加了30.57 %, 500 ℃之后峰值应变基本无变化, 甚至到700 ℃时还略有降低; 砂岩700 ℃时峰值应变增加了80.63 %, 其峰值应变的变化与其微观结构变化相关。随着温度升高, 两种岩石的弹性模量和变形模量均减小, 700 ℃时石灰岩弹性模量降幅为86.8 %, 砂岩弹性模量降幅为46.94 %; 700 ℃时石灰岩变形模量下降了83.9 %, 砂岩的变形模量下降了53.06 %。      

超细预合金粉末在金刚石工具中的性能研究

对超细Fe-Co-Cu预合金粉末(SFP)的性能进行了分析和测试，该粉末在700 ℃的烧结温度下烧结，烧结试样的相对密度达到97%；烧结试样硬度高、耐磨性高；颗粒均匀、抗氧化性优于超细钴粉；性能达到国外同类产品水平。     

三轴压缩条件下基于CT实时监测的冻结兰州黄土细观损伤变化研究

在IMPa围压下,对不同温度条件下的冻结兰州黄土三轴压缩试验过程进行CT动态扫描,获得了由CT数表示的土体损伤量表达式．结果表明：冻结兰州黄土最初在围压作用下,试样沿径向方向被压缩,导致试样轴向伸长;低温冻结试样的弹性变形持续时间长于高温试样,如-2．3℃试样在应变达到0．32％时即开始屈服进入塑性变形,而-7℃试样的...     

叶蛇纹岩脆性-半脆性破裂研究

利用Paterson气体介质高温高压流变仪对纯叶蛇纹岩在100~400MPa围压、25~700℃温度和10-5~1.5×10-6s-1应变速率下进行了三轴压缩变形实验。实验结果表明叶蛇纹石在低压条件下表现为脆性破裂,高压或脱水条件下表现为半脆性破裂。随着温度的增加,叶蛇纹石的强度显示逐渐降低的趋势;尤其在脱水条件下,温度的增加可导致叶蛇纹石强度大幅度地降低,而且此时预热时间对强度的影响比未发生脱水时更加显著。结合前人的研究并对比发现,围压在室温下的增加导致叶蛇纹岩强度增加;但在高温下围压的增加导致试样强度整体上降低,这很可能是试样内聚力的局部损失与韧性增强引起的。围压和温度的升高,以及断层面上流体的增加很可能会增加破裂面的韧性,从而减小摩擦系数。此外,叶蛇纹石并非以往人们所认为的那样具有极低的强度,其强度要比低温蛇纹石(如利蛇纹石和纤蛇纹石)的大得多,即便在高温(大约600℃)下差应力大于约600MPa和中-低温(≤400℃)下差应力大于约1000MPa时仍没有表现出明显屈服的迹象。在脱水条件下,蛇纹岩并没有发生脱水致脆,相反脱水使得试样的断裂行为变得更加温和些。因此,俯冲带蛇纹岩脱水更可能诱发其周围更加脆性的岩石发生地震而不是脱水的蛇纹岩本身发生地震。     

温度与差应力对岩石熔融程度的等效关系——以角闪变粒岩为例

为了探讨差应力和温度与岩石熔融程度的关系,利用角闪变粒岩进行高温高压条件下的岩石变形实验。包括差应力条件下的动态实验,围压100 MPa,温度700℃,施加相当于差应力为0~25 MPa,且以每5 MPa为间隔进行天然块状岩石样品的动态熔融;在相同的围压条件下,温度由700 ℃到900 ℃每50 ℃为间隔,进行无差应力条件下天然块状岩石的静态熔融实验,并进行对比研究。结果表明,在相同温度条件下,岩石的熔融程度随着差应力的增加明显增高。通过对斜率的对比分析表明:以700 ℃为基准,差应力每增加5 MPa,其带来的影响与温度升高40 ℃的效果相当,也说明中性岩石的熔融对差应力的敏感程度比酸性岩要高。     

高温对细砂岩力学性质影响机制的试验研究

为了研究高温对细砂岩力学性质的影响,对经历400℃~1000℃高温后细砂岩试样进行X衍射、电镜扫描及单轴压缩试验,分析了高温后试样矿物成分、结构特征及力学参数与温度的相关性。结果表明:高温后细砂岩试样内矿物发生了多晶转变,经历600℃以内高温试样内石英含量随温度升高增加,晶体衍射强度增强,600℃高温试样可观察到明显熔融和重结晶现象,超过600℃高温后试样内石英含量随温度升高降低,晶体衍射强度减弱,裂隙数量增多,裂隙宽度和长度有所增加,裂隙可分沿颗粒边界裂隙和穿过颗粒裂隙,600℃约为主要矿物石英变晶的临界温度;经历400℃~800℃高温后试样的纵波波速与温度呈线性降低;经历600℃以内高温对试样的强度具有强化作用,超过600℃高温后试样强度开始弱化,600℃可作为试样强弱转化的阈值温度;经历400℃高温后试样弹性模量、变形模量随温度升高稍有增加,初始模量和峰值应变基本保持不变。超过600℃高温后试样的变形参数随温度升高有所降低,超过400℃高温后峰值应变随温度升高单调增加,高温对细砂岩试样变形参数的影响较为敏感。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861