地壳均衡与海平面变化

提要:在全球海面变化的近期研究中，无论是均衡模式、还是重力模式，写考虑到冰川均衡作用和水力均衡作用。本文认为，绝对均衡表示地壳均街的最终结果，相对均衡表示地壳均衡中一系列中间过程。这两种均衡之间的差别，往往被人们所忽视。
    定量计算的结果表明，冰盖的吸引不仅使周围的海面升高，而且使内核在外核中产生定向运动。由于参加相对均衡的大陆壳数量不同、宕石圈的强度不同，陆壳与陆充、陆克与洋壳之间将产生不同幅度的垂直运动。这为解释全球海面变化不一致性提供了另一个新思路。
        

青藏高原重力异常与地形高程的负相关校正

针对消除青藏高原重力异常与地形高程呈负相关关系所引起的假异常,提出了均衡校正和残余负相关校正相结合的一套具有可操作性的校正方法,并对青藏高原可可西里地区重力异常数据进行了处理,效果明显,验证了方法的有效性.     

喜马拉雅中东部镜像均衡重力异常的形成研究

青藏高原南缘处于重力不均衡状态,由北向南可依次分为高原近重力均衡区、喜马拉雅山正均衡异常区和山前盆地负均衡异常区,正、负异常呈现壮观的镜像分布。本文选取喜马拉雅中东部的均衡重力异常数据,结合地貌高程、地壳厚度、降雨量、冰川及山前沉积等的分布状况,探讨地貌分异与均衡重力异常分布的相互关系。由上述资料获得3条跨越喜马拉雅山的综合剖面,结果显示喜马拉雅中东部正均衡重力异常的分布与冰川、河流等代表的地表剥蚀作用存在明显的空间耦合关系,而与降雨量无直接联系,山前盆地负均衡重力异常与沉积厚度的分布也存在很好的耦合。利用数值模型计算得到了喜马拉雅地区的均衡调整时间域在1 Ma左右的时间尺度内。通过与地貌响应时间域相对比,以及对地表剥蚀厚度的估计,认为山脉地区的正均衡异常主要由地壳厚度补偿不足引起(侧重Airy假说),而山前盆地的负均衡异常主要由低密度沉积层的分布引起(侧重Pratt假说),由于地貌响应时间快于均衡调整时间,在大约5～2 Ma以来,地壳的均衡调整始终延迟于山脉的持续剥蚀和山前的持续沉积,使得岩石圈朝着"反均衡"方向演变,最终形成了喜马拉雅现今壮观的镜像均衡重力异常分布。     

龙门山均衡重力异常及其对青藏高原东缘山脉地壳隆升的约束

青藏高原东缘处于不均衡状态，自西而东可分为青藏高原弱负均衡重力异常区、龙门山正均衡重力异常区和四川盆地负均衡重力异常区，表明该区的不均衡状态并未导致Airy均衡运动的产生，即龙门山没有均衡下降，而处于不断的隆升状态，显示该地区反均衡运动的构造抬升是导致龙门山隆升的主因。本次采用似三度体重力异常计算方法对该区的正均衡重力异常进行模拟和反演，研究了大尺度地貌分异与均衡重力异常分区之间的相互关系，结果表明，龙门山的下地壳顶面抬升了11．2～12．6km，造成了龙门山的正均衡异常，揭示了构造抬升和剥蚀作用在相似的时间尺度上和空间尺度上控制着龙门山地貌的形成，龙门山的表面隆升是构造隆升和剥蚀作用相叠加的产物。     

试论湖南地壳均衡特征

根据地壳均衡原理分析湖南均衡异常特征，全省基本处于地壳均衡状态，但湘西北存在一片失衡区。从地球物理场待征及地质地貌等方面对此特征作了必要的论证。     

华南陆块均衡重力状态及其地质意义

重力均衡是一普遍的地球物理现象, 可为区域深部构造、岩石圈形变、地壳结构以及应力场状态研究提供参考信息, 是研究地壳内部结构和划分大地构造单元的重要方法之一。华南陆块是欧亚板块重要组成部分, 也是我国矿产资源“大粮仓”, 虽然对华南陆块的研究已持续近百年, 但在构造、成矿等诸多地质问题上仍存在较大争议。为了解华南陆块均衡程度及其对构造、成矿的影响, 本文尝试从均衡重力异常和均衡深度异常两个方面来探索。首先利用卫星布格重力计算得到了均衡剩余重力异常, 然后利用高程和壳幔密度差计算了均衡深度异常。结果表明华南陆块大部分区域地壳处于均衡状态, 相对正均衡异常主要位于东部沿海地区和武陵山一带, 相对负均衡异常反映了秦岭—大别造山带、江南造山带及华南陆块西缘造山活动。地震多沿正、负均衡深度异常的转换带或梯度带发生, 认为这些地带通常为深部构造转换部位, 应当成为地震活动研究关注的重点区域。均衡剩余重力异常也间接约束了不同类型金属矿床分布, 正均衡剩余重力异常区多分布地幔来源金属矿床, 而负均衡异常区则多产出壳源相关金属矿床。     

川西地区的地壳均衡状态及其动力学机制

基于Airy地壳均衡理论,计算了川西地域(28°～32°N,99°～105°E的范围内)的理论均衡地壳厚度,并与由实际重力资料反演得到的地壳厚度进行对比,从而得到了该区的地壳均衡状态.经过分析研究发现以龙门山、鲜水河、安宁河三大断裂系所组构的"Y"形构造系为界,可将研究区的均衡状态分为东、中、西三部分,对应着3种不同类型的均衡状态:在"Y"形构造系以东的四川盆地内部,理论地壳厚度与实际地壳厚度的差异值△Ⅰ接近于零,即地壳处于较均衡稳定的状态;在"Y"形构造系以西的巴颜喀拉块体地域,△Ⅰ均可达到-8km左右.个别地域甚至最高可达-13km,说明该区地壳处于强烈的负均衡异常状态;而在研究区中部的"Y"形构造系部位,主要表现为较复杂的正负相间的均衡异常状态.在此基础上,也对该区产生现今这样复杂而特异的均衡异常格局的动力学机制进行了探讨研究,认为其主要应归结于青藏高原深部壳、幔物质在印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞下发生的东向流展并在川西地域受到坚硬的四川盆地的阻隔而被迫转向东南,在此过程中导致地壳物质堆积,从而造成了该区复杂而特异的地壳均衡异常格局.     

重力均衡与质量均衡

均衡理论，无论是艾礼模式，还是普拉特模式，都是建立在平面地壳的基础之上，并不考虑重力随高程的变化，这事实上相当于质量的均衡。如果有球面上考察均衡理论，并且考虑重力随高程的变化，则得到的均衡模型为重力的均衡。定量计算表明，质量均衡和重力均衡之间的的差别不可忽略的。这种差别对研究地壳的应力状态意义重大。     

重力均衡与质量均衡

均衡理论，无论是艾礼模式，还是普拉特模式，都是建立在平面地壳的基础之上，并不考虑重力随高程的变化；这事实上相当于质量的均衡。如果在球面上考察均衡理论，并且考虑重力随高程的变化，则得到的均衡模型为重力的均衡。定量计算表明，质量均衡和重力均衡之间的差别是不可忽略的。这种差别对研究地壳的应力状态意义重大。     

横过阿尔金山的重力测量及初步解释

以１∶５０万比例尺,实测了新疆阿尔干－青海老茫崖重力剖面。研究了该剖面及其邻区为主的青藏高原西北边缘重力场特征;划分了３个地质构造单元及８条较大断裂;计算并分析了Ａｉｒｙ重力均衡异常及莫霍界面深度。     

重力均衡异常与湖南原生金刚石矿床预测

已有的研制表明,重力均衡异常既反映了地壳深处（软流层）的构造活动,又反映其活动的近期性。因此,在湖南原生金刚石矿床的预测时空域中,应注意沅水流域年青金刚石载体的勘查。     

Connectivity between the western and eastern limbs of the Bushveld Complex

The mafic layered rocks of the Bushveld Complex are 6–8 km thick and crop out over an area of 65,000 km². Previous interpretations of the Bouguer gravity anomalies suggested that the intrusion consisted of two totally separate bodies. However, the mafic sequences in these arcuate western and eastern limbs are remarkably similar, with at least six petrologically distinctive layers and sequences being recognisable in both limbs. Such similarity of sequences in two totally discrete bodies 200–300 km apart is petrologically implausible, and it is suggested that they formed within a single lopolithic intrusion.

All previous Bouguer gravity models failed to consider the isostatic response of the crust to emplacement of this huge mass of mafic magma. Isostatic adjustment as a result of this intrusion would have caused the base of the crust to be depressed by as much as 6 km. With this revised whole crustal model, it becomes possible to construct a gravity model, consistent with observed data, which includes a 6 km-thick sequence of mafic rocks connecting the western and eastern limbs of the Bushveld Complex. The exact depth at which the mafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex lie in the centre of the structure cannot be constrained by the gravity data.

Such a first-order model is an approximation, because there have been subsequent deformation and structural readjustments in the crust, some of them probably related to the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex. Specifically, the observed geometry of the rocks around the Crocodile River, Dennilton, Marble Hall and Malope Domes suggests that major upwarping of the crust occurred on a variety of scales, triggered by emplacement of the Bushveld Complex.     

攀西地区重力均衡异常的研究

研究表明,康滇地轴及其东部地区属均衡补偿平衡区,西部属强烈上升的异常区。上升的原动力为板块碰撞的构造力与均衡调整力的综合。     

CRUSTAL CONFIGURATION OF NW HIMALAYA: EVIDENCES FROM THE ISOSTATIC AND FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DATA

CRUSTAL CONFIGURATION OF NW HIMALAYA: EVIDENCES FROM THE ISOSTATIC AND FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF GRAVITY DATA     

Geophysical Study of the Valle Fértil Lineament Between 28°45′S and 31°30′S: Boundary Between the Cuyania and Pampia Terranes

A gravimetric and magnetometric study was carried out in the north-eastern portion of the Cuyania terrane and adjacent Pampia terrane. Gravimetric models permitted to interpret the occurrence of dense materials at the suture zone between the latter terranes. Magnetometric models led to propose the existence of different susceptibilities on either side of the suture. The Curie temperature point depth, representing the lower boundary of the magnetised crust, was found to be located at 25 km, consistent with the lower limit of the brittle crust delineated by seismic data; this unusually thick portion of the crust is thought to release stress producing significant seismicity.

Moho depths determined from seismic studies near western Sierras Pampeanas are significantly greater than those obtained from gravimetric crustal models.

Considering mass and gravity changes originated by the flat-slab Nazca plate along Cuyania and western Pampia terranes, it is possible to reconcile Moho thickness obtained either by seismic or by gravity data. Thus, topography and crustal thickness are controlled not only by erosion and shortening but by upper mantle heterogeneities produced by: (a) the oceanic subducted Nazca plate with “normal slope” also including asthenospheric materials between both continental and oceanic lithospheres; (b) flat-slab subducted Nazca plate (as shown in this work) without significant asthenospheric materials between both lithospheres. These changes influence the relationship between topographic altitudes and crustal thickness in different ways, differing from the simple Airy system relationship and modifying the crustal scale shortening calculation. These changes are significantly enlarged in the study area. Future changes in Nazca Plate slope will produce changes in the isostatic balance.     

均衡重力异常计算方法

本文提出了采用埃利均衡补偿模式计算5ˊ×5ˊ平均均衡重力异常的一种方认。计算是使用5ˊ×5ˊ平均高程值,将A～O带分为近、中、远三个区:近区用1ˊ40〞×1ˊ40〞的柱体,中区用5ˊ×5ˊ的柱体,远区用15ˊ×15ˊ的柱体,分别采用矩形柱体、质线和质点的正演公式计算地形一均衡校正值。从华南某地区的均衡重力异常图可以看出,根据均衡重力异常可以消除由地壳厚度变化而产生的区域场,突出局部异常场。     

Isolation basin stratigraphy and Holocene relative sea-level change on Arveprinsen Ejland,Disko Bugt,West Greenland

This paper presents the results of an investigation into Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) change, isostatic rebound and ice sheet dynamics in Disko Bugt, West Greenland. Data collected from nine isolation basins on Arveprinsen Ejland, east Disko Bugt, show that mean sea level fell continuously from ca. 70 m at 9.9 ka cal. yr BP (8.9 ka ¹⁴C yr BP) to reach a minimum of ca. −5 m at 2.8 ka cal. yr BP (2.5 ka ¹⁴C yr BP), before rising to the present day. A west–east gradient in isostatic uplift across Disko Bugt is confirmed, with reduced rebound observed in east Disko Bugt. However, RSL differences (up to 20 m at 7.8 ka to 6.8 ka cal. yr BP (7 ka to 6 ka ¹⁴C yr BP)) also exist within east Disko Bugt, suggesting a significant north–south component to the area’s isostatic history. The observed magnitude and timing of late Holocene RSL rise is not compatible with regional forebulge collapse. Instead, RSL rise began first in the eastern part of the bay, as might be expected under a scenario of crustal subsidence caused by neoglacial ice sheet readvance. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of isolation basin data for local and regional RSL studies in Greenland, and the importance of avoiding data compilations from areas where the isobase orientation is uncertain. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relationship of gravity anomalies and tectonics in Assam, India

Gravity data from Assam compiled on Bouguer, Hayford and Airy isostatic anomaly maps have been interpreted in terms of tectonics of the area. The gravity anomalies suggest that the Dauki fault is very deep-seated. A gravity high of about 60 mGal near Haflong is interpreted as being the expression of an intrusive body with a density contrast of about + 0.15 g/cm₃ with respect to the surroundings. From isostatic considerations, approximate crustal thicknesses over the Shillong Plateau, the Upper Assam valley and the Surma valley are estimated to be 40, 29 and 22 km respectively, suggesting a sharp change in crustal thickness from the Shillong Plateau to the Surma valley across the Dauki fault.     

重力异常与青藏高原地壳构造

1987年在青海格尔木—西藏亚东地区开展了1:50万重力路线扑点工作。在总长度1620km内,布设201个测站。利用上述资料计算了研究区的莫霍面深度及均衡异常(普拉特模式),分析了地壳与上地幔内的均衡信息。利用布格异常形态与测点高程的相关统计,在工区内划分了9个地体及13条较大的断裂。