Trends in impact of acidification on groundwater bodies in the Czech Republic; an estimation of atmospheric deposition at the horizon 2015

The acidification of surface and groundwaters is a long standing issue in the Czech Republic which culminated in the second half of the last century by mass extinction of forest cover in many mountainous regions. The total deposition of sulfur at that time was reaching as much as about 108 kg/ha/year. This resulted in a decrease of alkalinity in groundwaters, decrease of pH and on the other hand an increase in concentration of nitrates, sulfates, berylium and aluminium. Desulfurization of power plants and attenuation of heavy industry leads to a decrease in sulfur deposition down to the present mean values around 16.5 kg/ha/year. It is expected that around the year 2010 the sulfur deposition should not have a substantial impact on the environment providing the similar trend would continue. However, a reverse trend can be observed in deposition of nitrogen. The growth of road traffic and more frequent use of earth gas for heating lead to a dramatic rise in nitrogen throughfall of which mean value increased from 15.4 kg/ha/year in 1990 up to 25.7 kg/ha/year in 2001. If such trend continues in future, then the mean values of nitrogen throughfall would attain 37.8 kg/ha/year in 2015, so that the nitrogen would take over the role of sulfur in acidification. Therefore, the problem of acidification in Central Europe is by no means resolved, only the structure of acidification input has been changed.     

Atmospheric Deposition of Trace Elements in Romania Studied by the Moss Biomonitoring Technique

The first systematic study in Romania of atmospheric pollution from heavy metals and other toxic elements based on moss analysis was undertaken as a Romanian–Russian–Norwegian collaboration, primarily in order to assess the general state of heavy metal pollution in Romania. An additional goal was to contribute to the European heavy metals in mosses survey, conducted under the auspices UNECE ICP Vegetation which reports to the Working Group of Effects of the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention. Samples of the moss species Hypnum cupressiforme, Hylocomium splendens and Brachytechium salebrosum and B. rutabulum were collected during the period 1995–2001. A total of 40 elements were determined using NAA and AAS. The total concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel, vanadium and zinc are presented in the form of contour maps. Generally, the observed concentrations in Romania are markedly higher than those observed in most other countries of Europe using the moss technique.     

Pollutant concentrations in fog and low cloud water at selected sites of the Czech Republic

In this paper, the basic composition of fog and low cloud water are presented, resulting from the analyses of water samples from 111 fog/cloud events. The samples were collected at five sites located in various regions of the Czech Republic. Two sampling sites are in mountainous regions and three sites represent various urban areas. The mountain stations are located in two regions of the Czech Republic with different industry types. At all the sites, active fog collectors were employed. In the water samples, the conductivity, acidity (pH), cations (H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺) and anions (F⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻) were determined.A mean pH value of about 4.5 was obtained at mountain sites whereas the measurements in urban areas showed mean pH values from 4.9 to 6.4. The mean conductivity values in the samples from the two mountain stations were 137 and 191.5 μS cm⁻¹. The samples from urban sites showed mean values between 127.7 and 654.4 μS cm⁻¹. The maximum concentration means for the three dominant pollutants (expressed by the ratio mountain sites/urban sites) are 32.9/99.6 mg l⁻¹ for NO₃⁻, 32.5/192.9 mg l⁻¹ for SO₄²⁻ and 18.5/52.7 mg l⁻¹ for NH₄⁺. As expected, we found higher ion concentrations in the northern part of the Czech Republic where larger numbers of lignite-burning power plants, chemical factories and opencast lignite mines are located. A decrease in ion concentrations was observed at higher altitude sites, probably reflecting at least in part higher liquid water contents at these locations.     

Biomonitoring of Atmospheric Heavy Metal Deposition by Mosses in the Vicinity of Industrial Sites

At four industrial regions, heavy metal concentrations and calculated depositions were investigated by sampling and analysing mosses. In each region, a special spatial pattern of heavy metal concentrations was detected, reflecting the industrial processes. Metals most likely originating from the industrial sites showed an exponential decrease of concentrations and depositions with increasing distance from the pollution source. The exponential deposition pattern was in some cases modified by a series of natural factors, like the main direction of winds or orographic conditions. The distance at which deposition dropped to background values was up to 20 km. Beside the fact that the moss-metho is a useful tool for deposition measurement in the vicinity of stationary sources, some improvements for using this method are discussed, highlighting factors such as a proper calculation of deposition from concentrations, or the better knowledge of correlations between heavy metal concentrations in mosses and effects on human health.     

Air Pollution Studies in Central Russia (Tver and Yaroslavl Regions) Using the Moss Biomonitoring Technique and Neutron Activation Analysis

Data of 34 elements, including heavy metals, halogens, rare earth elements, U, and Th in 139 moss samples, collected in Central Russia in 2000–2002 in the Tver and Yaroslavl regions and in the northern part of the Moscow region, are presented. Factor analysis with VARIMAX rotation was applied to identify possible sources of the elements determined in the mosses. The seven resulting factors represent crust, vegetation and anthropogenic components. Some of the factors were interpreted as being associated with ferrous smelters (Fe, Zn, Sb, Ta); combination of non-ferrous smelters and other industries (Mn, Co, Mo, Cr, Ni, W); an oil-refining plant, and oil combustion at the thermal power plant (V, Ni). The geographical distribution patterns of the factor scores are also presented. Dependency equations of elemental content in mosses versus distance from the source were derived.     

Biological and Temporal Variations of Trace Element Concentrations in the Moss Species Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr.

Over a period of one year, the moss Scleropodium purum was sampled every two weeks in a French rural area to determine the levels of Li, Na, Al, Si, P, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ba, Hg, and Pb. The element distribution in the moss shoot was studied throughout the year. An apical bioconcentration was discovered for Na, P, Ca, Mn, and Zn, whereas higher levels were found in the basal fraction for Li, Al, Si, V, Fe, Ba, Hg, and Pb. A significant variation of element concentrations was observed during the sampling period. In the apical part Li, Al, Si, V, Fe, Ba, and Hg show maximum levels in the summer and minimum in the autumn. The same pattern was found with Ca and Mn in the whole plant, whereas Na showed opposite fluctuations.     

Biomonitoring of Element Deposition Using Mosses in the 2000 French Survey: Identifying Sources and Spatial Trends

In the year 2000, the elemental composition of mosses collected from 528 French sites has been studied as part of the 2000 European Moss Survey. Five moss species were collected: Scleropodium purum (56%), Pleurozium schreberi (18%), Hypnum cupressiforme (18%), Thuidium tamariscinum (4.5%.) and Hylocomium splendens (3.5%). Mosses were kept whole for analysis, including green and brownish parts. Summary statistics on element concentrations (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr, V and Zn), and comparisons made with data from the other 27 participating European countries are shown here. The sources of these elements are identified using calculations of enrichment factors (EF) and principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, the spatial distribution in France of 10 elements is also shown, using maps underscoring areas showing highest concentration levels for each metal.     

On the Temporal Distribution of Bursts and Events in the Stable Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer

A methodology for tracing the bursting phenomenon occurring in the turbulent boundary-layer is applied to stable marine atmospheric boundary-layer (MABL) data, collected within the framework of the Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer, Low wind component experiment at Nantucket Island, 2003, Massachusetts, USA. For the definition of the events contributing to the bursting phenomenon, the quadrant analysis of the momentum flux with varying threshold value is utilized. The present work aims at the better understanding of the time scales of the microstructures in the MABL, by providing the number of the events and the groups and their mean duration and the time difference of all quadrants of the quadrant analysis, for different thresholds and under different meteorological conditions. The interrelation of the different time scales as well as the correlation between the quadrants are investigated and discussed. Also, it is demonstrated that the procedure of grouping events leads to bursts with a mean duration that is independent of the threshold value, for the most important quadrants of the momentum transfer (2 and 4). It is found that the combination of near-neutral conditions with low wind speed permits the development of larger duration events within the stable MABL. Finally, it is shown that the groups of events maintain adequate time and flux coherence only for quadrants 2 and 4.     

中国大气本底观测:减污降碳背景下主要大气成分变化趋势

大气成分变化对天气气候、环境生态,以及人体健康、社会生活等都有重要影响.只有通过长期观测,了解这些大气成分的浓度水平、变化趋势、相关源汇过程,才能准确地评估人类活动对当前地球气候、环境和生态系统造成的影响,保护人类发展和生存条件.本文概括介绍了世界气象组织全球大气监测计划(WMO/GAW)和我国开展大气本底观测的发展历...     

Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Retrieval Products over China and Their Application in Numerical Model

The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemi-cally corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states, to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field, vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than 2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent.     

Validation of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder Retrieval Products over China and Their Application in Numerical Mode

The atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) instrument onboard Aqua Satellite is a high spectral resolution infrared sounder. In recent years, AIRS has gradually become the primary method of atmospheric vertical observations. To examine the validation of AIRS retrieval products (V3.0) over China, the AIRS surface air temperature retrievals were compared with the ground observations obtained from 540 meteorological stations in July 2004 and January 2005, respectively. The sources of errors were considerably discussed. Based on the error analysis, the AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products were systemically corrected. Moreover, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile retrievals were compared with T213 numerical forecasting products. Because T213 forecasting products are not the actual atmospheric states,to further verify the validation, the AIRS temperature and humidity profile products were assimilated into the MM5 model through the analysis nudging. In this paper, the case on February 14, 2005 in North China was simulated in detail. Then, we investigated the effects of AIRS retrievals on snowfall, humidity field,vertical velocity field, divergence field, and cloud microphysical processes. The major results are: (1) the errors of AIRS retrieved surface air temperature products are largely systematic deviations, for which the influences of terrain altitude and surface types are the major reasons; (2) the differences between the AIRS atmospheric profile retrievals and T213 numerical prediction products in temperature are generally less than 2 K, the differences in relative humidity are generally less than 25%; and (3) the AIRS temperature and humidity retrieval products can adjust the model initial field, and thus can improve the capacity of snowfall simulation to some extent.     

大气变量物理分解原理及其在区域暴雨分析中的应用

观测的全球大气变量可以物理分解为4个部分:纬圈平均的对称气候、非对称气候、纬圈平均的瞬变对称扰动和非对称扰动。文章用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)ERA Interim全球再分析资料(0.75°×0.75°)介绍大气瞬变扰动量中的扰动风提取方法及其在区域暴雨分析中的应用。结果表明:用欧洲高分辨率再分析资料物理分解得到的扰动气流能够较好地反映暴雨的落区和风与雨之间的关系,如暴雨带位于低层大气扰动气流的辐合线上和稳定的暴雨带两侧扰动气流多呈对峙的辐合状态。     

Integrative Monitoring Analysis Aiming at the Detection of Spatial and Temporal Trends of Metal Accumulation in Mosses

Goal and Scope. The UNECE heavy metals in Mosses Surveys provide data on the accumulation of metals in naturally growing mosses throughout Europe. Using Germany as an example, this article concentrates on the elaboration and application of methods of data analysis that are necessary for a comprehensive interpretation of spatial and temporal trends in metal accumulation.Methods and Results. The sampling of mosses, and the chemical analysis of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn in 1990, 1995 and 2000 are summarized briefly. The variogram analyses detect distinct autocorrelation structures in the sample data which may consequently be estimated for all sites in Germany without monitoring metal accumulation by means of ordinary kriging. A procedure for the geostatistical detection of spatial outliers was developed and applied and, after the elimination of the spatial outliers, several measurements were seen to indicate an adequate quality of the geostatistical estimations. The cluster analyses of the z-transformed estimation data result in a nominal multi-element index that indicates regional metal accumulation types over time. Percentile statistics serve for computation of an ordinal, scaled, multi-element accumulation index which is spatially differentiated over time in terms of multivariate, statistically defined ecoregions. The integrative statistical analysis reveals, from 1990 to 2000, that the metal accumulation declines up to 80% in some of the ecoregions. Hot spots of metal accumulation are mapped and interpreted by means of metadata analysis.Conclusions. Dot maps depict the spatial structure of the metal accumulation without spatial bias. This information, detailed with respect to metal species and space, should be generalized for better supporting the interpretation. The combination of geostatistical analysis and estimation, percentile and multivariate statistics is suitable for the calculation of indices that serve for a comprehensive mapping of metal accumulation in the ecoregions over time, for quantifying the bias of the surface estimation, and for mapping spatial outliers and hot spots of metal accumulation.     

新疆博湖地区大气向下红外辐射特性及其对云识别应用的研究

为加强新疆戈壁地区云的自动观测,利用辐射传输模式SBDART和新疆博湖地区历史气候资料,分析了当地大气向下红外辐射对大气影响因子的敏感性和利用全天空红外辐射进行云识别分类的可行性,并提出了一种基于典型云族红外阈值的云分类方法。结果表明：（1）水汽、云、天顶角、能见度等对中红外波段向下红外辐射值都有较大影响;（2）当能见度较差时,气溶胶对向下红外辐射的贡献不可忽略,并由于局地气溶胶辐射特性难以确定,因此是利用天空向下红外辐射进行云识别时的一个不确定因素;（3）根据8～14μm波段不同云族的辐射特性差异分析,阈值法是进行云识别和云族区分的有效方法。但该方法应用效果的好坏依赖于实测探空数据和历史气候数据的有效性及准确性。     

2001-2010年内蒙古空中水汽含量时空分布特征及变化趋势分析

利用2001年1月至2010年12月内蒙古地区12个探空站的资料,求算全区空中水汽含量,对其时空分布特征及变化趋势进行分析.分析结果表明,近10a来,1月份内蒙古地区月平均空中水汽含量最低只有0.303cm;7月份月平均空中水汽含量最大达到3.106cm;空中水汽含量高值区在河套地区有西凸的倾向;空中水汽含量和降水量分布有正相关关系;逐年平均空中水汽含量处于缓慢的减少过程中.     

我国冬季气温的年际变化及其与大气环流和海温异常的关系

利用我国160个台站49个冬季（1951/1952～1999/2000年）的气温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过波谱分析的方法提取变量的年际变化分量（周期小于8年部分）进行分析,结果发现：在年际变化的时间尺度上,我国冬季气温表现为全国一致变化型（EOF1）和南北反相变化型（EOF2）两个主要模态,并可以解释总方差60％以上的变化。进一步分析表明,在年际变化尺度上,与气温全国一致变化型相联系的大气环流表现出海陆气压差的改变以及与此相关的东亚大槽强度的变化和东亚高空急流位置的南北移动;赤道中东太平洋的异常海温对这一模态的出现有一定的预示意义,而中国近海的海温则更多的是被动地随气温改变。与南北反相变化型相联系的大气环流表现出显著的北极涛动特征,这一模态的出现会使得次年春季的西北太平洋海温呈现以30°N为界南北反相变化的形态;而北太平洋的海温异常可能对这一模态的形成有一定的作用。这两个模态的空间分布虽然与年代际尺度上的分布非常相似,但它们的相对强弱和对应的环流却有很大的差异。分析显示,全国一致变化型可能更多地表现出年代际变化的特征,而南北反相变化型更多地表现出年际变化的特征;结果还表明,我国冬季气温的变化在不同的时间尺度上是受不同因子影响的。因此,在研究我国冬季气温变化时,将不同的时间尺度分开考虑是十分必要的。     

变分伴随方法应用于大气化学初值和参数反演研究

将结合正则化思想的变分伴随方法应用于大气平流层中臭氧破坏催化反应过程的浓度初始值和反应速率参数的反演问题,推导了在整体资料和末端时刻局部资料反演的伴随模式和泛函梯度,并进行了一组理想数值试验.试验结果表明了变分伴随方法运用于大气化学过程的反演研究的有效性,特别是局部资料联合反演中可以运用正则化思想克服反演的不适定性.     

ERA与NCEP2大气热源的对比分析以及全球大气热源性质变化规律的研究

首先,对比分析了ECMWF再分析资料(简称ERA)和NCEP/NCAR第2版再分析资料(简称NCEP2)计算的大气热源,并在此基础上研究了全球大气热源性质(符号)变化的规律.分析两套资料计算的大气热源差别较大的某些地区,发现ERA资料在这些地区估算的大气热源要优于NCEP2,因此,在接下来的研究中主要采用了ERA资料.对全球大气热源性质(符号)变化规律的研究主要揭示了全球永久大气热源和永久大气热汇的地理分布特征.永久大气热源中心主要分布在赤道附近地区,在赤道非洲的西部、苏门答腊岛西边的海域和赤道中西太平洋地区各有一个较强的永久热源中心,另外,在日本南部及其东边的太平洋上也有一永久热源中心.永久热汇地区的分布比较有规律,除了南北半球60度到两极之间为永久热汇地区外,南半球5°S～40°S各大陆西边的大洋上都有一个永久热汇中心,另外,在阿拉伯海的北端,北半球15°N～40°N之间太平洋和大西洋的东部也分别有一热汇中心.     

SVD揭示的印度洋海气相互作用模态及其与中国降水的联系

利用1958-1999年6-8月平均的GISST(Global Indian Sea Surface Temperature)海表温度资料和同期850 hPa水平风场等NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,作了向量奇异值分解,并对各个模态作了相应分析,发现前两个模态可以很好地表示出印度洋海气耦合的主要部分:第1模态是印度洋海温对ENSO信号的滞后响应;第2模态反映了存在于印度洋的海-气相互作用现象,是ENSO和IOD(Indian Ocean Dipole,印度洋偶极子)的混合模态.讨论了前两个模态与中国夏季降水等变化的联系,发现印度洋海温单极模态与我国华南夏季降水存在负相关,与长江流域及其以北地区存在正相关;印度洋偶极型海温与我国降水的关系不典型.     

塔里木盆地中的大气环流及沙尘暴成因探讨--根据沙漠风积地貌和气象观测重建的风场

沙漠风积地貌的形态可反映风向的长期变化, 作者通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠风积地貌形态所揭示的风向及盆地边缘气象站40年的风况分析和合并, 重建了盆地中沙尘暴形成时的风场.在分析冷空气入侵塔里木盆地的路径、盆地中不同时期热力状况的基础上, 从大气环流的角度探讨了盆地中沙尘暴的成因.结果表明, 在暖季(春、夏), 由于地面对大气感热加热作用强烈, 形成了浅薄的热低压.当不同强度的冷空气入侵时, 尽管风场有所不同, 但都会分别在和田-于田-民丰一带、柯坪一带形成强大的辐合上升区, 使这两个地区成为中国沙尘暴发生频率最