Getting to the Bottom of It: Tools,Techniques, and Discoveries of Deep Ocean Geography

The initial impetus for developing a specialty in ocean geography resulted from the need to resolve applied problems in coastal resources, as opposed to development of oceanographic research methods and concepts. However, the development in the last 10 to 20 years of sophisticated technologies for ocean data collection and management holds tremendous potential for mapping and interpreting the ocean environment in unprecedented detail. With the understanding that ocean research is often very costly, yet deemed extremely important by large funding agencies, geographers now have the opportunity to perform coastal and marine studies that are more quantitative in nature, to formulate and test basic hypotheses about the marine environment, and to collaborate with geographers working in corollary subdisciplines (e.g., remote sensing, GIS, geomorphology, political geography as pertaining to the Law of the Sea, etc.), as well as with classically-trained oceanographers. This article reviews, for the non-specialist, the newest advances in mapping and management technologies for undersea geographic research (particularly on the ocean floor) and discusses the contributions that geographers stand to make to a greater understanding of the oceans.     

人海关系地域系统视角下海洋本体的解构与研究重点

在揭示人海辩证关系与海洋社会属性的基础上,从人海关系地域系统的视角,解析了海洋的构成。第一海洋（自然海洋）是人海关系地域系统中自然存在而非人为构筑的海洋部分,其核心要素是地理位置、物质构成和空间形态。第二海洋（人工海洋）是人类海洋实践中所建造的设施及相应的物质、能量及信息流动,包括基地设施、人类主体之间的物质信息交流和人类与海洋之间的采集排放活动。第三海洋（关系海洋）是不同人类主体在海洋实践中形成的互动关系,核心内容是主体构成、内容组成以及表现形式。第四海洋（观念海洋）是人类对海洋及海洋实践活动的认知,核心是在处理人类与海洋、陆地与海洋和人类主体之间关系时所秉持的理念。现实中,自然海洋、实践性的人工海洋和关系海洋与构想性的观念海洋相互作用,形成了丰富多样的海洋世界。随着人类海洋实践的深化,关系海洋和观念海洋与自然海洋和人工海洋一并成为了研究与实践的重点。     

The Study of Human Action in the Physical Environment

Scientists have been formally studying the consequences of human action at least since Buffon and Humboldt in the 1700s. In 1864, Marsh published Man and Nature, a comprehensive synthesis documenting how people had been transforming Earth. This prominent catalogue of how people disturb Nature's harmonies was updated by Marsh in 1874 and by geographers in 1956 and 1990. Today the leading conceptions of human-environmental interaction are similar to Marsh's theme that people are the disturbers of Nature's harmonies. Effects of human action are considered using conceptions such as direct/indirect, intentional/accidental, and beneficial/detrimental. For a fresh approach, physical geographers could consider action more directly. Human action can be studied as any other process is. Systems concepts and energy flows used to evaluate natural forces can also be used to evaluate human forces. The centennial of the Association of American Geographers is an appropriate time to reflect on how physical geographers have been studying human-environmental interactions and to consider new approaches.     

流动中的地方记忆：南海渔民的流动性与集体记忆建构

渔民是天然流栖性群体,不仅需要关注其流动性时空规律,更要关注其流动过程中所产生的社会文化意涵。文章从流动性与集体记忆视角出发,选取海南省东部典型渔村为案例地,通过访谈深入理解渔民在流动中的地方记忆建构,主要从流动、停泊、定居的3种不同状态归纳渔民流动中的时空盈缩、物质条件和流动路径节点,从时间、地方和权力三要素探讨渔民集体记忆的形成。研究发现：1）渔民跨界流动具有动态盈缩的特点,经历了从民间自觉到官方规范,从渔业生产到商渔复合,从局地到广域再到局地的动态过程。2）渔民的流动状态和过程赋予海洋以地方特性。人船组合拓展渔民自主流动的能力,“陆—海—岛”流栖空间中的地物和景观凸显集体记忆的物质依赖性。3）随着生产生活方式变迁,代际更迭削弱了原有的人海关联,流动资源的分配不均导致集体记忆结构性消退,渔业村镇的全球—地方的跨区域色彩逐渐被剥离,回归到同质化的域内流空间。     

关于地理学的“人-地系统”理论研究

本文强调地理学面临的问题正在由自然因素引发的环境变化到人类因素引发的环境变化 ,分析了我国“人地关系”变化的严峻态势。指出地理学对“人地关系地域系统”研究可为实施可持续发展战略提供理论基础。阐述了“人地关系地域系统”研究在我国地理学理论发展中的地位 ,并对如何研究“人地关系地域系统”进行了探讨。     

A bridge over troubled waters? Systems theory and dialogue in geography

In physical geography, systems are seen as a unity of parts and relationships, whereas human geographers using a second-order sociological systems approach define systems in terms of the difference between system and environment. Starting from this, dialogue between physical and human geographers using terms derived from systems theory is mostly in vain. This article explores some of the consequences that follow for dialogue in geography: the differences in defining systems, in the understanding of processes, the problem of system borders, the inconsistent understanding of the 'environment' itself as well as the different epistemology that comes with it (or leads to it). The article tries to bring systems theory back into geography with the decisive aim of enhancing the potentials for interaction between human and physical geographers and, therefore, to explore the possibility of connecting the social with the physical world – deviating from systems theory.     

中西方海洋地缘政治思想演化解构——基于人海关系分析框架

海洋地缘政治探讨国家政治活动与海洋地理环境的互动关系,并在理论和实践上极大的影响着世界政治经济格局.本文构建海洋地缘政治思想演化分析框架,探讨人海关系要素构成和国家与海洋互动机制,梳理中西方海洋地缘政治思想演进路径、内容构成和阶段特征.国家意志和需求、国家文化基因、技术变革是驱动国家与海洋关系互动的主要因素,中西方国家...     

海洋本体论及其视角下的南海海洋国土治理研究

长期以来海洋位于社会边缘,海洋治理不可避免地陷入陆地中心主义。本文在批判海洋国土治理背后的陆地本体及其领土化逻辑的基础上,将海洋重新概念化为体积空间与动态时间邂逅的四维时空,指出海洋具有多维性、流动性、非线性和非客体的特点,并以此构建了以体积国土、流动国土、能动国土为特征的海洋国土分析框架,进而将其运用于南海海洋国土治理的理论和政策认知,重构了长期桎梏于陆地规范的“时间、空间和运动”观念,回应了文化和政治地理学的新唯物主义取向。研究认为：① 在南海的体积管控上,岛礁扩建是有效的策略。岛礁扩建使体积海洋折叠为二维领土,以偏平化控制三维空间,改变了南海的地理和空间性质;② 在南海的流动性管控上,因海洋的流体、尺度和深度特征,以及法律边界模糊性,加剧了维护南海海上安全的复杂性,需要考虑与之匹配的管控非法流动性的监管策略;③ 在南海的能动管控上,需要关注渔民独特的生态伦理思想,海洋保护需要考虑不同本体间的对话和信息转译,使保护行为更加紧密地融入到本土社会文化情境中。本文为海洋国土治理提供了来自政治地理学的批判性视角,同时对人文地理学的人海关系研究亦是积极的推动。     

Aviation-Contrail Impacts on Climate and Climate Change: A Ready-to-Wear Research Mantle for Geographers

Although geographers are highly visible in research into contemporary climate changes accompanying greenhouse gas increases (“global warming”), a relatively little explored component by them is the impact of aviation. This contrasts with the atmospheric science community of cloud physicists, chemists, and numerical modelers, who use geographic tools of trade. Geographers are well positioned to investigate aviation-climate impacts, especially related to contrail clouds, given geographic traditions of environment, spatial variation, regionalization, generalization, and the integrative approach to studying physical and human systems (here, climate, transportation, and energy). We highlight the role played by geographers in contrail-climate studies and advocate for a broader involvement in aviation policy formulation.     

A REVIEW OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY IN SOUTH ASIA

The development of physical geography in South Asia has generally followed the British and European trends. Diverse themes from denudational chronology to palaeoflood geomorphology have attracted the attention of geomorphologists, particularly in the last 25 years. In addition, geographers’ interest in climatology and biogeography became pronounced during the 1980s. Major methodological shifts in the late 1960s in the west have affected geographical studies in South Asia. These shifts include the use of methods of quantification, remote sensing data, and the increased importance of field and laboratory studies. The second notable aspect in recent times is the accelerating interest amongst physical geographers in environmental studies and the applied aspects of the discipline as well as an increased interaction with scientists in cognate fields. An attempt is also made to identify the key research themes that will interest physical geographers in the near future.     

在深化可持续发展研究中发展地理学*

可持续发展研究对地理学提出了挑战,也是地理学的发展机会,地理学家有责任在发展自己学科的同时把可持续发展的研究引向深入。地理学家要能对似乎已得到广泛认同的概念提出挑战性的思想,要在观念形态、经济-社会体制、科学技术三个层次上把可持续发展的论题引向深入,同时要对论题的空间尺度和时间尺度有明确的界定,尤其要重视区域尺度和近期的可持续发展研究,重视可持续发展思想和战略的可操作性。     

GIS与地理分析

GIS与地理学的结合 ,有助于地理学家分析区域性或全球性一系列的地理问题 ,研究大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈等圈层内部的结构特征、分布规律、演化过程以及彼此之间物质流、能量流、信息流的传递方式及动力学机制。     

中国自然地域分区研究前沿与挑战

分区是地理学认知世界的基本途径。作为综合自然地理学的重要研究内容,自然地域分区通过对区域的划分,有助于进一步认识自然地域系统要素特征及其相互作用过程的地域分异规律,可为制定差异化的空间管治政策提供科学依据。自然地域分区的主题与方法随着社会经济发展在不断变革与创新,本文系统梳理了中国学者在自然地域动态分区、分区界线自动划定与多分区方案定量优选等前沿领域的近期进展,总结了自然地域分区理念、方法的创新与拓展。在此基础上,探讨了新时代自然地域分区在理念、技术与任务方面面临的挑战,建议开展面向人类—自然耦合系统、综合定性与定量途径、从全球到地方多尺度的自然地域分区研究,以期进一步完善自然地域分区理论与方法。     

基于集对分析的中国海洋战略性新兴产业支撑条件评价

21世纪以来,在海洋科技和海洋新兴产业发展的助推作用下,海洋战略性新兴产业逐渐成为全球海洋经济一个新的增长点。本文从基础、经济、科技、人才、政府和环境支撑6个方面提出建立海洋战略性新兴产业支撑条件评价指标体系,运用AHP-EVM赋权法,结合集对分析,对中国大陆沿海11个省、市、自治区支撑条件进行定量评价,并运用模糊C均值聚类分析法对评价结果进行分类,结果表明：①沿海省市间的支撑条件差距较明显,广东、山东和上海处于第一层次,在空间分布上呈现出“三足鼎立”的格局,各子支撑条件全面均衡发展;第二层次的江苏、辽宁综合支撑条件较好;第三层次的福建、浙江、天津综合支撑条件一般,缺乏对综合支撑条件贡献较大的优势子支撑条件;第四层次的河北、广西、海南综合支撑条件差,子支撑条件劣势突出。②通过沿海省市6大子支撑条件的对比分析,得出了各省市支撑条件的优劣势,为沿海各省市制定海洋战略性新兴产业发展规划和布局提供了科学依据。     

Global Cities and Circuits of Global Labor: The Case of Manila,Philippines

The ‘global city’ concept has captured the attention of geographers and other social scientists. Research focuses predominantly on capital mobility and the important managerial role exerted by cities in the ‘developed’ realm (i.e., New York, London, Tokyo). The mobility of labor is also important and yet has been neither critically conceptualized nor sufficiently analyzed in existing studies of global cities. Using the Philippines as a case study, I examine 1) how global circuits of labor are socially organized, and 2) the extent to which this social organization is spatially concentrated in Manila. In so doing, I reaffirm the critical role played by Third World cities as global cities.     

Global Cities and Circuits of Global Labor: The Case of Manila,Philippines

The ‘global city’ concept has captured the attention of geographers and other social scientists. Research focuses predominantly on capital mobility and the important managerial role exerted by cities in the ‘developed’ realm (i.e., New York, London, Tokyo). The mobility of labor is also important and yet has been neither critically conceptualized nor sufficiently analyzed in existing studies of global cities. Using the Philippines as a case study, I examine 1) how global circuits of labor are socially organized, and 2) the extent to which this social organization is spatially concentrated in Manila. In so doing, I reaffirm the critical role played by Third World cities as global cities.     

关于地理学的区域性和地域分异研究*

地理学素以综合性和区域性为其特色。区域研究是地理学悠久而重要的传统,并已形成区域学派。根据综合地理学或统一地理学的观点,区域研究是体现自然和人文相结合的重要层次和有效途径。探讨区域单元的形成发展、分异组合、划分合并和相互联系,是地理学对过程和类型综合研究的概括和总结。从地理学角度看,可以认为抓住典型区域研究,深化对地域分异规律的认识,是与国际接轨、连接全球的桥梁。可持续发展的概念应当包含地理学的区域性,其研究与实施也有不同的空间尺度。可以相信,在理论深化和方法创新的基础上,区域研究仍将是地理学的核心领域,也有着开展相关专题综合研究工作的广阔前景。     

河流碳循环对全球变化的响应与反馈

河流连接陆地生态系统和海洋两大活动碳库,构成全球碳循环的一个关键环节。河流碳的输出及循环过程与近岸水域环境、海洋碳库变动及全球气候系统紧密相关。有机碳在全球碳循环系统中处于核心地位,了解河流有机碳通量及性质变化是目前河流碳循环研究的重要内容之一。流域面积的大小及气候和环境性质的差异对河流碳的输移及循环过程影响显著。目前,亚洲季风流域尤其是众多的小流域缺乏系统的有关悬移质生源要素的信息。陆地侵蚀-沉积过程控制着河流碳的主要来源和归宿。当前,人类活动主宰着陆地的侵蚀-沉积状况,这在很大程度上表现为加速了陆地生态系统碳库的扰动与再沉积,并加强了河流向海洋的碳输送。     

从人地关系地域系统到人海关系地域系统——吴传均院士对中国海洋地理学的贡献

世界近代任何一个大国的崛起,都必须依靠海洋.中国既是陆地大国,又是海洋大国,中国的社会和经济的发展将越来越多地依赖海洋.吴传钓院士是中国杰出的地理学家,他提出:"地理学研究的核心--人地关系地域系统"[1]这一精辟的理论.同时他也是中国海洋地理学研究的实践者、倡导者和组织者.把人地关系的研究拓展到人海关系研究.提出了"地理学要面向海洋",多次提出:中国是个重要的海洋国家,地理工作不能限于"陆军",还要建立"陆军海战队",鼓励研究海洋.对吴传钓院士亲自参加海洋地理研究的实践、对年轻人的提携、把中国海洋地理学的研究推向国际等作了较详尽的介绍.     

大城市健身消费与地方建构

随着全球消费社会的到来,消费如何重塑人地关系日渐成为人文地理学研究的选题, 西方学界自20 世纪90 年代即开启了消费实践与地理学的全面联结。这种学术观照自然而然地延展到消费关系中折射出来的地理想象、地方认同和空间生产等主题之中。作为城市化衍生的生活方式,健身消费成为身体地理、空间想象和地方建构等研究交汇的重要议题。研究援引建构取向的地方理论以及行动者网络理论,分析行动者对“健身”的转译过程,指出行动者的消费关系社会性地建构了一个地理想象的“健康天堂”,健身的消费想象,与话语权力的凝视和影响是高度相关的。地理空间生产一种功能性消费关系和节点型人地关系,后者将本土消费关系想象式地嵌入到全球消费文化脉络之中,将人地关系从本土联结和延伸到全球。 通过身体实践的方式,行动者网络下的健身消费关系将微区位建构为多层次的地方。地方是一个现实与虚拟、本土与全球交互的关键节点,一种多向度的节点型人地关系可以在地理微区位中得到体现。