Book Reviews

Ryan, James R. Picturing Empire: Photography and theVisualization of the British Empire Sizoo, Edith (ed.) Women's Lifeworlds: Women's Narratives on Shaping their Realities. Teaford, Jon Post-Suburbia Government and Politics in the Edge Cities. Warhus, Mark Another America: Native American Maps and the Historyof Our Land Yeung, Y. M. and Chu, David K. Y. (eds.) Guangdong: Survey of aProvince Undergoing Rapid Change Young, E. M. World Hunger     

The Space That Race Makes

This essay is a revision of a paper prepared for an NSF workshop on race and geography. Participants in the workshop were asked to offer their views on the topic and our suggestions for further research. This contribution explores some aspects of the relationship and relevance of geography to the question of race in North America. It touches on three “places” that constitute the discipline: the place of research, the place of teaching, and the workplace. With respect to research, it suggests some promising lines of inquiry. Among these are studies of the relationship of scale to the politics of identity and studies of “passing” in connection with studies of geographies of experience and geographies of power.     

The Space That Race Makes

This essay is a revision of a paper prepared for an NSF workshop on race and geography. Participants in the workshop were asked to offer their views on the topic and our suggestions for further research. This contribution explores some aspects of the relationship and relevance of geography to the question of race in North America. It touches on three “places” that constitute the discipline: the place of research, the place of teaching, and the workplace. With respect to research, it suggests some promising lines of inquiry. Among these are studies of the relationship of scale to the politics of identity and studies of “passing” in connection with studies of geographies of experience and geographies of power.     

Citizenship,Community, and Struggles for Public Space

On April 16, 1993, a group of male students at the University of Colorado got into a fight with another group of males not associated with the university; this fight unleashed a broader debate over who should have access to the public spaces surrounding the university. We examine this debate in terms of its implications for citizenship, public space, and community. We discuss conflicts over public space and the role these conflicts have played in defining a citizenship that rejects notions of equal membership in a larger polity. This strategy is examined using newspaper accounts, interviews, and participant observation techniques to understand the conflict over access to “the Hill” in Boulder, Colorado. Central to these conflicts is the issue of how “the public” is constituted. As we detail the actions of agents involved in the Hill, it will become clear that this fight is about competing definitions of who belongs to the public, who is a citizen, and what should be the criteria for membership in the public or community.     

Policing,Partnerships, and Profits: The Operations of Business Improvement Districts and Town Center Management Schemes in England

This study considers the emergence of Public Private Policing Partnerships (PPPPs) in England and focuses on two increasingly common partnership bodies in particular: Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) and Town Center Management (TCM) schemes. It argues that in order to fully understand the operations of these partnerships, research must pay attention to their introduction, evolution, and social relationships. Through comparative case studies of local TCM schemes and BIDs in Coventry, Plymouth, and Reading, it reflects on the ways in which policing services are speculatively used to improve the "experience"' of being downtown, and increase the likelihood of consumers and investors spending more in their district. It also sheds light on the evolving policing "portfolios" the partnerships have developed and the roles that socio-technologies (e.g., CCTV, circulars) play in shaping the performance and relations of the partnerships.     

E.U. migrant criminal activity: Exploring spatial diversity and volume of criminal activity attributed to inter EU migrants in England

European Union expansion over the last decade has generated many studies, surpassed in number only by governmental comment and media headlines following this general theme. Issues and knowledge explored and expressed have been many, one being a hard to evidence crime-migration nexus leading to constructive empirical studies focussing on the accession to the EU of predominantly East European nations and ensuing migratory patterns. Appertaining to this study is geographic focus on crime committed by inter-EU migrants in England, resulting from holistic research of a contemporary EU statute concerning inter-state sharing of bio-informatics, seeking contextual knowledge to the benefit of policy makers. The geography of inter-EU crime in England identifies spatial dispersion and regional areas of activity on a meso scale. The activity of individual nationalities is examined in a spatial manner displaying distinct differences in movements on a regional (meso) scale. Results improve on current knowledge of the criminality of inter-EU migrants but also identify and call for further research in a conceptual development as localised criminal activity draws an international investigatory perspective.     

社区旅游与社区休闲相互作用机制研究

对于社区的可持续发展来说,社区休闲相对于社区旅游来说同样具有十分重要的意义。本文首先对社区旅游和社区休闲两个重要的概念进行界定与辨析,探讨两者之间相互制约的关系,最后得出两者互动发展结构模式图。     

大都市郊区化中的社区碎化与治理

本文从“城市生活空间质量观”的角度,首次运用城市空间公正的“社会论”观点,通过分析中外国家城市郊区化的社会内涵和机制以及由此引发的社会空间分异,揭示了中国快速郊区化过程中大城市郊区社区碎化的现状和原因,并提出对应空间治理措施。     

The whiteness of gay urban belonging: criminalizing LGBTQ youth of color in queer spaces of care

Chicago’s gay village of Boystown has long been linked with whiteness, and in the past decade, tensions have flared between neighborhood residents and queer and transgender (trans) youth of color, often homeless, who come to Boystown for the many services provided by its lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) nonprofit organizations, or queer spaces of care. While scholars have attended to community policing in Boystown through the Take Back Boystown movement, the role of LGBTQ nonprofits has yet to be examined in their role of criminalizing queer and trans youth of color in the neighborhood. Through an autoethnographic approach, this paper explores how several nonprofit organizations in Boystown have adopted policing strategies toward the queer and trans youth of color they serve. I argue that community policing has infiltrated these organizations to further defend and maintain an exclusive gay urban space informed by whiteness, which marks and regulates young, Black masculinities and trans femininities as deviant, untrustworthy, and criminal. Racism diminishes the ability for queer spaces of care to fulfill their mandates of supporting queer and trans youth of color, rendering the neighborhood a space of surveillance and furthering a White gay urban belonging that alienates and criminalizes these youth.     

Constructing Community Through Maps? Power and Praxis in Community Mapping*

Despite the growing practice of community mapping, empirical research remains limited. Extant studies have focused primarily on “counter‐maps” and indigenous maps, leaving many locally produced maps and their authors' perspectives unexplored. This article identifies the mapping process as critical to the definition and understanding of community mapping. It links critical cartography literature to goals of community‐mapping practitioners through themes of inclusion, transparency, and empowerment. The discussion highlights the social construction and practice of “community,” the relationship between maps and power, the definitional difficulties associated with community mapping, and the figurative and literal boundaries that constrain community cartography. Finally, it points to areas for further research and exploration.     

我国城市社区信息化建设策略研究

社区是社会的基本单元,社区和谐是社会和谐的基础.作为连接社区居民以及驻区单位需求的基层组织--社区,在和谐社会建设中无疑扮演着重要的桥梁和纽带作用.随着时代的进步,信息技术的发展和应用对社区生活的影响越来越大.社区信息化已经被纳入了我国"十一五"社会信息化的重点发展领域,信息化社区的普及意味着信息技术的应用将渗透到社区的每一个家庭.通过时社区信息化建设作用的分析,构建了社区信息化应用组成的主要框架,提出了目前在我国社区信息化建设过程中存在的问题以及相应的解决措施.     

通勤时间、社区活动对社区社会资本的影响：基于北京26个社区的调查研究

城市扩张和郊区化显著增加居民的通勤时间,减少居民在社区内及周边开展的日常活动,进而可能对居民的社区社会资本产生消极影响。基于2017年北京市26个社区居民的社区融合与活动日志问卷调查数据,通过构建结构方程模型,探讨通勤时间、社区活动对社区社会资本的影响机制。结果发现,控制居民社会经济属性和社区区位后,长时间通勤会减少居民在社区及周边1 000 m范围内开展的活动,并进一步对社区社交网络结构、社会信任和共同价值等社区社会资本的不同维度产生负面影响。此外,社区活动中社交娱乐活动的中介效应显著,而个人和家庭事务活动中介效应不显著。最后,证实了促进职住平衡、减少职住分离的规划政策对于增加居民社区活动及培育社区社会资本的重要意义。     

基于社区体系结构的社区资源可获性评价原理研究

国外发达国家城市社区生活空间结构及其规划的研究表明,从20世纪90年代至今,社区资源的可获性研究已成为城市社会-生活空间研究的焦点。本文基于社区体系结构原理,融合以往关于社区资源可获性的研究成果,探索性地总结出社区资源可获性的评价原理以及社区资源可获性相关的评价原则、内容、方法和指标体系。     

城中村休闲空间建设与本、外地人口之间的社区融合--以广州市石牌村为例

促进城中村本地人口与外来人口之间的社区融合是广州市城市发展需要解决的重要任务之一,休闲空间为社区居民提供了社会交往场所,理应成为促进社区融合的重要工具。广州市外来人口集中分布在“城中村”里,本文以广州市典型的“城中村”石牌村为例,通过广泛而深入的社会调查,试图分析“城中村”休闲空间建设在促进本地人口和外来人口之间的社区融合方面所起的作用。调研结果显示,“城中村”休闲设施建设有效地促进了本地人口内部和外来人口内部的社会融合,但由于各种制度约束和本地人口与外来人口心理和行为的差异等因素的影响,这些设施建设在促进外来人口与本地人口之间的社会融合等方面并未起到多大作用。因此,地方政府应加大“城中村”社区休闲设施建设,营造和谐的社区环境,同时大力提倡多元文化的并存发展,消除外来人口和本地人口之间的隔阂,让休闲场所真正成为促进本地人口与外地人口社会交往与社区融合的重要手段。     

三江平原湿地毛果苔草群落的演替特征

为了说明三江平原湿地植物物种多样性近30年的演替特征，选择三江平原湿地中分布最广泛的毛果苔草群落为研究对象，进行了广泛的野外样方调查。研究发现毛果苔草群落的物种丰富度呈明显减少趋势。毛果苔草的平均高度减少了约为18cm。Drude多度级几乎降低了一个级别。物种构成发生了重大改变，物种重要值≥0．3的一些优势物种的重要性降低，物种重要值≥0．2的物种数目明显减少。群落演替处于快速衰落阶段，退化迹象十分明显。而水量的减少是导致毛果苔草群落快速退化的主要的因素。     

绿色空间对休闲性体力活动影响的社区分异 ——以广州市为例

以广州市20个典型社区为例,构建多元线性回归模型,探讨了绿色空间对居民休闲性体力活动的影响,并剖析绿色空间对不同类型社区居民休闲性体力活动影响的作用机制。结果发现：1）不同类型社区居民的休闲性体力活动水平存在明显差异,低档社区的为782.99 MET-min/w,中档社区的为871.70 MET-min/w,高档社区的为1 227.91 MET-min/w;2）影响不同类型社区居民休闲性体力活动水平的绿色空间因素有所不同,低档社区、中档社区和高档社区的显著因子分别为“到最近公园广场距离”“邻里绿化覆盖率”和“健身活动设施数量”;3）绿色空间对休闲性体力活动水平影响的作用机制存在社区差异,低档社区居民休闲性体力活动主要受到成本作用的约束,中档社区居民主要受绿化环境作用影响,而高档社区居民主要受机会作用影响。     

旅游与社区一体化发展研究

旅游与社区一体化发展的实现过程包括实现旅游与社区一体化发展的内外部环境构建、社区与旅游一体化发展的旅游规划、社区与旅游一体化发展的旅游影响评价等3个过程。文章对这3个过程进行了分析,并对如何实现旅游与社区一体化发展及如何构建旅游与社区一体化发展程度的评价指标体系进行了初步探讨。     

社区营造进程中的乡村地方性建构特征与机制 ——以台湾中和社区为例

以台湾中和社区为案例,采用访谈法与介入式观察法,通过社会建构与人文主义两种视角,关注宏观社会结构与个体行动者两种力量对地方性形成的影响,探讨了社区营造的地方性特征及其建构机制。研究表明：中和社区营造的地方性表现在都市近郊的区位、社区营造实践地点及活动、参与者与观光者的地方感3个方面;中和地方性建构过程则经历3个阶段：首先,弱地方性引起了社区营造参与者与广大社会的反身性;其次,在社区营造政策的推动下,社区营造参与者在日常生活中推动社区营造,促进地方性的生产与再生产;最后,地方性的营造结果吸引了社会资本与人力资本的再投入,强化了地方性的持续生产,并创造了进步的地方性,也间接强化了乡村自治能力。     

社区商业初探——以厦门市瑞景社区商业中心为例

社区商业是城市商业空间的重要组成部分,是以社区范围内的居民为服务对象的属地型商业,最早出现于美国,随后在西方发达国家逐渐兴盛,然后发展到东南亚等新兴工业化国家。目前我国的社区商业仍处于起步价段,发展还较为滞后。本文主要对厦门市瑞景加州这一社区商业中心进行了调研,通过对消费者的问卷调查分析,为瑞景社区商业的进一步发展提供依据,同时为我国社区商业的发展提供一些战略思考。