The Geography of Fish: The Use of Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Tools in Fisheries Research

Rather than seeing the oceans as an expansive void, researchers using acoustic technologies can detect the heterogeneity of biological resources and view the marine environment as a three-dimensional landscape. Underwater remote sensing, using acoustics, provides high resolution maps of the spatial distribution of organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Analyzing the spatial pattern of species distribution within the water column and the impact of that organization on ecological processes bridges the fields of fisheries and spatial analysis. Tools and concepts familiar to geographers, such as remote sensing, GIS, and landscape ecology, contribute to the investigation of large lake and marine ecosystems.     

荒漠-过渡带-绿洲界定——以石羊河流域为例

中国西北干旱区发源于山地的河流为中下游地区带来了丰富的水土资源,在荒漠中孕育出绿洲,过渡带位于其间,构成荒漠-过渡带-绿洲地理景观单元。界定荒漠、过渡带、绿洲的空间分布,可为干旱区生态系统格局、过程和服务方面的精确认知评价提供空间参考。以石羊河流域为例,选取训练样本,利用常用遥感指标和景观格局指数,通过判别分析方法,对荒漠、过渡带和绿洲空间范围进行界定。结果表明:采用通过逐步判别分析筛选出的6项遥感指标和2项景观指数构建的判别函数,与单独利用遥感指标或景观指数构建的判别函数,计算出训练样本的判别准确率分别为92.4%、84.0%、70.2%。采用遥感指标结合景观指数的综合判别分析,比单独利用遥感指标或景观指数判别准确率分别提高了8.4%\,22.2%。经综合指标判别分析,得出除主要山地外的石羊河流域荒漠、过渡带和绿洲面积分别为133万、49万、58万hm²。     

GIS与RS技术支持下的北京西北地区景观格局优化

在区域尺度上以城市化过程为特征的土地利用活动对景观功能的稳定和景观结构的差异性有着深刻的影响。选择北京西北地区为研究区域, 应用RS 与GIS 技术, 对1989 年、1996 年、2005 年三期LANDSAT TM 图像进行解译判读, 深入分析研究区景观格局时空变化特征, 发现城市扩展造成了生态绿地破碎化、景观连通性降低及景观单一等一系列问题。在此基础上, 本研究以景观流运行受距离、障碍等因素影响原理作为出发点, 采用累积耗费距离模型, 结合景观组分的生态系统服务功能价值和空间作用, 研究了北京西北地区景观结构紧密性和生态功能空间差异, 进而构建源地、生态廊道和生态节点等景观组分来加强生态网络的空间联系, 最后提出本研究区域的景观格局优化方案。该研究方法及结果对北京地区景观生态规划和建设具有重要的理论依据和和参考价值。     

近20a察尔汗盐湖区景观格局变化与趋势分析

柴达木盆地主要景观类型为干盐湖和盐渍地,为了解区内各类景观类型空间分布特征、景观类型变化转移矩阵及变化趋势,分别选取了2000年、2010年、2020年作为3个关键研究时段,以Landsat TM多光谱卫星遥感数据为数据源,采用水体指数法与目视解译相结合的方法,建立了七类遥感图像解译标志,对近20a察尔汗盐湖区景观格局变化进行了分析。结果表明:察尔汗湖区的工矿用地面积、盐田面积、人工湿地(水库)面积在2000~2020年呈现出明显增加的趋势,而盐湖和干盐湖的面积呈现出明显减少的趋势;2000年以后,人工湿地(水库)的面积逐年增长达到了218.88 km²,在以盐滩戈壁为主的原生环境比较恶劣的盐湖区内,这片新生水域为当地野生动植物提供了十分宝贵的生境场所。     

银川平原湿地空间分布格局图谱

采用湿地遥感制图方法,获取了银川平原湿地景观空间分布信息。在综合分析湿地分布图、地貌图、水系等图件的基础上,应用地学信息图谱分析方法,按照湿地水源补给状况建立了湿地空间分布格局图谱,并解释了银川平原湿地景观格局图谱的形成机理。     

Simulation of leaf area index and biomass at landscape scale

The method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and biomass at landscape scale using remote sensing images and surface data was discussed in this paper. The procedure was: (1) annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the landscape was calculated from TM images; (2) the relationship model between NDVI and LAI was built and annual maximum LAI over the landscape was simulated; (3) the relationship models between LAI and biomass were built and annual branch, stem, root and maximum leaf biomass over the landscape were simulated; (4) spatial distribution patterns of leaf biomass and LAI in different periods all the year round were obtained. The simulation was based on spatial analysis module GRID in ArcInfo software. The method is also a kind of scaling method from patch scale to landscape scale. A case study of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was dissertated. Analysis and primary validation were carried out to the simulated LAI and biomass for the major vegetation types in the Changbai Mountain in 1995.     

基于遥感和地面数据的景观尺度叶面积指数和生物量的模拟

The method for simulating the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of leaf area index (LAI) and biomass at landscape scale using remote sensing images and surface data was discussed in this paper,The procedure was:(1) annual maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the landscape was calculated from TM images;(2) the relationship model between NDVI and LAI was built and annual maximum LAI over the landscape was simulated;(3) the relationship models between LAI and biomass were built and annual branch ,stem ,root and maximum leaf biomass over the landscape were simulated;(4) spatial distribution patterns of leaf biomass and LAI in different periods all the year round were obtained.The simulation was based on spatial analysis module GRID in ArcoInfo software ,The method is laso a kind of scaling method from patch scale to landscape scale ,A case study of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was dissertated ,Aalysis and primary validation were carried out to the simulated LAI and biomass for the major vegetation types in the Changbai Mountain in 1995.     

The Landscape Pattern Characteristics and Spatial Distribution of the Rural Settlements in the Hejiang River Basin

Analyzing the landscape pattern of rural settlements is an important way to reveal the relationships between landscape change and human activities. Based on Landsat TM/ETM/OLI satellite remote sensing images as data sources and Hejiang River Basin as the research area, this paper expounds the information on the spatial distribution of rural settlements at four time points in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. Using the methods of landscape pattern analysis, GIS spatial analysis and spatial statistics, this paper analyzes the spatial characteristics of the rural settlements, such as scale, distribution and shape, and then discusses the influences of terrain, rivers, location and policy factors on the spatial characteristics of the rural settlements. The results show that with the advance of time, the number of rural settlement patches in Hejiang River Basin is decreasing, the patch area and average patch area are increasing, the patch density is decreasing, and the settlement pattern tends toward cluster development. In addition, the shapes of settlement patches tend to be complicated and irregular, so it is necessary to strengthen planning and guidance in order to promote the regular layout of the settlements. The overall distribution of settlements is dense in the Northwest and Southeast, but sparse in the Middle and West, with a high density in the plains and a low density in hills and mountains. This study found that the terrain, river and location factors have significant influences on the spatial pattern of settlements.     

Ecologically based landscape pattern optimization in northwest of Beijing

Supported by the technologies of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS), we chose northwest of Beijing as a study area and gave priority to understanding of the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape pattern change through visually interpreted Landsat TM images of 1989, 1996 and 2005. It is believed that there were a series of landscape ecological problems caused by city expansion: landscape ecological connectivity was low; landscape structure was simplified; the fragmentation of green land patch was more obvious on the plain areas, moreover, spatial distribution of green land was unbalanced. For this reason, this study adopted accumulative cost distance model, combined with ecosystem services and spatial interactions of landscape types, analyzed the spatial difference of the ecological function and the compactness of landscape structure in the study area, and further discussed the landscape pattern optimization proposal. We find that it is essential to protect and establish ecological sources, to establish urban ecological corridors, and to establish ecological nodes at the landscape ecological strategic positions so as to intensify spatial relationships among landscape elements and maintain continuity of landscape ecological process and pattern in the course of city expansion. The methods and final results from this study are expected to be useful for landscape ecological planning in Beijing region.     

基于神经网络模型技术的南京市主城区城市森林遥感调查

城市森林调查是城市森林研究和规划建设的前提和基础工作,而遥感和GIS技术已成为现代城市森林调查的主要方法。遥感信息源和遥感分类技术是决定城市森林遥感调查质量的两个关键因素,研究认为,根据城市森林特点及城市森林研究和规划建设的要求,城市森林遥感调查采用的遥感影像分辨率以8¹0m为宜,神经网络模型分类技术应用于城市森林遥感调查效果较好。本文以南京市主城区为例,以10m分辨率多光谱spot卫星图像与2.5m分辨率全色spot卫星图像的融合图像作为解译信息源,采用dARTMAP神经网络模型进行监督分类,提取了一套具有较高精度的南京市主城区城市森林空间属性数据和图件,并在此基础上分析了南京市城市森林基本特点及规划建设方向。     

基于RS和GIS的九龙江河口湿地景观变化驱动力研究

利用1986年和2000年遥感影像作为基本信息源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,建立湿地空间数据库。运用景观生态学原理,选取反应景观空间结构和景观异质性的指数,对九龙江河口湿地景观空间格局的变化情况及其驱动力进行了分析。结果显示,1986-2000年,湿地景观发生子较大变化,人为因子是九龙江河口湿地景观变化的直接驱动力,自然因子以不同强度和方式影响湿地景观的演化。     

1984-2008年北京湿地景观格局驱动机制(英文)

The landscape pattern of Beijing wetlands has undergone a significant change as a result of natural and artificial elements.Supported by remote sensing and GIS technology,using multi-temporal TM images from 1984 to 2008 in Beijing,this paper analyzed the dynamic characteristics of wetlands landscape pattern through selected typical indices including patch area,patch average area,fractal dimension index,diversity,dominance,contagion indices and the spatial centroids of each wetlands type were calculated.Finally,the paper explored the evolution mode and driving factors of wetland landscape pattern.The results were obtained as follows:the total wetland area increased during the period 1984-1996,then decline from 1996 to 2004.The wetland area in 1994 accounted for only 47.37% of that in 2004.The proportion of artificial wetland area was larger than that of natural wetland.The proportion of reservoir wetland was 33.50% to 53.73% and had the maximum average area.pond and paddy field wetland type with the least average area accounted for 16.46% to 45.09% of the total wetland area.The driving forces of the natural river wetland were mainly natural elements;its fractal dimension index was greater than the others.The Shannon diversity index of wetland landscape increased from 1.11 in 1992 to 1.34 in 2004,indicating that the difference between proportions of each wetland type decreased and areas of each wetland type were evenly distributed.The contagion index went down from 65.59 to 58.41,indicating that the connectivity degraded.Miyun Reservoir had the largest area and its area change had a great impact on the location of the centroid.Wetland resources degenerated gradually from the joint effects of natural and artificial factors.During the period 2006-2008,the precipitation increased and the drought condition was relieved.The government implemented series of positive policies to save water resources,and the wetland area increased.     

The tropical forest in south east Asia: Monitoring and scenario modeling using synthetic aperture radar data

Tropical forests play a major role in storing large carbon stocks and regulating energy, and water fluxes, but such forest cover is decreasing rapidly in spite of the policy attention on reducing deforestation. High-resolution spatiotemporal maps are unavailable for the forests in majority of the tropical regions in Asia because of the persistent cloud cover and haze cover. Recent advances in radar remote sensing have provided weather-independent data of earth surface, thus offering an opportunity to monitor tropical forest change processes with relatively high spatiotemporal resolutions. In this research, we aim to examine the tropical deforestation process and develop a spatial model to simulate future forest patterns under various scenarios. Riau Province from central Sumatra of Indonesia is selected as the study area; this province has received much attention worldwide because the highest CO₂ emission resulting from tropical deforestation has been recorded. Annual time series PALSAR data from 2007 to 2010 were analyzed for forest mapping and detecting land cover changes. A spatial model was calibrated using the Bayesian method. Modeling parameters were customized for the local subregions that allocate deforestation on the basis of their empirical relationships to physical and socioeconomic drivers. The model generated landscape spatial patterns mirrored the possible locations and extent of deforested areas by 2030 and provided time-series crucial information on forest landscape under various scenarios for future landscape management projects. The results suggested that the current deforestation process is in a critical stage where some subregions may face unprecedented stress on primary forest costing rivers and forest ecosystems by the end of 2020. The perspective views of Riau Province generated by the model highlighted the need for forest/environmental planning controls for the conservation of environmentally sensitive areas.     

基于景观结构变化的青海湖流域湿地空间分析

以青海湖流域为研究区域,以遥感影像为主要信息源,以景观指数为空间分析方法,从流域和县域两级水平对青海湖流域1977-2000年湿地景观变化进行空间分析。结果表明:近30年青海湖流域湿地面积净减少101247hm2,斑块数目增加了1099个,破碎程度明显增加,分离度呈上升趋势,分维数逐渐变小趋近于1,人类活动的加剧导致青海湖流域湿地景观空间结构变化。     

Estimation of net primary productivity in China using remote sensing data

1 IntroductionAs a major part of terrestrial ecosystem, vegetation plays an important role in the energy, matter and momentum exchange between land surface and atmosphere. Through the process of photosynthesis, land plants assimilate carbon in atmosphere and incorporate into dry matter while part of carbon is emitted into atmosphere again through plant respiration. The remainder of photosynthesis and respiration is called net primary productivity (NPP), which is important in the global carbon…     

城市绿量测算模式及信息系统

作者提出了以彩红外航片判读和计算机模拟技术测算绿量、建立绿量数据库、及对该数据库的GIS化开发形成绿量信息管理系统的一整套理论技术与方法。     

An overview of scale, pattern, process relationships in geomorphology: a remote sensing and GIS perspective

Satellite remote sensing and geographic information systems are emerging technologies in geomorphology. They offer the opportunity to gain fresh insights into biophysical systems through the spatial, temporal, spectral, and radiometric resolutions of remote sensing systems and through the analytical and data integration capability of GIS. The two technologies can be linked together into a synergistic system that is particularly well suited to the examination of landscape conditions through the interrelationships of scale, pattern, and process, a paradigm that has gained prominence in the fields of biogeography and landscape ecology. In this study, we apply optical and microwave remote sensing systems and GIS methodologies to case studies framed within the fluvial and alpine environments. We use the scale, pattern, and process paradigm to explore landscape relationships in those environments. Satellite image processing, change-detection analyses, digital elevation models, GIS-derived geomorphic indices and variables, composition and pattern metrics of landscape organization, and scale-dependent analyses are described and related to the study of river channel abandonment and the alpine treeline ecotone. We describe appropriate remote sensing and GIS techniques for geomorphic research, and demonstrate the use of such techniques in the application of the scale, pattern, and processes perspective in geomorphic studies.     

森林生态系统遥感监测技术研究进展

森林是陆地生态系统的主体,森林生态系统监测技术是实现森林可持续利用与全球变化研究的重要支撑与信息保障。从4个方面概述了遥感技术在森林生态系统监测中的应用研究进展：森林遥感分类及变化监测、森林植被参数遥感反演、森林蓄积量与生物量遥感估算、森林干扰遥感监测等。结合遥感技术的发展,总结了森林生态系统监测中使用的多源遥感数据和各类模型,提出集成地面调查数据、高分地-空雷达扫描监测技术,以及多源光学遥感建模技术和生态系统过程模型,构建多维度、多尺度、高时间密度的森林生态系统监测平台的研究展望。     

民勤土地利用格局时空变化研究

应用1987年和2010年两期TM遥感数据,在GIS技术的支撑下,解译提取民勤县土地利用类型空间分布信息,用FRAGSTATS3.3软件计算斑块类型和景观两个层次的7个景观格局指数,分析民勤县土地利用类型空间转化特点和质心转移趋势。结果表明：（1）23年间,民勤县土地利用类型转换明显,戈壁、耕地面积增加,草地面积减少,林地部分退化。（2）土地类型多样性和均匀度减小、聚集度增加,表明人类活动对民勤县土地利用影响大,土地利用结构受个别土地类型影响程度加深、稳定性下降。（3）民勤县土地利用质心整体向西南方向偏移,沙漠、耕地质心向西南方向偏移明显,沙进人退的趋势显著。     

上海市高层建筑的城市热力景观效应研究

以上海市外环线以内为研究区域,运用遥感与地理信息系统技术,建立高层建筑热力景观效应研究的指标体系,分析上海市高层建筑的高度、数量、密度、空间布局形态等对城市亮温的影响,发现高层建筑高度与亮温呈负相关,高度越高,周围的亮温越低;高层建筑集中分布的区域,一般属于亮温的中低温分布区;而高层建筑的数量或密度对热场的影响不大。可见,高层建筑合理布局将有利于减弱城市热场效应。