遗传算法在土坡整体稳定性分析中的应用

边坡稳定性分析的关键是如何确定最危险滑动面的位置并计算与之相对应的安全系数。由于传统的极限平衡分析方法很容易陷入局部极小值而不能找到真正的最危险滑裂面,因此采用瑞典条分确立土坡分析模型,用遗传算法搜索土坡最危险滑动面,进而求得土坡最小安全系数。该方法模拟了生物遗传进化的过程,克服了传统方法的局限性。通过和面积细分法所搜索的最危险滑动面和计算得到的土质边坡安全系数作对比,可得遗传算法在土质边坡稳定分析中具有较高的精度与可靠性。遗传算法可以很好地解决如何寻找土质边坡整体极值的问题。工程应用实例表明,遗传算法分析土质边坡的稳定性效果良好,具有很好的应用前景。     

土工织物加筋土坡稳定的塑性极限分析法

在塑性极限分析理论的基础上，本文给出了土工织物加筋土坡稳定数的上限解。与无筋土坡的已有解比较表明，该解是可靠的，从而为土工织物加筋土坡的稳定分析提供了一个有效的方法。此外，本文的计算结果表明，各种因素对土坡稳定性的影响程度随坡角的增大而减小。     

基于遗传算法的均质土坡稳定性分析数值解研究

建立了边坡稳定性分析的平面直角坐标系,得到了该坐标系下的边坡稳定分析瑞典圆弧法的积分表达式。以简单均质粘性土坡为研究对象,结合MATLAB遗传算法工具箱,建立了基于瑞典圆弧法的遗传算法优化模型,实现了边坡稳定分析最小安全系数的自动寻优。通过实例进行验证和对比,表明该方法是行之有效的。     

基于多元线性回归分析的土坡有限元失稳判据定量研究

塑性区连通程度是有限单元法判别土坡是否达到极限状态的重要依据,鉴于此判据目前尚未取得统一,本文着重对均质土坡失稳判据进行了定量研究。在主要考虑对土坡稳定性影响较大的三大参数(黏聚力c、内摩擦角φ、坡比λ)的前提下,通过经典条分法选取了多组处于极限平衡状态的土坡参数组合,对这些参数组合进行有限元程序计算,求得极限平衡状态下土坡剪切带等效塑性应变中值连通率,再采用多元线性统计回归方法,得出塑性区中值连通率与土坡参数的关系公式y=0.020702c+0.024417φ-0.67898λ+0.46799,从而为土坡有限元稳定性分析提供了定量失稳判据,并且使得有限单元法与经典条分法计算成果具有一定的可比性。算例分析表明,利用本文判据公式得到的安全系数与Bishop法计算成果相吻合,从而验证了失稳判据公式的正确性。     

均质土坡的安全系数

本文用变分法的基本理论的方法，推导出了均质土坡稳定性在平面应变情况下的基本方程，将简单边坡无粘性土（Ｃ＝０）与纯粘性土ψ＝０）的情况作为特例导出了相应的计算方法与计算公式，并对传统的条分法与土坡临界高度计算方法进行了讨论。     

考虑饱和-非饱和渗流的土坡极限分析

给出了均质土坝的下游坝坡的安全系数的计算方法。均质土坝的下游坝坡有可能会通过滑裂面发生破坏。土坝中的土坡通常处于非饱和状态。非饱和土坡的安全系数计算需要考虑吸力对抗剪强度的贡献以及土坡中的非饱和渗流。给出处于饱和-非饱和渗流状态下的土坡的安全系数,有助于评价均质土坝的安全系数。下游坝坡的安全系数计算方法有：极限平衡法、上限解法和下限解法,该算法适用于非饱和土坡,且是在饱和土坡安全系数的计算方法上修正得到的。算例中非饱和土坡安全系数的计算考虑了吸力对抗剪强度的贡献。考虑非饱和渗流理论的土坡安全系数计算方法通常更加接近现场实际情况,并且对于同一坝坡,考虑非饱和渗流计算出的土坡安全系数要比饱和渗流理论计算出的安全系数大。     

变形协调条件下非线性破坏准则的加筋土坡临界高度上限解

针对现有加筋土坡稳定性分析研究大多基于线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则的现状,本文考虑了岩土材料破坏的非线性特性,采用非线性破坏准则和外切直线法,引入极限分析上限理论进行研究。根据加筋土坡的工程特性和变形机理,考虑破坏滑动层上筋材与土体变形协调特点及速度变化的连续性,分开计算素土的内力功和筋材能量耗散功率,在此基础上,建立直线破裂面和对数螺线破裂面机构的加筋土坡临界高度确定方法。对极限状态下加筋土坡临界高度的目标函数,采用序列二次规划非线性优化算法,得到上限解。最后,通过工程算例分析,并与已有离心模型试验结果和理论研究方法计算结果进行对比,结果表明本文计算方法考虑间断面滑动层筋材与土体变形协调及速度变化连续性是合理的,得到的上限解更优;非线性参数对加筋土坡稳定性有着重要影响,临界高度随非线性参数m的增大而减小。     

L型抗滑桩加固土坡特性的离心模型试验与有限元模拟研究

L型抗滑桩在传统等截面抗滑桩的基础上加入横段,有效提高桩的稳定性和加固边坡效果。本文采用离心模型试验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了L型抗滑桩加固土坡的变形特征与桩土相互作用。基于离心模型试验得到了L型抗滑桩加固土坡的位移场,并采用有限元软件对离心模型试验过程进行了数值模拟,数值与试验结果得出的土坡荷载位移曲线吻合程度较高,水平位移分布趋势基本一致。模拟结果表明,L型抗滑桩的加固效果明显优于传统等截面抗滑桩,土坡位移减小约25%,桩转角减小约70%。通过对比、融合离心模型试验观测与数值模拟结果,分析了L型抗滑桩对土坡的加固效果及桩-土相互作用。横段上下侧的土压力分布相差很大,差距最大时上侧土压力仅为下侧土压力的20%左右。L型抗滑桩横段与土的摩擦力分布存在极小值,竖直段抗滑桩可以改变土坡位移场,使得内侧位移分布存在极大值。坡体受力变形分析结果表明,抗滑桩导致土坡出现土拱效应,L型抗滑桩的横段会进一步增强土拱效应,形成应力重分布,使横段所受土压力增大,提高抗滑桩的稳定性。     

坡顶加载时黏性土坡土钉加固前后的离心模型试验比较研究

为研究坡顶加载条件下黏性土坡的承载特性和变形规律,进行了素土坡和土钉加固土坡的加载离心模型试验。测量了土坡的承载和变形过程。通过对比两种土坡的承载特性和变性规律,土钉的加固作用体现在：限制了土坡向坡面方向的位移,使土坡的承载能力得到了明显提高;在加固土坡内形成的土钉影响区域改善了加载底板边缘处的薄弱程度;增大了土坡中上部土体的竖向压缩变形,减小了剪切变形,增强了土坡的稳定性。土坡上部土钉的加固效果随着坡顶荷载的增大而越明显;土坡中下部土与土钉的相互作用越靠近坡面越强     

基于统一滑移线场的均质土质边坡稳定性评价方法

结合统一强度理论根据数值法推导了土质边坡统一极限坡面曲线,在此基础上提出了一种利用统一极限坡面曲线与原坡面线间的位置关系定义土质边坡稳定性系数的新方法。对于均质土坡,利用极限坡面曲线法可以快速且精确的得到其统一极限坡面曲线和边坡安全系数。应用统一极限坡面曲线法对均质土坡算例进行稳定性系数计算,得到的结果与已被验证方法的计算结果相吻合,表明本文方法计算结果是可靠的。此外,对多个均质土坡样本安全状态进行了判断,研究表明统一极限坡面曲线法计算得到的结果和已被验证的其它方法的计算结果吻合度较高,表明本文方法能够准确地判断均质土坡边坡所处的状态,而且吻合率优于其他方法,显示出统一极限坡面曲线法在判断边坡稳定状态方面的优势。同时分析了中间主应力对边坡稳定的影响,结果表明中间主应力对边坡稳定有较大影响。     

公路软基沉降预测的支持向量机模型

提出了基于支持向量机（SVM）模型对公路软基沉降进行预测的一种新方法,工程实例预测结果表明,在同样的训练均方误差下,SVM模型预测能力要优于BP神经网络模型,同时该模型能够综合利用分级加载过程中的沉降观测数据作为训练样本集,比仅依靠预压期内部分实测沉降数据的双曲线法更能反映地基土的变形趋势。因此,将建立的SVM模型应用于公路软基沉降预测能够更准确地反映实际沉降过程     

被动微波遥感近地表土壤冻融状态数据产品对比及分析

近地表土壤冻融循环过程是陆面过程的"开关",对地表能量过程、水文过程、植被动态、温室气体交换和生态系统功能等都具有重要影响.除了依靠传统观测手段判别地表冻融,被动微波卫星遥感技术已被成熟运用于全球尺度地表冻融研究中.利用被动微波卫星遥感亮温监测地表冻融大致经历了理论基础和算法的研制、算法参数的验证和应用以及建立数据集三...     

Proposed nonlinear 3-D analytical method for piled raft foundations

The load distribution and deformation of piled raft foundations subjected to axial and lateral loads were investigated by a numerical analysis and field case studies. Special attention is given to the improved analytical method (YSPR) proposed by considering raft flexibility and soil nonlinearity. A load transfer approach using p–y, t–z and q–z curves is used for the analysis of piles. An analytical method of the soil–structure interaction is developed by taking into account the soil spring coupling effects based on the Filonenko-Borodich model. The proposed method has been verified by comparing the results with other numerical methods and field case studies on piled raft. Through comparative studies, it is found that the proposed method in the present study is in good agreement with general trend observed by field measurements and, thus, represents a significant improvement in the prediction of piled raft load sharing and settlement behavior.     

黄土湿陷机理研究现状及有关问题探讨

黄土湿陷性问题由来已久。20世纪60-80年代, 采用扫描电镜(SEM)和物化分析技术, 黄土湿陷机理的结构理论获得了发展和完善, 当时, 由于不能提供定量的力学参数而很少应用于工程建设。随着土工试验技术的进步以及土力学理论的发展, 克服传统的黄土湿陷机理研究方法的不足成为可能。本文首先论述了黄土湿陷性研究的力学属性; 其次, 提出了黄土的广义湿陷概念; 最后, 从非饱和土力学角度对黄土湿陷机理研究的有关问题进行了讨论和分析。      

An exploration strategy for prospecting with a case study on copper prospects at Ingladhal (India)

An approach to prospecting for minerals which quantifies the risk involved in exploration ventures is suggested in this paper. This approach is based on three factors viz., (a) the probability of the occurrence of an economic prospect (P1), (b) the probability of its actual discovery (P2) and (c) the probability that it is of sufficient economic value to compensate costs. An operational equation which takes into account the number of ventures, probability factors P1, P2, P3 and the estimated mining costs for a given region has been employed to assess the likely returns. Three case situations in respect of copper prospects at Ingladhal have been analysed and the probability and pay off ratios have been worked out in each of these situations. In respect of the actual case situation (situation 3), the profitability and the pay off ratios have been found to be approximately equal to 6.3 and 0.22 respectively. A comparison of this study with other similar earlier studies has also been made.     

基于遗传算法的软土地基沉降预测

基于自然进化原理的遗传算法是一种解决岩土工程复杂非线性问题十分有前景的方法。对遗传算法中一些具有代表性的算法作了简要分析和评论。软土地基沉降受众多因素的影响,在时序上表现出复杂的非线性特征。针对一个加固纠偏工程的沉降预测问题,运用MATLAB编写遗传算法程序进行了预测分析。计算结果与实测资料基本一致,它在全局优化、非线性优化、多参数优化等方面表现出了传统算法无法比拟的优势。     

Numerical simulation of flow processes in liquefied soils using a soil–water-coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics method

Liquefaction can result in the damage or collapse of structures during an earthquake and can therefore be a great threat to life and property. Many site investigations of liquefaction disasters are needed to study the large-scale deformation and flow mechanisms of liquefied soils that can be used for performance assessments and infrastructure improvement. To overcome the disadvantages of traditional flow analysis methods for liquefied soils, a soil–water-coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) modeling method was developed to analyze flow in liquefied soils. In the proposed SPH method, water and soil were simulated as different layers, while permeability, porosity, and interaction forces could be combined to model water-saturated porous media. A simple shear test was simulated using the SPH method with an elastic model to verify its application to solid phase materials. Subsequently, the applicability of the proposed SPH modeling method to the simulation of interaction forces between water and soil was verified by a falling-head permeability test. The coupled SPH method produced good simulations for both the simple shear and falling-head permeability tests. Using a fit-for-purpose experimental apparatus, a physical flow model test of liquefied sand has been designed and conducted. To complement the physical test, a numerical simulation has been undertaken based on the soil–water-coupled SPH method. The numerical results correspond well with the physical model test results in observed configurations and velocity vectors. An embankment failure in northern Sweden was selected so that the application of the soil–water-coupled SPH method could be extended to an actual example of liquefaction. The coupled SPH method simulated the embankment failure with the site investigation well. They have also estimated horizontal displacements and velocities, which can be used to greatly improve the seismic safety of structures.     

综合评价法确定岩质顺向坡软弱结构面的强度参数

岩质边坡的勘察相对较为简单,不像土质边坡那样当岩土结构复杂时使得勘察较为困难,但当岩质边坡为顺向坡、且有软弱夹层时,其软弱结构面抗剪强度指标的确定一直是勘察人员难以把握的问题。结合工程实例,通过结构面大型现场直剪试验、规范查表法及反算法等综合评价法,确定了岩质边坡软弱结构面的抗剪强度指标,并对各方法进行了详细的介绍和分析,以供类似工程作对比参考。     

基于应力路径的实用沉降计算方法

为提高对沉降计算的可靠性与方便性,提出了一种基于应力路径的实用沉降计算方法。依据应力路径法原理,采用由Skempton(司开普顿)孔隙水压力方程得出的有效应力路径方程来表达应力路径,得出了沉降计算的实用计算式。所提出的计算式具有形式简洁、参数易确定、方便实用等优点。工程实例分析验证了该方法的可靠性,可为实际工程的沉降计算提供参考。     

Free field ground motions at various depths derived from actual seismograph records by using elastodynamic infinite elements

This paper presents a method for the analysis of free field ground motions at various depths from actual seismograph records. The proposed method replaces the propagating rupture on the fault surface by a fictitious focal point and a seismograph station in the vicinity of the given soil site. A fictitious focal point and seismograph station scheme is used to calibrate the free field ground motion of the soil site. The harmonic vibration analysis of the half space, which elastodynamic infinite elements are adopted in the far field and finite elements in the near field, yields the Fourier transform of any constituent wave in terms of the amplitude of the forces applied at the focal point, thus in terms of the Fourier transforms of the accelerations in three orthogonal directions recorded at a seismograph station. If a seismograph station is in the far field (as it is usually), the recorded values there can be transformed into the values at the infinite element node by means of appropriate shape functions. The results can be more refined in case of the availability of simultaneous records at more seismograph stations. In case of N stations, we assume N fictitious focal points, and solve a set of 3N simultaneous equations of 3N forces, three orthogonal forces at each focal point. Naturally, only the results by the present method were ‘exact’ at the calibrated points, and should be accurate in-between and near those points. The accelerations at the points near seismograph stations at various depths can also be obtained. An appropriate inverse Fourier transform algorithm will properly yields all results as time functions.