地震激发井深与品质因数的关系

通过对地震波在近地表附近双源传递机理的研究,论述了品质因数与激发井深的关系,并根据不同地区、不同品质因数,其地震波最大激发能量、最大信噪比与激发井深的关系曲线,给出了相应的激发深度.三维地震实例表明,地震波在近地表附近的双源传递与品质因数是选择地震波激发井深的重要因素,另外激发频率的增大,对激发井深的影响程度随之增大;观测同样频率的地震信号,存在小Q值地震波激发井深较大Q值激发井深相应变小的特点.     

煤炭地震激发介质与井深的关系

通过地震波在近地表附近双源传递机理的研究,论述了近地表介质与激发井深的关系,研究了利用地震波最大激发能量与地震波最大信噪比选择爆破源地震激发井深的方法。三维地震实例研究结果表明,地震波在近地表附近的双源传递与品质因数是选择地震波的激发井深的重要因素。从实例结果来看,该方法不仅取得了高质量的勘探成果,而且节约了采集费用。     

复杂地表地震资料叠前深度偏移成像

分析了复杂地表地区复杂地震波场的形成原因,探讨了基于高角度时空域单程波动方程适用于起伏地表之下构造成像的逆时叠前深度偏移方法。从声波方程有限差分法合成起伏地表上的炮集记录知,当激发点位于低速层中,共炮点道集中低速层表面和高速层表面接收到的信号强度相差较大:低速层表面的信号很强,而高速层表面的信号很弱,低速层中产生了较强的槽波。将该逆时叠前深度偏移方法应用于起伏地表地震波场的偏移处理。虽然在偏移成像前既没有压制与低速层有关的槽波,又没有压制随机噪声,但偏移剖面上界面清晰、位置正确,断层面也得到了很好的聚焦。     

Discontinuity of the Mozumi–Sukenobu fault low-velocity zone, central Japan, inferred from 3-D finite-difference simulation of fault zone waves excited by explosive sources

We delineate shallow structures of the Mozumi–Sukenobu fault, central Japan, using fault zone waves generated by near-surface explosions and detected by a seismometer array. Two explosive sources, S1 and S2, were placed at a distance of about 2 km from the array, and the other two, S3 and S4, were at a distance of about 4 km. Fault zone head waves and fault zone trapped waves following direct P wave arrivals were clearly identified in the seismograms recorded by a linear seismometer array deployed across the fault in a research tunnel at a depth of 300 m. Synthetic waveforms generated by a 3-D finite-difference (3-D FD) method were compared with observed fault zone waves up to 25 Hz. The best fitting model indicates a 200-m-wide low-velocity zone extending at least to shot site S1 located 2 km east of the seismic array with a 20% decrease in the P wave velocity relative to the wall rock. The width of the low-velocity zone is consistent with the fault zone defined by direct geological observation in the research tunnel. However, the low-velocity zone should disappear just to the east of the site S1 to explain the observed fault zone waves for shot S3 and S4 located 4 km east of the seismometer array. Yet the observation and the simulation show notable trapped wave excitation even though shots S3 and S4 are outside the fault zone. These results indicate that (1) the effective waveguide for seismic waves along the fault does not exist east of source site S1 although the surface traces of the fault are observed in this region, and (2) considerable trapped waves can be excited by sources well outside the fault zone. These results highlight the along-strike variability in fault zone structure.     

海原断裂带断层通道波观测与破碎带宽度

断层通道波是低速断层破碎带与高速围岩之间的边界相干多重反射形成的,其振幅和频率强烈依赖于断层的几何形态和物理性质,故能用于探测断裂带的内部结构.在宁夏海原西安州附近海原断裂带上,横跨1920年海原8.6级地震地表破裂带布设2条测线,接收测线之间人工爆破激发的断层通道波.每条测线由1台3分量数字地震仪组成,靠近破裂带台间距30～40 m,远离破裂带台间距增大至230～250 m.对测线1的台站接收到的一炮垂直道地震波数据进行了0.1～4.0 Hz频段的滤波,结果表明在S波到时之后存在多组强振幅、低频率、长波链的断层通道波.由断层通道波揭示的海原断裂带在西安州附近的断裂破碎带宽度约为250 m.     

利用正演模拟实现面波衰减

瑞雷波是分布在自由表面附近的P-SV面波,具有强振幅、低频、频散的特征,常用于工程物探,而在油气勘探及深部探测中常作为一种"干扰"波,会影响地震资料的信噪比,需要将面波净化处理。为实现面波衰减,本文将工程物探方法和石油物探技术相结合,通过面波频散曲线反演获得高精度的近地表模型,在三维近地表横波速度模型基础上进行面波正演,利用面波模型自适应匹配相减的方法将其减去,在不伤及有效波的情况下将面波的影响降至最低,一定程度上避免了常规面波衰减方法伤及有效波、损失低频弱信息、导致资料有效频带变窄、对地震构造解释及反演造成负面影响等缺点。最后应用实际数据验证了本研究方法的有效性。     

Dynamics of magmatic flow and compressional waves in Magma

The dynamics of magmatic melts in the near-surface part of several kilometers depth is determined by gas release processes. Formation of free gas share is an energy source, while decreasing of the density of the melt creates conditions for magma motion to the Earth’s surface. As the water content in the total volume of gas is about 80% for magmatic basaltic melts, gas release of water in the near-surface part of the magmatic column realizes the main share of energy, which leads to volcanic bursts and continuous gas-ash flows throughout the eruption process. Gas release processes create pressure variations in magmatic melts, and these variations are transferred into the solid medium as elastic oscillations forming seismic waves. The principal frequency of seismic signals for active volcanoes is several hertz, and the presence of spectral peaks has been explained by the presence of resonant sources.     

f-x域共偏移距道集的EEMD随机噪声压制方法

f-x域随机噪声压制方法面临着2个问题:叠前共炮点道集或CMP道集反射波同相轴为双曲线型,去噪同时会损害有效波;地震信号为复杂的非平稳信号,要求去噪方法具有自适应性。基于f-x EEMD的共偏移距道集随机噪声压制方法利用了共偏移距道集反射波同相轴为水平满足f-x域去噪假设条件和EEMD算法对非平稳信号的良好适应性,对f-x域每一个等频率切片做EEMD分解,并去除以高频随机噪声为主的第一个IMF分量,最后将f-x域数据反变换回t-x域,实现噪声分离。正演模拟和实际地震数据试算结果表明:该方法在压制随机噪声的同时,能够保持有效信号。      

转换波精确无迭代速度分析

提出了一种随着速度比与转换点深度的变化而动态抽道的转换波速度分析方法,实现了扫描叠加速度、转换点深度与共转换点道集的一一对应,是一种真正意义上的共转换点无迭代速度分析技术,理论模型试算与实际地震资料处理都证明了此方法的正确性与有效性.     

埋藏基岩地形对地震波动影响的模拟研究

本文以超声地震模型试验为基础,着重从地震波的强度方面来阐明埋藏基岩地形对地震波动的影响,提出了利用振动能量分析地震动问题的重要性,理论分析及实验结果表明,埋藏基岩地形对地震波动的影响表现为:一方面基岩面凹凸不平,致使基岩面上不同部位接收能量大小不同;另一方面,基岩的凹凸面对地震波产生汇聚与发散作用,这两方面共同作用的结果使得地表不同地点表现出不同的地震动强度。     

Seismic interferometry and ambient noise tomography in the British Isles

Traditional methods of imaging the Earth's subsurface using seismic waves require an identifiable, impulsive source of seismic energy, for example an earthquake or explosive source. Naturally occurring, ambient seismic waves form an ever-present source of energy that is conventionally regarded as unusable since it is not impulsive. As such it is generally removed from seismic data and subsequent analysis. A new method known as seismic interferometry can be used to extract useful information about the Earth's subsurface from the ambient noise wavefield. Consequently, seismic interferometry is an important new tool for exploring areas which are otherwise seismically quiescent, such as the British Isles in which there are relatively few strong earthquakes. One of the possible applications of seismic interferometry is ambient noise tomography (ANT). ANT is a way of using interferometry to image subsurface seismic velocity variations using seismic (surface) waves extracted from the background ambient vibrations of the Earth. To date, ANT has been used successfully to image the Earth's crust and upper-mantle on regional and continental scales in many locations and has the power to resolve major geological features such as sedimentary basins and igneous and metamorphic cores. Here we provide a review of seismic interferometry and ANT, and show that the seismic interferometry method works well within the British Isles. We illustrate the usefulness of the method in seismically quiescent areas by presenting the first surface wave group velocity maps of the Scottish Highlands using only ambient seismic noise. These maps show low velocity anomalies in sedimentary basins such as the Moray Firth, and high velocity anomalies in igneous and metamorphic centres such as the Lewisian complex. They also suggest that the Moho shallows from south to north across Scotland which agrees with previous geophysical studies in the region.     

Efficiency of seismic attributes in detecting near-surface cavities

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of using seismic attributes to detect near-surface cavities. The methods used in this study include interpreting dispersion curves and amplitude mapping of the multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) technique and interpreting the delay in first arrivals of compressional waves. To test these methods, a seismic survey was conducted above a known near-surface cavity in Al-Suman Area, Saudi Arabia. The cause of the cavity is carbonization in the area; there are many cavities similar to this one. The seismic data were collected using a seismograph system with 48 vertical geophones. Both techniques show a tangible result for detecting the cavity. The 2D section of shear wave velocity, which was obtained by inverting the dispersion curves from the MASW technique, leads us to determine the shape of the cavity, as described by a low-velocity zone. Frequency against relative offset is plotted and shows a significant frequency drop in the presence of the cavity, which also provides an indication to the presence of cavity underneath. This interpretation is matched by the interpretation of observed delays in first arrivals of compressional waves. The integration of both P wave seismic refraction and MASW gives confidence in the result and matches observations of the existing cavity closely.     

Datum Level and NMO Corrections to Shallow Seismic Reflection Data on Rugged Topography

The application of the seismic reflection method is often limited in complex terrain areas.The problem is the incorrect correction of time-shift caused by topography. To apply normal moveout(NMO) correction to reflection data correctly, static corrections are necessary to be applied in advance for the compensation of the time distortions of topography and the time-delays from near-surface weathered layers. For environment and engineering investigation, weathered layers are our targets so that the static correction mainly serves the adjustment of time-shift due to an undulating surface. In practice,seismic reflected raypaths are assumed to be almost vertical through the near-surface layers because they have much lower velocities than layers below. This assumption is typically acceptable in most cases since it results in little residual error for small elevation changes and small offsets in reflection events. Although static algorithms based on choosing a floating datum related to common midpoint gathers or residual surface-consistent functions are available and effective, errors caused by the assumption of vertical raypaths often generate pseudo indications of structures. This paper presents the comparison of applying corrections based on the vertical raypaths and bias (non-vertical) raypaths. It also provides an approach of combining elevation and NMO corrections. The advantages of the approach are demonstrated by a synthetic example of multi-coverage seismic reflection surveys on rough topography.     

叠前PS 波Q 值提取与稳定高效的反Q 滤波算法

多波多分量地震勘探是进行岩性油气藏和隐蔽油气藏勘探的一种非常有潜力的方法。但由于实际地层是黏弹介质,造成地震波能量衰减和波形畸变,导致地震资料信噪比和分辨率难以满足油气勘探的精度要求。为更好地利用纵横波信息,需要对PP 波和PS 波进行振幅和相位补偿。通过解析法推导出一种从叠前转换波共炮点道集中提取横波Q 值的方法,将叠后稳定高效的反Q 滤波算法推广到叠前纵波和转换波的反Q 滤波中,改进了沿着纵波和转换波的传播路径进行补偿的叠前反Q 滤波算法,并进一步将常Q 层内的纵波和转换波反Q 滤波振幅补偿算子解耦为时间项和频率项的乘积,在保证补偿效果稳定的前提下,计算效率得到显著提高。     

单程波法地震波衰减特征数值模拟分析

在非均匀粘弹性介质中,地震波衰减研究能够有效揭示地层吸收特性对地震波的影响。这里从单程波方程出发,结合粘弹性介质中的复波数理论,考虑介质的横向变化,采用分步傅立叶波场延拓技术,推导出适用于横向变速介质的带Q地震记录计算公式,最后将此方法应用于四个不同含Q地层模型。试验表明：单程波法计算速度快,波场信息简单清晰,易于深入分析和反演算法的建立。并且,Q值对地震波波形、能量、频率等都产生了较为明显的影响,对实际资料能量补偿、地震资料分辨率的提高,以及利用衰减特征进行储层识别有一定指导价值。     

地震波场叠前零偏移距化算法研究

在能源地震勘探中,为了更好地实现叠前倾斜地层的时差校正,提高速度分析和叠加的精度,提出了一种快速实现叠前部分偏移的算法,即零偏移距化（MZO）算法。该算法应用波场外推的技术及波动方程偏移的有限差分算法,可在共偏移道集上实现,对于3D资料须应用同方位角共偏移距道集。经实际资料测试,其计算速度比同类的DMO方法快一倍,且处理效果相当。      

基于孔间地震细分动态探测的透明工作面方法

透明工作面是煤矿智能开采的重要组成部分,为智能开采提供工作面的详细地质构造信息,提出一种基于孔间地震密集动态探测的透明工作面方法,能够实现工作面的渐进式精细探测。该方法是以采煤机为震源的随采地震方法的进一步发展,主要利用平行于切眼的一系列水平孔对工作面进行细分探测,随着采煤工作的逐渐推进,利用孔间地震方法对细分区域进行精细成像。与已有的随采地震方法比较,本方法具有明显的优点。首先,射线覆盖更加均匀且无盲区。第二,探测区域被细分所以探测精度更高。第三,因为利用地震干涉的"虚"震源方法能得到高信噪比的单炮,可进一步提高探测精度。该方法能够适应智能开采透明工作面的目标要求,有望成为智能开采的重要组成部分。      

The Offset-Domain Prestack Depth Migration with Optimal Separable Approximation

The offset-domain prestack depth migration with optimal separable approximation, based on the double square root equation, is used to image complex media with large and rapid velocity variations. The method downward continues the source and the receiver wavefields simultaneously. The mixed domain algorithm with forward Fourier and inverse Fourier transform is used to construct the double square root equation wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wave number domain and variables in the space domain. The phase operation is implemented in the wave number domain, whereas the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the space domain. The migration algorithm is efficient since the seismic data are not computed shot by shot. The data set test of the Marmousi model indicates that the offset-domain migration provides a satisfied seismic migration section on which complex geologic structures are imaged in media with large and rapid lateral velocity variations.     

黏滞声波高斯束叠前深度偏移

高斯束偏移不仅具有接近于波动方程偏移的成像精度,而且保留了Kirchhoff 积分法高效、灵活的优点,可以对复杂介质准确成像。由于实际地下介质具有黏滞性,因此研究黏滞声波叠前深度偏移具有一定的现实意义。笔者采用高斯束偏移方法对地震数据进行吸收衰减补偿。首先给出共炮域高斯束叠前深度偏移原理;然后在此基础上推导补偿吸收衰减的表达式,校正品质因子Q引起的振幅衰减和相位畸变,实现基于吸收衰减补偿的高斯束叠前深度偏移;最后用两层模型和气云模型对偏移方法进行了测试。结果表明,在考虑地下介质的黏滞性时,黏滞声波高斯束叠前深度偏移比声波高斯束叠前深度偏移具有更高的成像分辨率。     

等时叠加波动方程叠前正演

非零炮检距地震正演模拟在复杂区叠前地震资料处理和解释中有着重要意义。通常使用射线追踪法和全程波动方程法来实现这一模拟。通过提出等时叠加原理和数学检波器表达式，形成了非零炮检距地震正演的新一类方法——单程波动方程法。该方法与射线追踪法相比能保持波的动力学特征，正演结果与实际地震记录相似性好。并且在计算过程中，人工干预的程度低，操作简便。与全程波动方程法相比，该方法计算效率高，且不产生直达波、多次波等干扰，信噪比高，与目的层相对应的一次波突出，波型识别难度不大。因此，单程波动方程法特别适合于复杂油气藏反射地震资料的正、反演研究。