乌鲁木齐山前坳陷逆断裂-褶皱带及其形成机制

乌鲁木齐山前坳陷位于天山新生代再生造山带北侧,南以准噶尔南缘断裂与天山相隔,内部发育了几排逆断裂 背斜带,每一排构造带又由多个逆断裂 背斜组成。最南的齐古逆断裂 背斜带形成于中生代末,其北的玛纳斯逆断裂背斜带包含霍尔果斯、玛纳斯和吐谷鲁逆断裂背斜,形成于上新世末、早更新世初,受上、下２ 个滑脱面和断坡的控制,形成上、下２ 个背斜。再向北的独山子逆断裂背斜带由独山子、哈拉安德和安集海逆断裂背斜组成,形成于早、中更新世之间,主逆断裂向下在８ ～９ ｋｍ 深处的侏罗系中变为近水平滑脱面。此外,在独山子和吐谷鲁背斜的西北和东北还分别发育有正在形成之中的西湖和呼图壁隆起。研究了这些逆断裂 背斜带的地表和深部的构造特征、二维和三维几何学及运动学后指出,它们是在天山向准噶尔盆地扩展过程中发育于近水平滑脱面和不同断坡上的断展褶皱,独山子和安集海逆断裂 背斜的水平缩短量分别为２ ９００ ,１ ３５０ ｍ ,缩短速率分别为３９７ ,１８７ ｍ ｍ／ ａ。霍尔果斯、玛纳斯、吐谷鲁逆断裂 背斜的水平缩短量分别为５ ９００ ,６ ５００ ,６ ０００ ｍ ,相应的缩短速率分别为２０２,２２３ ,２０６ ｍ ｍ／ａ,准噶尔南缘断裂和乌鲁木齐山前坳陷第四纪?     

西宁湟水河隐伏断裂发育模式探讨

近些年来一些地震表明,强震不仅发生在地表出露的活动断裂上,还发育在一些隐伏的未出露地表的构造上.大陆内部块体间的变形带不只是一条活动断裂,而是具有很大宽度的构造变形带,这已被大量的地震活动性资料所证实.因此,要正确评估地震危险性,就要研究构造带上地层变形的模型,而不仅是单条断裂的变形.湟水河隐伏断裂为一条隐伏在西宁市的断裂,位于西宁盆地中部,长12km,走向EW,浅层地震探测结果表明该断裂由两条正断层组成地堑式构造,横跨西宁地区的地层剖面研究结果指出湟水河隐伏断裂发育在宽缓背斜的核部,而宽缓的背斜和向斜由新近系红色泥岩组成.根据褶皱与断裂的关系认为,湟水河隐伏断裂为在北东向的区域主压应力作用下,褶皱变形过程中,在背斜的核部伴生形成的次级张性地堑式正断层.该褶皱及相关断裂发育在西宁盆地滑脱面之上,属于浅表性的断层,活动性不显著.     

南天山库车秋里塔格褶皱带三维构造分析

笔者利用库车秋里塔格地区3000km的二维地震反射资料，结合地表构造测量成果，分段叙述秋里塔格褶皱带的构造几何学和运动学性质，说明构造交汇部位断层和褶皱的叠加过渡关系，并通过二维构造剖面的组合，建立秋里塔格褶皱带的三维构造几何模型。研究发现秋里塔格褶皱带为浅部断层传播褶皱与深部断层转折褶皱叠加形成的复合型背斜带，深部台阶状逆断层的叠加作用、叠加断层位移量的转换、断层断坡高度的变化造成地表背斜沿走向发生变化，笔者通过测量断层叠加方式、断层位移量转换、断层断坡高度，说明秋里塔格褶皱带背斜叠加、扭曲、分叉现象的构造机理，并且给出了秋里塔格褶皱带断层的滑移量。     

川东北地区通南巴背斜中三叠世以来构造变形时间厘定及其地质意义

通南巴背斜位于四川盆地东北部,中三叠世以来经历多期构造挤压与叠加作用,其形成与演化主要受到米仓山构造带由北西向南东冲断挤压作用的控制以及大巴山构造带由北东向南西构造叠加的影响,因此,厘定通南巴背斜的构造活动时间可以有效约束米仓山中三叠世以来陆内变形时间,亦对区域构造变形时序以及米仓山基底冲断变形特征有指示意义。本文以两条地质剖面为基础,刻画出背斜南翼中-上侏罗统旋转生长地层特征,表明地层发生褶皱的启动时间为中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世早期,并且通过长剖面解释,认为米仓山基底发育楔入冲断构造,楔端点位移沿前震旦系滑脱层向盆地扩展传递导致了通南巴背斜NE向构造的形成。磷灰石裂变径迹热模拟显示,通南巴背斜分别于晚白垩世早期(95~90 Ma)和新生代中晚期(~24 Ma)开始快速隆升剥蚀,隆升速率分别为0.06~0.085 mm/a和0.133 mm/a左右。通过汇总区域低温热年代学样品点,分区建立构造变形时空序列,得出川东北地区在中-晚侏罗世、白垩纪以及始新世-中新世分别发生一次米仓山由北向南的构造扩展以及大巴山由北东向南西的构造叠加作用。     

川西坳陷孝泉—丰谷构造带变形特征及成因机制模拟

通过对三叠系不同组段顶面构造图分析和主干地震剖面解释,认为川西坳陷孝泉—丰谷构造带具有走向分带、垂向分层变形特征。该构造带走向上可划分为孝泉、新场、合兴场、丰谷等4排北东东向雁列式滑脱褶皱带,与合兴场—石泉场近南北向背斜构造带近直交;垂向上以雷口坡组内膏盐层为界分上、下两个构造层,上部构造层发育滑脱断层及其相关的褶皱构造,下部构造层产状平缓,断层、褶皱构造不发育。多组平面、剖面模拟实验结果表明：孝泉—丰谷北东东向滑脱褶皱带可能是在龙门山褶皱隆升产生的北西向挤压应力和秦巴山系褶皱隆升产生的近南北向挤压应力联合作用下形成的;合兴场—石泉场近南北向构造带可能是在北西方向的应力单独挤压作用下形成的;雷口坡组内膏盐层在空间上不均衡分布是产生走向分带、垂向分层变形的主控物质因素。     

四川盆地北部地区三叠系构造及其演化特征分析

四川盆地北部地区以下三叠统嘉陵江组四段-五段的大套膏岩层为分割层,将其分为上下两个构造层,上构造层断裂以膏岩层作为主滑脱层,上、下构造层断裂均终止于膏岩层。区内东部构造运动最为强烈,断裂非常发育。中部地区上构造层断裂相对发育,下构造层不发育。西部受构造运动影响最小,断裂不发育。断裂样式主要表现为"Y"或反"Y"字型组合、"树枝状"、平行及对冲断裂等。三叠系主要在平昌-达州-宣汉一带发育北东-南西向断裂,通江以东地区以北西-南东走向为主,中部平昌-龙岗一带受力复杂,断裂走向较不规律,元坝地区发育有南北走向断裂,往西断裂逐渐不发育。全区可划分为7大构造带,其中米仓山前缘褶皱构造带包含了西部九龙山背斜和东部通南巴构造; 川北凹陷构造带仅在上构造层有少量断裂发育; 川北平缓构造带上构造层发育大量中小型断裂; 大巴山前陆盆地构造带属于断褶发育的凹陷带; 川东高陡构造带构造变形强烈,上构造层多发育披覆背斜及较陡断背斜,下构造层发育断背斜并伴有断堑、断垒特征。该地区下构造层断裂发育开始于印支早期构造运动,印支中后期断裂活动进一步加强; 上构造层断裂发育始于印支中后期构造运动,盆地北部整体开始抬升使雷口坡组顶部遭受剥蚀; 燕山期上、下构造层断裂进一步发育,山前褶皱构造带挤压变形强烈,构造格局基本定型,喜马拉雅山期运动对研究区构造具有叠加改造作用。     

通南巴背斜几何学、运动学与构造模型

通南巴背斜发育于四川盆地东北米仓山冲断构造带和大巴山弧形冲断构造带的构造叠合部位, 其形成与演化受到米仓山与大巴山的联合影响, 然而目前其变形特征以及变形机制认识尚且不清楚, 精细研究通南巴背斜构造几何学、运动学对于揭示背斜成因机制以及认识陆内构造变形具有积极作用.本文以覆盖通南巴背斜的三维地震资料为基础, 运用断层相关褶皱理论和平衡复原等方法, 精细刻画出通南巴背斜几何学与运动学特征, 并建立构造模型, 探讨其成因机制.研究表明, 通南巴背斜总体具有"东西分段、上下分层、早晚期构造叠加"的特征, 具体表现为: 1)受控于三叠系嘉陵江组膏盐滑脱层、志留系泥岩局部滑脱层以及前震旦系滑脱层, 通南巴背斜分为上、中、下、深4套构造层, 表现为多层滑脱变形特征, 其中, 中部构造层变形强度最大; 2)深部(前震旦系)构造楔发育于整个通南巴背斜, 其个数和几何学形态的变化直接影响了上覆背斜形态以及分段性背斜高点差异; 3)位移沿楔端点向前传递过程中, 受到川中刚性基底的阻挡, 背斜前翼旋转, 形成次级褶皱调节断层; 4)通南巴背斜晚期受大巴山向西南推覆挤压的叠加作用, 表现为中部构造层在东北段发育一系列双重构造和叠瓦构造, 并导致嘉陵江组以上地层被动变形褶皱.     

库车褶皱冲断带东秋里塔格位移转换构造及其演化--兼论侧断坡相关背斜构造圈闭的形成

库车褶皱冲断带东秋里塔格构造带发育与侧断坡有关的位移转换构造.东秋里塔格冲断层是一条北倾盲冲断层,其错移地层自西向东逐渐降低,从东秋5井以西的新近系膏盐岩转换至迪那201井的古近系膏盐岩再到迪那11井的侏罗系煤系,地震剖面上侧断坡形态清晰.侧断坡东、西断坪分别是新近系吉迪克组膏盐岩和侏罗系煤系,侧断坡发育在煤上-盐下构造地层组合中.通过DQ99-196、DQ00-226、DQ00-263等构造演化剖面恢复计算,东秋里塔格构造盐上地层位移梯度向西约为103.72m/km,而盐下东秋-迪那段的位移梯度为61.65m/km.在上述地震剖面上,盐上背斜和盐下隐伏背斜的轴线位置发生了相对变化,后者自东向西逐渐向南发生偏移;野外露头观察,盐上背斜的褶皱作用也随之向西增强.在走向上,东秋里塔格构造具有构造分段性,表明侧断坡的位移量变化具有突发性.西段为库车塔吾构造,东段为东秋-迪那构造.库车塔吾构造的盐下隐伏背斜是受东秋里塔格冲断层控制的断层相关褶皱,前、后断坪分别位于吉迪克组膏盐岩和侏罗系煤系,其隐伏的构造楔与南秋里塔格背冲断层组成库车塔吾三角带.东秋-迪那构造的隐伏背斜样式与库车塔吾段相似;但南翼缺乏背冲断层,不具备三角带形态.磷灰石裂变径迹测年表明,侧断坡的发育过程最早可以追索到康村期.东秋里塔格侧断坡相关背斜的形成与自北向南的盲冲断层和区域左行扭压复合作用有关.侧断坡相关背斜的主要构造特征是由侧断坡调节上、下滑脱层之间的应变差异,同时作为油气运移通道沟通气源岩和储层;其油气勘探意义是使得煤系烃源岩生成的天然气向上运移到侧断坡相关背斜构造圈闭如迪那2之中聚集成藏.     

Dating the Tectonic Deformation since the Middle Triassic for the Tongnanba Anticline in the Northeastern Sichuan Basin and its Geological ImplicationsEI北大核心CSCD

Tongnanba anticline lies in the northeastern Sichuan Basin and experienced multi-stages tectonic compression and superimposition since the Middle Triassic. Its formation and evolution process are chiefly controlled by the squeezing and thrusting from the Micangshan structure belt from NW to SE and subjected to the tectonic superimposition from the Dabashan structure belt from NE to SW. Therefore, to confine the timing of Tongnanba anticline multi-stages deformation is of great effectiveness to constrain the timing of Micangshan intra-continental deformation since the Middle Triassic, and also provides significant indications to the regional tectonic time-space sequence and Micangshan basement-involved thrusting characteristics. In this paper, the anticline's south limb rotating growth strata within the Middle-Upper Jurassic, based on interpretation of two geological section, is featured, indicating that the folding of the strata started around the late Middle Jurassic-Early Late Jurassic and together with the interpretation of long seismic profile, we believe that basement-involved wedge-thrusting structure style is developed in Micangshan structure belt and the basin-ward movement of the displacement of the wedge tip along the Pre-sinian detachment layer results in the formation of the NE structure of Tongnanba anticline. Apatite fission track thermal simulation indicates that Tongnanba anticline started experiencing rapid uplifting and denudation in the early Late Cretaceous (95-90 Ma) and the Middle-Late Cenozoic (about 24 Ma) with uplift speed 0.06-0.085 mm/a and around 0.133 mm/a respectively. Through the summary of regional historical low temperature thermochronology data, geographical partition based tectonic time-space sequence is established, suggesting that northeastern Sichuan Basin experienced N-S basin-ward tectonic spreading from Micangshan structure belt and NE-SW tectonic super imposition from Dabashan structure belt during the Middle-Late Jurassic, Cretaceous and Eocene-Miocene respectively. © 2017, Science Press. All right reserved.     

库车冲断带秋里塔格构造带东段构造样式与构造演化

秋里塔格构造带位于库车褶皱冲断前缘,其东段包括东秋里塔格背斜和库车塔吾背斜。野外调查和地震剖面解释表明:秋里塔格构造带东段盐下发育断层转折褶皱; 盐上东秋里塔格背斜为滑脱箱状背斜,库车塔吾背斜核部为南倾逆冲断层所破坏。演化剖面显示秋里塔格构造带东段在侏罗纪断陷期发育了正断裂,其后为平静期,直到库车晚期后逆冲断层和褶皱快速发育,背斜最终形成。膏盐岩及古构造对构造变形具有重要影响,一方面作为滑脱层,分割了盐下层与盐上层,导致二者形成不同的构造样式; 另一方面塑性流动充填于背斜核部。由于膏盐岩的厚度差异,东秋里塔格背斜盐上发育褶皱,而库车塔吾背斜核部被逆冲断层破坏,膏盐层厚度还影响了膏盐层上下构造高点的相对位置。盐下构造的发育受侏罗纪古构造控制,进而影响了盐上构造的发育。     

香龙山背斜几何学、运动学及成因机制

华南板块北侧大巴山构造带和内部雪峰山构造带的关系是华南板块陆内构造变形研究的重要内容。香龙山背斜位于大巴山构造带和雪峰山构造带之间,记录了两构造带相互复合、相互协调的重要信息。为研究香龙山背斜的几何学、运动学特征,分析其形成机制,本次研究利用香龙山地区最新的地震剖面,结合地质图分析、浅表地质剖面绘制等手段,取得了如下结论：1） 香龙山背斜为一短轴状背斜,背斜具有较为宽阔、平坦的顶部和较短的两翼,其西南侧发育构造鼻;2） 香龙山背斜的主要运动学模型为下部断层转折褶皱与上部构造楔复合的模型,其地层变形受到基底物质堆叠抬升的影响;3） 香龙山背斜形成于晚侏罗世-早白垩世,在古近纪遭受改造,这两个变形时期分别对应了香龙山背斜形成现今形态的两个阶段。香龙山背斜南北方向上缩短了11.4 km,缩短率为22.7%;4） 香龙山背斜是在雪峰山构造带北向挤压作用下,由来自大巴山构造带、雪峰山构造带的共同作用力形成的,后期改造作用可能受控于青藏高原了隆升对整个中国中、西部的影响。     

Simulation for the Controlling Factors of Structural Deformation in the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin

According to the differences of structural deformation characteristics, the southern margin of the Junggar basin can be divided into two segments from east to west. Arcuate thrust-and-fold belts that protrude to the north are developed in the eastern segment. There are three rows of en echelon thrust-and-fold belts in the western segment. Thrust and fold structures of basement-involved styles are developed in the first row, and décollement fold structures are formed from the second row to the third row. In order to study the factors controlling the deformation of structures, sand-box experiments have been devised to simulate the evolution of plane and profile deformation. The planar simulation results indicate that the orthogonal compression coming from Bogeda Mountain and the oblique compression with an angle of 75° between the stress and the boundary originating from North Tianshan were responsible for the deformation differences between the eastern part and the western part. The Miquan-ürümqi fault in the basement is the pre-existing condition for generating fragments from east to west. The profile simulation results show that the main factors controlling the deformation in the eastern part are related to the décollement of Jurassic coal beds alone, while those controlling the deformation in the western segment are related to both the Jurassic coal beds and the Eogene clay beds. The total amount of shortening from the Yaomoshan anticline to the Gumudi anticline in the eastern part is ~19.57 km as estimated from the simulation results, and the shortening rate is about 36.46%; that from the Qingshuihe anticline to the Anjihai anticline in the western part is ~22.01 km as estimated by the simulation results, with a shortening rate of about 32.48%. These estimated values obtained from the model results are very close to the values calculated by means of the balanced cross section.     

Evidence of fault-propagation folds in foreland basin: the case of Chemsi and Belkhir anticlines of southern Tunisian Atlas

Structural analysis of Jebel Chemsi and Belkhir located in southern Tunisian Atlas lead to propose the fault-propagation fold as a model for these anticlines. Geometric analogy is settled after dip surveys and observation of several anticline kinks. Several, independent geomorphologic observations support the hinge migration kinematics characterizing this numerical model. The geomorphological hallmarks used matches to (1) alluvial fan progradation, (2) knick points on longitudinal profiles of channel streams and (3) anomalies on the drainage net in the eastern limits of the fold. These anomalies proved a centrifugal hinge migration of, at least, last folding stages in the direction prospected by the model. Results of numerical modelling using Ramp EM software showed detachment layer at 5.5 km that matches to Triassic series. Shortening amplitude is about 2 km for Jebel Chemsi and 1.5 km for Jebel Belkhir. Locally, we highlighted the role of inherited faults in locating and controlling the compressive deformation. In active tectonic region, the use of geomorphological approach is suitable to highlight the folding kinematics and thus to prove the deformation model. In our case study, many special conditions, such as excellent outcropping resulting of arid climate, constant base level and good lithological contrast, allow objective interpretations     

湘中锡矿山式锑矿成矿地质条件分析

湘中锡矿山式锑矿形成于晚白垩-古新世,空间上与岩脉关系密切,各锑矿床、矿化点都伴有或附近发育有煌斑岩及中-酸性岩脉群,在锑矿成矿同期地质事件中,还有周缘一些中-新生代红色盆地的形成及基性火山岩喷发,据之,提出湘中锡矿山式锑矿成矿与燕山晚期拉张构造-岩浆活化作用有关.锑矿床(点)基本上都产出于两组或两组以上断裂的交汇点附近,3组断裂的交汇部位对应于最主要的锑矿床(点).矿体具体受断裂交汇部位附近的次级短轴背斜轴部、倾伏背斜的倾伏端及其翼部被纵向陡倾角断裂构造所切穿的部位控制,是断裂导矿与背斜构造圈闭的体现.岩性组合控矿表现为易于硅化蚀变交代的砂质碳酸盐岩与隔挡层泥质岩所构成的岩性圈闭.根据包裹体均-温度和盐度测定成果,推算成矿压力为(200～300)×10⁵Pa,成矿深度约为1 km.     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起北缘阿恰基底卷入构造

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起为第四系不整合覆盖的古隆起,在其西北缘发育NW走向的阿恰断裂、萨拉姆布拉克背斜、向斜和隐伏的乔来麦提断裂。地震剖面和钻井资料显示,阿恰断裂为倾向南的基底卷入逆冲断裂,向北逆冲,错断层位从前寒武系基底一直到中寒武统膏岩,从西向东逆冲断距减少。乔来麦提断裂则以中寒武统膏岩为滑动面,向南逆冲,并在断层端部发育萨拉姆布拉克断层扩展褶皱。这两种类型构造样式的断裂(基底卷入断裂和盖层滑脱断裂),在剖面上组成典型的楔形构造几何形态,平面上形成三角形构造。遥感影像解译指出阿恰断裂和萨拉姆布拉克向斜向北西方向延伸进入柯坪逆冲带,并在该带有相应方向的地表构造显现,与北东走向的柯坪逆冲带组成叠加构造。生长地层分析确定基底卷入构造形成于始新世—中新世,而柯坪逆冲带形成于第四纪,明显晚于巴楚隆起形成时代。     

Structural geometry and deformation mechanism of the Longquan anticline in the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt,eastern Tibet

The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake is a consequence of ongoing India-Tibet collision and reflects the growth of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. In this paper, we present new constraints on the deformation mechanism of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt, by comparing the physical models to the example of the Longmen Shan fold-and-thrust belt. The result indicates that the deformation mechanism of the belt is mainly dominated by the pre-Sinian layer, whereas locally is controlled by the Lower Triassic layer, such as the Longquan anticline. In addition, we discuss the deformation style of the Longquan anticline various along strike, based on the seismic reflection data, interpretations of structural cross-sections and field observations, as well as physical modeling. The sandbox modeling suggests that the deformation of the central segment of Longquan anticline is likely controlled by higher displacement rate, higher erosion and lower sedimentation, which is in contrast with the southern and northern segment. Moreover, the structural geometry of the central segment of Longquan anticline is more complex than the end-member models of fault-related folds, which is mainly controlled by pure-shear wedge fault-bend fold and bounded by west-verging thrust fault.Combining the studies of the structural geometry, deformation mechanism, and previous studies, we infer that the Longquan anticline is active and potentially seismogenic. Therefore, a quantitative re-evaluation of seismic hazard in Longquan anticline and adjacent area directly beneath the densely populated Sichuan basin is urgently needed.     

准噶尔盆地南缘小渠子背斜T/P 同构造不整合几何学、运动学特征及地质意义

为探讨准噶尔盆地南缘二叠纪-三叠纪盆地构造性质及构造演化过程,笔者对盆地南缘小渠子背斜保存较完整的T/P 不整合进行了几何学、运动学和沉积韵律旋回特征的分析。T/P 不整合具有同构造不整合的特点,表现为不整合之下削蚀、之上超覆,是由于盆地南缘经历晚二叠世-早三叠世区域性挤压作用造成的。通过对小渠子地区深层地质结构的分析,认为晚二叠世-早三叠世的构造演化过程与早石炭世伸展断陷的反转密切相关。     

扎格罗斯盆地Buzurgan背斜斜向逆冲断裂褶皱的几何解析及运动学模拟

扎格罗斯盆地因其丰富的油气资源和复杂的构造体系而深受国际石油界的重视,其中是否存在斜向逆冲断裂褶皱对于进一步深化盆地构造特征的认识至关重要.基于断裂相关褶皱理论,采用地层倾角域分析和褶皱轴面分析方法,系统地开展了扎格罗斯盆地Buzurgan背斜地震剖面的构造几何解析,获得了时间构造等T₀图、沿层时间域水平切片图和平行于断层走向的地震剖面图.在此基础上,依据斜向逆冲断裂褶皱的构造几何识别特征,解释出Buzurgan背斜的斜向逆冲断裂褶皱几何变形样式.最后通过计算机正演模拟,再现了Buzurgan背斜斜向逆冲断裂褶皱构造样式的成生过程,验证了斜向逆冲断裂褶皱解释的合理性和可靠性.      

川东北宣汉-达县地区地层剥蚀厚度恢复

在川东北宣汉—达县地区构造沉积特征分析的基础上,针对遭受剥蚀的各套地层的实际地质特点,利用泥岩声波时差、镜质体反射率(Ro-H)、波动分析和相邻层地层厚度对比等多种方法,对各关键构造变革时期地层的剥蚀厚度进行了研究,并建立了研究区12口典型井的沉积—剥蚀过程的波动方程。结果表明,侏罗统顶部剥蚀面形成时期为晚燕山期至今,地层剥蚀厚度处在700~2300 m;上三叠统须家河组顶部剥蚀面形成于晚印支期,剥蚀厚度处在80~150 m;中三叠统雷口坡组顶部剥蚀面形成于早印支期,剥蚀厚度处在240~450 m。