利用高分辨率立体测绘影像进行中小比例尺地貌要素更新

利用高分辨率立体测绘卫星遥感影像进行地貌更新,因其覆盖面积大、更新周期短等优势,在中小比例尺地貌要素更新中具有极大的应用潜力.本文分别利用WorldView-2和资源三号卫星影像,探索基于高分辨率立体测绘卫星影像的中小比例尺地貌更新技术方案流程,并在不同的试验区开展试验验证.试验结果表明:本文方法能够满足1:50000...     

长江流域地貌类型与地貌过程遥感诠释

利用陆地卫星TM/ETM遥感图像,调查了长江流域主要地貌类型,对流域地貌结构、分布及成因作了较系统的分析,结合地貌遥感形迹对地貌过程进行了分析探讨.     

Photogeomorphological mapping of southern parts of Jadukata-Umngi river valleys,Meghalaya

Photogeomorphological mapping was carried out in parts of the lower reaches of the Jadukata-Umngi river valleys in the southern fringes of Meghalaya. The area has been divided into five geomorphic units. Topography in the area is controlled both by structure and lithology and the geomorphic features greatly facilitate in structural and lithological interpretation. This becomes quite evident from the photogeological map of the corresponding area.     

Photogeological mapping in parts of Cuddapah basin Kurnool and Prakasam Districts of Andhra Pradesh

An area of 2500 sq. Km. has been covered by photogeological mapping with selected field checks which forms a part of Cuddapah basin in the Kumool and Prakasam Districts of A.P. The rocks exposed in the area belong to the Cumbum and Bairankonda Formations of Cuddapah Super Group. They occur more or less as an alternating sequence. These formations are bound on the east by Dharawar gneisses and on the west by Nandyal Shales. The Bairankonda Formation is predominantly arenaceous with quartzite as the main member, being easily identifiable in the aerial photographs by its characteristic topography, coarse drainage, light grey tone etc. The Cumbum Formation is mainly argillaceous with slate/phyllite as the main member, intercalated with minor quartzite band and is expressed on the photographs in dark tone with dendritic to sub-parellel drainage and occurs relatively at lower elevations, mostly in plains. The Dharwar (Archaean) gneisses underlying the vast plains in the east are recognised by the sandy nature of soil and by the thrusted contact of this unit with the Bairankondas. The Nandyal Shales occupying the large cultivated area in west have a darker tone and a dendritic drainage pattern. They are Upper Kurnool in age. All the litho-units have undergone pre-Kurnool deformation resulting into plunging/doubly plunging antiforms and synforms trending NNE-SSW and a few shear zones and faults. Due to severe deformation a very prominant foliation has developed in the Cumbum unit. Groove lineation has also been developed in the hinge portions of major folds. The magmatic activity in these formations has been witnessed with the emplacement of reibeckite syenite and Kimberlite plugs and veins. Geomorphologically the area may be divided into two prominant units namely (i) Denudational landforms comprising (a) hills, ridges, inselbergs, bornhardts and hogbacks on Bairankonda quartzites and phyllites (b) pediment and dissected pediment on Cumbum Shales and Dharwar gneisses and (ii) Depositional landforms such as (a) alluvial fans and colluvial fans (b) alluvial valley fills along river courses and (c) sand dunes in Dharwar gneisses.     

An assessment of the merits of remote sensing techniques for environmental mapping: A case study from Kerala

For a proper analysis of any ecosystem and the assessment of environment impact on it, the bearing of data on distribution properties and characteristics of land-form, water, vegetation, soil and rock and even of the typology of cultural pattern are to be evaluated on the basis of the everchanging anthropogenic involvement. The extent to which the techniques of Remote Sensing alone could attain this is yet to be ascertained. The direct method for this would be to conduct the resource surveys of specific regions exclusively and separately by remote sensing as well as by field-studies and then compare the results. An extract of a major study pursued in this line in the Coastal Zone of Kerala, India has indicated an authenticity of about seventy percent through remote sensing. Weighing on the comparative time factor involved, the procedure of mapping through remore sensing alone may be advocated.     

Photogeological mapping of the parts of adilabad and karimnagar districts,Andhra Pradesh

Mapping of the Archaean, Precambrian and Permocarboniferous sedimentary formations in the northern and southern parts of Godavari river covering parts of Adilabad and Karimnagar districts through photointerpretation technique, has been found to be fairly accurate and reliable. Their unique photo characters and other recognition elements are briefly described in this paper.     

Demarcation of palaeochannels and integrated ground water resources mapping in parts of Hisar district,Haryana

Present study deals with the demarcation of palaeochannels and mapping of integrated water resources in parts of Hisar district, Haryana using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1D) LISS-III Data of December 21, 2001. The landforms identified are Sand Dune, Dune Complex, Aeolian Plain, Fluvioaeolian plain, Palaeochannel and Younger Alluvial Plain formed by aeolian, fluvio-aeolian, and fluvial processes. These palaeochannels are first time demarcated in the area. The ground water prospects of various geomorphic units have been assessed. Depth to water level and ground water quality maps were digitized and put in to GIS format. Ground water prospects and quality maps were integrated and depth to water level information was draped on it to prepare final integrated ground water resources map. This map depicts ground water prospects, quality and depth together in a single map, which will help in and ground water exploration.     

青藏高原地区近地表冻融状态判别算法研究

青藏高原地区以其独特的气候水文特征被称为“亚洲水塔”, 这一地区广泛分布的冻土及其冻融过程对地表非绝热加热与水文过程具有重要影响。然而, 恶劣和复杂的地理环境为这一区域的地表冻融过程本地观测和遥感监测均带来极大挑战。本文利用AMSR-2传感器遥感数据开展青藏高原地区的近地表冻融判别算法研究, 包括判别式算法和季节性阈值算法, 并使用4个青藏高原典型地区的土壤温湿度密集观测网数据对算法进行区域适应性优化。研究特别针对季节性阈值算法进行了两点改进: 首先考虑到地表发射率的变化对于冻融相态的转变指示更为直接,故采用6.9 GHz水平(H)极化的准发射率替换季节性阈值算法中的原有冻结因子; 其次使用一种新的数据归一化方法：标准差归一化方法, 用以替代原有的离差归一化方法, 并通过阈值设定对判别精度的影响分析改进后的优势。结果证明, 冻融判别式算法在升轨时期的整体精度最具优势, 其优势在于能够减少夏季地表发射率复杂变化导致的误判, 基于标准差归一化方法的季节性阈值算法在降轨时期的整体精度具有优势。通过对不同典型区域的冻融土辐射特征和判别精度的分析, 发现地表发射率的变幅(初始液态含水量)大小是影响所有冻融判别算法精度的最关键因素。     

Geomorphic interpretation of the Landsat images in Tamilnadu

Landsat imagery were used to interpret the geomorphic festures in the northern part of Tamilnadu between latitudes 11° and 12°30′ N and longitudes 77° and 80° E. Different geomorphic regions were identified with the aid of ground truths. These geomorphic regions, in general, are controlled by the underlying rock types. As the different geomorphic regions have different signatures in the Landsat images, the geomorphic interpretation, which helps to bring out the regional geology is possible with the aid of ground truths.     

Glacial mapping using landsat thematic mapper data: A case study in parts of gangotri glacier, NW himalaya

Glacial mapping is difficult and hazardous because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the terrain. In this context, remotely-sensed data from satellites provide valuable information on glaciers and the associated landforms. It is important to note that judicious selection of spectral bands is critical in mapping the glacial features. Glacial landforms in parts of Gangotri glacier, NW Himalaya, have been delineated using selected bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper Data. Digital image processing of Landsat data has helped in identifying the major features of the Gangotri glacier such as accumulation and ablation zones, and glacial moraines. The study shows that Thematic Mapper bands 4, 5 and 7 are more useful in snow mapping because of their distinct spectral discriminability in identifying the glacial features.     

Satellite based mapping and morphogenetic analysis of the landforms in the tertiary fold belts of parts of Tripura,India

In the present study, satellite-based mapping and morphogenetic analysis of eastern part of Tripura has been attempted. Landforms are delineated based on conjugate analysis of satellite-imaged and satellite-derived digital elevation data. Further, landforms were classified based on hierarchical three-tier classification system where genesis is used as a criteria to classify the landforms in the first level followed by nature of their dissection and the geometric forms of the landform in second and third level, respectively. During the analysis, it has been observed that most of the landforms are structural in origin and their orientations are guided by the geological lineaments although the variations in the dissection pattern of the landforms are related to the changes in the underlying lithology. The implementation of quantitative analysis using hypsometric integral and ruggedness index of geomorphic parameters indicates that the landforms are immature but have been evolving towards maturity.     

大比例尺数字化地形图曲线要素的缩编方法

由于南方CASS和清华山维EPS等主要数字图形处理软件开发的地形图缩编功能存在一定的不足,操作时效率低下,不易控制质量。针对韩城矿区大比例尺数字地形图的缩编工作,主要研究了曲线要素的处理,利用AutoCAD二次开发功能,实现了曲线要素的检查、删除、图层、宽度等的自动变更和编辑。生产实践证明,基于交互式制图作业,可以减轻作业强度和工作难度,大大提高了作业效率,保证了作业质量。     

Coastal geomorphology and sediment distribution mapping using Landsat—TM digital data —A study in Coastal area of parts of Orissa,India

An area of about 1100 sq.km forming a part of east coast of India was taken for digital analysis using the VAX 11/780 image analysis computer system. The data used for the analysis is Thematic mapper data of Landsat 5. By using the maximum likelihood algorithm and the existing ground truth, the area was classified geomorphologicall.. In addition a qualitative mapping of suspended sediments of coastal waters in Bay of Bengal around the estuary of Dhamra river in Orissa has been carried out. In seventeen classes, eleven correspond to geomorphic units and six belongs to different categories of sediments concentration in Coastal waters.     

Geomorphic Signatures of Active Tectonic in Drainage Basins in the Southern Bolkar Mountain,Turkey

Bolkar Mountain forms the northeast extent of the Central Taurus Mountains, which are located north of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and consist of 3000 m or higher summits. The study area southern part of Bolkar Mt, has been investigated for geomorphic signatures of active tectonics using Geographical information system (GIS). The lower valley floor-to-width to height and elongation ratios, higher convexity, stream length-gradient (SL) indices, hypsometric integral and convex nature of the hypsometric curves and topographic asymmetry show that relative tectonic activity is greater in the eastern sector affected by Ecemiş fault. Spatial variations of tectonic activity along rivers studied point to a general trend of decreasing activity towards the west as well as tectonic activity again increase in the west. Westward migration of basin and range extension is consistent with the place of uplift in the southern Bolkar Mt. Topography of the southern sector is the result of Late Miocene-Early Pliocene extension related uplift. Drainage systems in the upper part of the central and western sectors are under the lithological control and karstic denudation; whereas the development of the drainage systems in the middle and outlet parts of all sectors depend on sea level changes and Late Quaternary tectonism. The development of drainage systems of the eastern sector depends mostly on fault tectonism and climatic changes in the Late Quaternary.     

国家测绘局最新发布的《中华人民共和国地图》在MapInfo中的使用方法

国家测绘局于2006年7月在网站上正式发布了一套《中华人民共和国地图》和《世界地图》。为了方便大家的使用,本文介绍了利用MapInfo地理信息系统,对《中华人民共和国地图》进行配准的方法,使得用户可以在MapInfo系统中,非常方便地在地图上添加各种以点、线、面等要素内容。本文同时给出了用程序控制使用地图的过程,给出了经纬度投影到地图、地图坐标转换成经纬度的转换公式,并在网上给出了全部地图配准后的TAB文件及VB控制程序。     

Geomorphic signatures of active tectonics in Bist Doab interfluvial tract of Punjab,NW India

Bist Doab interfluvial tract in the north-western part of Punjab, India, has been investigated for geomorphic signatures of active tectonics using remotely sensed data and geographical information system (GIS). The anomalous river flow, abrupt changes in flow direction, angular drainage, compressed meanders, asymmetry of river bends, high channel sinuosity, abandoned channels, water-logged and marshy areas observed along the courses of Beas and Sutlej rivers and their tributaries indicate tectonically active nature of the terrain. The strong control exercised by the NE-SW and NW-SE trending lineaments on the drainage network is well evident in the form of long straightened slope deviatory courses, definite changes in channel pattern and sharp knee bend turns taken by the seasonal rivulets. The asymmetric and elongated nature of watersheds and straight to curvilinear mountain fronts quantified through morphotectonic analysis are characteristic of tectonically active settings and further corroborate the evidence of active tectonics.     

Lineaments and seismicity of Kerala — a remote sensing based analysis

Seismically active lineaments of Kerala State were identified by correlating the lineaments mapped using IRS LISS-I data with the earthquake occurrences. There are 31 earthquake incidences in Kerala since 1821, out of which 22 are falling on/close to 9 major lineaments/faults (length more than 20 km) indicating the possible correlation between lineaments/faults and earthquakes. It was observed that the earthquake occurrences are mostly associated with the NNW-SSE to NW-SE trending lineaments (6 out of 9 lineaments), which are considered to be formed sympathetic to the West Coast Fault. Hence, there is a need to monitor these seismically active lineaments using advanced techniques such as GPS, SAR Interferometry etc. for better understanding of the influence of these lineaments on the seismic activities of Kerala.     

Geomorphic analysis of upper Assam Plains and adjoining areas for hydrocarbon exploration

‘Terrain Analysis’ of the the Assam Plains and adjoining areas of the Naga foothills and Mikir hills plateau has been carried out using LANDSAT images and cartographic maps, essentially as an aid for planning seismic surveys for hydrocarbon exploration. The terrain is divisible into five geomorphic zones of distinct characters and processes of evolution. They are: i) Brahmaputra flood plains, ii) Assam Alluvial Plains, iii) Naga Piedmont plains, iv) Mikir Denudational hills, and v) Naga Structural Hills. A number of geomorphic anomalies have been identified in these zones. Maximum number of the anomalies occur in the piedmont zone which is considered to be most prospective since suitable hydrocarbon generation and entrapment conditions exist in that part of the basin. There dominant trends of lineaments striking ENE-WSW NW-SE and E-W are observed in the area in that order of extent and frequency. The last mentioned appears to be youngest which has off-setted even the Naga Thrust. Five distinct planation surfaces/summit levels have been identified in the Mikir as well as Naga hills. They are correlatable with the known unconformities at the top of basement, top of Barails, top of Girujan, top of Namsang and top of Dihing Formations. The subsurface lithology expected during shot hole drilling for seismic surveys has been predicted considering the process of evolution of each zone.