IGU Commission on The World Political Map and National Association of Geographers,India: Commission on Politics and the Environment

The International Geographical Union Reports

IGU Commission on The World Political Map and National Association of Geographers, India: Commission on Politics and the Environment     

Seeing the local in the global: Political ecologies, world-systems, and the question of scale

Scale, as concept, has featured prominently in political ecology and remains, even if implicitly, a crucial point of analytical reference. Recent studies, drawing from both human geography and ecology, have sought to demonstrate how scales, rather than pre-existing ontologically, are both socially and environmentally produced. Given the different scales through which social and environmental processes occur, the study of society-environment relations can be improved by analysing varying scalar configurations of interaction. This recent and promising methodological corrective would greatly benefit from a dialogue with world-systems approaches, which integrate diverse scale-producing processes and to some extent overlap in scope with political ecology. World-systems perspectives, by focusing on the long-term systemic character of people-environment relations, effectively connect micro- to macro-scale social and ecological processes and explain long-term internal dynamics and interrelations of systems at different scales. Conversely, world-systems approaches could learn much from political ecologists’ consideration of nonhuman processes into understandings of scale and society-environment relations, which has a long tradition in geography, as well as from the more context-sensitive analytical framework brought to those understandings. Case studies are discussed to demonstrate not only how these two perspectives could be integrated, but also how explanations of environmental change can be thereby improved. Combining the two approaches provides the basis for a more ecologically oriented world-systems paradigm and, in political ecology, for greater sensitivity to socially large-scale systemic processes and, given the originally anti-capitalist underpinnings of both paradigms, for more political coherence.     

美国地理学百年发展脉络分析

美国地理学家联合会会刊》代表着美国地理学的最高水平，其载文及其变化从一个侧面反映出美国地理学的发展历程。通过对其学术论文进行统计分析，考察美国地理学的总体地位和不同领域相对地位的变化，梳理美国地理学百年发展脉络，得出以下结论：20世纪以来美国地理学经历了战前初步发展、战后快速发展和20世纪80年代以来的持续发展三大阶段，美国地理学的第二个春天正在到来；逐步形成了环境科学，研究方法、模式和地理信息科学，自然与社会，人口、地方、区域，综合地理五大领域框架；长期关注与人类发展密切相关的问题，人文地理学始终占据主导地位；非常注重实践，强调理论来源于实践、应用于实践；研究领域相对稳定，但不同方向的相对地位却此消彼长。依据载文数量的相对比例，可以概括出美国地理学发展脉络：自然（1911—1915）→经济（1916—1920）→自然（1921—1925）→地图学（1926—1930）→地方（1931—1935）→自然（1936—1940）→地理教育（1941—1945）→生态环境（1946—1950）→地方（1951—1955）→经济（1956—1975）→自然（1977—1990）→经济（1990—2005）。上述研究领域、方向及其变化，也基本上代表了世界地理学的整体发展规律。      

关中盆地城市群地下文物遗迹精准探测——以茂陵为例

关中盆地是华夏文明重要发祥地,拥有厚重的历史文化底蕴,留下灿烂的地下历史文化遗迹,但因其隐藏于地下,观赏性不强,制约着具有世界影响力的历史文化旅游品牌的打造。以举世闻名的茂陵为探测区,采用无人机航测、地面调查、高密度电法、地质雷达、高精度磁测及微重力等地面无损探测技术,对帝陵进行了精准探测,发现茂陵地宫位于封土堆之下距水平面约30~40 m深,呈东西长约100 m,南北宽约60 m的矩形体;地宫基本完整,未坍塌;探测出南墓道、东墓道和北墓道的位置和深度与考古钻探探测出的结果基本一致。在此基础上利用3D Max软件平台等,可虚拟再现汉武帝茂陵辉煌规模及地宫形态。向游客展现汉武帝茂陵地宫的结构、景观以及时代与地域背景,将大幅度提升旅游产品品质。     

Cars and capitalism: The political economy of urban transportation

The car (automobile) appears to many to be an essential ingredient of capitalist society. This paper seeks to assess the role of the car in capitalist dominated social formations by relating the production, consumption and utilization of the car to the underlying structural relationships of the capitalist mode of production as a whole.     

The Quebec question and the political geography of Canada

The Quebec-Canada problem arises some ambigious and contradictory issues with Quebec itself being the source of the current facets of the crisis. Political geography is able to contribute to a greater understanding of the crisis by clearly demonstrating some of the classig concepts drawn from the discipline: geography of federalism, political viability and centrifugal forces, ethnic separatism, territorial integrity and linguistic territoriality, nationalism, and regionalism, territorial ideology, international frontiers... Evermore, Quebec appears to be the unique case of a national state. The gravitation of Canada's population towards the West has a direct impact upon the Quebec situation, with the eventual independence of the Province bringing about ipso facto a Pakistanisation of the country as a whole. Currently, one may observe an ever-widening lack of communication between Quebec and the rest of Canada. In order that Europeans (and many others) may fully understand the Quebec situation, a sort of mental debriefing must take place.     

Elusive security: The military and political geography of South Lebanon

Israel's quest for security on its northern border with Lebanon has a history dating back to the foundation of the Palestine mandate. In the early period from the First World War to the end of the 1960s the quest was dominated with attaining economic and environmental security by seeking to acquire rights to the waters of South Lebanon. Recent decades in contrast have witnessed the rise in importance of border security and strategic security requirements in the face of military threats to northern Israel. Israel's interventionist policy in South Lebanon has been formalised to include a permanent presence on Lebanese territory in the form of the security zone. It is argued that despite the positive events that have occurred in the region in the early 1990s, it remains unlikely that Israel will easily relinquish its security shield in South Lebanon thus ultimately undermining the possibility of moving away from elusive to permanent security.     

地下水空调技术与应用

本文以季节性的舒适性空调为对象，较详细地介绍了地下水人调供冷的基本原理，特点、供冷负荷的计算方法，地下水风机盘管空调系统的布置、测试与维护管理，实用效果以及地下水空调技术的应用前景。     

推动地质科技进步、服务第二个百年奋斗目标——中国地质学会2023年学术年会在博鳌成功召开

中国地质学会2023年学术年会9月19日在海南博鳌隆重举行,来自地质领域的近3000位专家学者围绕“开启学会百年新征程——推动地质科技进步,服务第二个百年目标”的主题展开了深入的学术交流。