准噶尔盆地西北缘红山嘴及邻区构造变换带与油气成藏关系

准噶尔盆地西北缘冲断带普遍发育构造变换带,其对沉积和油气成藏有重要的控制作用。通过对红山嘴及其邻区断裂展布与组合方式特征的研究,将该区构造变换带分为横向、纵向变换带两种。研究区沉积体系分布研究和砂体厚度统计表明横向变换带部位为盆缘水系入盆通道,控制了宏观沉积物分布;纵向变换带叠覆区则控制了局部沉积物富集。对油气成藏和构造变换带的匹配关系研究可知冲断席之间的横向变换带是油气最富集的部位,横向断裂在油气运移、成藏过程中起关键作用;冲断席内部纵向变换带则易形成有利圈闭,在局部范围内控制油气聚集。     

Localization patterns in sandbox-scale numerical experiments above a normal fault in basement

The finite element program ELFEN is used to study the effect of basement fault dip on the evolution of shear band patterns in unconsolidated sand. The material properties and boundary conditions of the model were chosen to correspond to generic sandbox experiments.Model results reproduce the range of structural styles found in corresponding sandbox experiments. With a basement fault dip of 60° and lower, a graben structure is formed, composed of a synthetic shear band followed by one or more antithetic shear bands. With a basement fault dip of 70° and steeper, a reverse (precursor) shear band forms first, followed by a synthetic, normal shear band that accommodates all further displacement. The dip of the synthetic shear band is close to the basement fault dip. For basement fault dips between 60° and 70°, we observe a transition in localization patterns. An analysis of the stress fields and velocity vectors in the model explains the first-order aspects of the relationships observed.We consider the observed ‘precursor-dominated’ and ‘graben-dominated’ structural domains to be important components of normal fault systems in which the first order structural style and deformation patterns are only weakly dependent on the details of the rheology of the model materials and explore the interesting problem of the change in structural style from ‘precursor-dominated’ to ‘graben-dominated’ structural domains above a normal fault in basement. We find similar structural domains in sandbox experiments for the same set of boundary conditions but with slightly different material properties, suggesting that the modeled patterns are robust within these two structural domains, (i.e. will occur over a range of similar material properties and boundary conditions).The results of this study contribute to our ability to validate numerical models against experiments in order to finally better simulate natural systems.     

淹没植物条件下明渠KH涡的垂向几何尺度和频率

含淹没植物明渠中存在的Kelvin-Helmholtz（KH）涡,对水流能量交换和物质输移具有直接的影响。基于淹没刚性植物条件下的水槽实验,利用粒子图像测速技术（PIV）得到瞬时流速场和涡量场,定量刻画KH涡的垂向几何尺度（上下边界和垂向作用范围）,结合三维声学多普勒流速仪（ADV）测量的流速时间序列和小波变换方法,分析KH涡的频率,研究植物淹没度对KH涡上下边界位置、作用范围和频率的影响。研究发现:本实验确定的KH涡上、下边界与根据能量分布计算得到的混合层上、下边界基本一致;在本实验条件下,KH涡上边界为0.7~0.8倍水深,下边界在植物密度一定时围绕一常数波动,KH涡的频率在0.14~0.20 Hz之间;随着淹没度的增大,KH涡的上边界升高,下边界变化不明显,作用范围和频率增大。     

明渠紊流中涡结构的运动规律

明渠紊流中随水流迁移的涡结构在传质过程中具有重要作用。为观测涡结构在整个生存期内的运动过程,将两套高频粒子图像测速系统的测量范围沿水流方向拼接,实现流场的大范围测量。将上述方法用于测量摩阻雷诺数为490~870的明渠紊流的纵垂面流场,并结合涡结构跟踪算法,得到了涡的生存时间、运动速度、位移及强度变化等参数。分析表明,涡结构的水平运动与水流同步,但整体有向水面抬升的趋势,在低雷诺数条件下,最大生存时间约10倍涡周转时间,最大垂向位移约0.4倍水深;随着雷诺数的增大,涡结构的量纲一运动速度未发生明显变化,但极限强度和强度变化速率均增大,且极限强度的增加幅度相对较小,使得涡结构的生存时间缩短,纵、垂向位移相应减小。研究结果揭示了生存时间是影响涡结构运动规律的关键变量,初步得到了涡结构运动规律随水流条件的变化趋势。     

The role of mid-level vortex in the intensification and weakening of tropical cyclones

The present study examines the dynamics of mid-tropospheric vortex during cyclogenesis and quantifies the importance of such vortex developments in the intensification of tropical cyclone. The genesis of tropical cyclones are investigated based on two most widely accepted theories that explain the mechanism of cyclone formation namely ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ dynamics. The Weather Research and Forecast model is employed to generate high resolution dataset required for analysis. The development of the mid-level vortex was analyzed with regard to the evolution of potential vorticity (PV), relative vorticity (RV) and vertical wind shear. Two tropical cyclones which include the developing cyclone, Hudhud and the non-developing cyclone, Helen are considered. Further, Hudhud and Helen, is compared to a deep depression formed over Bay of Bengal to highlight the significance of the mid-level vortex in the genesis of a tropical cyclone. Major results obtained are as follows: stronger positive PV anomalies are noticed over upper and lower levels of troposphere near the storm center for Hudhud as compared to Helen and the depression; Constructive interference in upper and lower level positive PV anomaly maxima resulted in the intensification of Hudhud. For Hudhud, the evolution of RV follows ‘top-down’ dynamics, in which the growth starts from the middle troposphere and then progresses downwards. As for Helen, RV growth seems to follow ‘bottom-up’ mechanism initiating growth from the lower troposphere. Though, the growth of RV for the depression initiates from mid-troposphere, rapid dissipation of mid-level vortex destabilizes the system. It is found that the formation mid-level vortex in the genesis phase is significantly important for the intensification of the storm.     

Review of the Seabed Sediment Resuspension by Internal Solitary Wave

Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) are nonlinear, large amplitude motions of the interface between two fluids with different densities in the stratified ocean. Because of their strong vertical and horizontal current velocity, and the vortex, turbulent mixing caused by breaking, they affect marine environment, seabed sediment and man-made structures in the ocean. In the paper, we systematically analyzed and summarized the ISW-induced shoaling break mechanisms, models of suspension, and seabed dynamical response. Then, we discussed the ISW-induced sediment resuspension criteria, forming bottom and intermediate nepheloid layer and the capacity to suspend sediments in the seabed, and further put forward the unsolved problems based on the conducted work and related achievements. In shallow seas with complex terrain variations, shoaling can cause ISWs to deform, break, and split. Studies on the propagation of ISWs of depression over sloping topography have shown that an adverse pressure gradient causes the rotation of the flow separation, which produces vortices, and this results in global instability of the boundary layer and ISW burst. The separation vortices increase the bottom shear stress, vertical velocity, and near-bottom Reynolds stress, which leads to sediment resuspension and transport in the flow and vortex core. Although episodic, ISW-induced resuspension is hypothesized to be important enough to shape the topography. Shoaling ISWs may erode, resuspend and transport mud-like sediments, first towards shore by boluses, and subsequently offshore through the generation of intermediate nepheloid layers. Shoaling ISWs might be an important mechanism of muddy sediment dispersal along continental shelves. Furthermore, recent hypotheses suggest that sediment mobilization and transport caused by internal waves in general, and ISWs in particular, may be at the origin of some sedimentary structures found in the sedimentary rock record and also the hummocky-cross stratification. Observed on-shelf propagating frontal ISW most likely interacts with the sand waves, sediment waves or sand dunes. ISWs contribute to their generation, as they are trailed by considerable shear-induced turbulence and high-frequency internal waves close to the buoyancy frequency. This work is of great value for further understanding the process of ISW-induced sediment resuspension, transportation, and the capacity to suspend sediments in the seabed. It helps further study of the dynamic process of marine ecological environment dynamic process by ISW and the deep sea sedimentation process.     

蓟县雾迷山组碳酸盐岩原地型风暴沉积特征及成因探讨

蓟县地区雾迷山组碳酸盐岩地层中发育原地型风暴沉积,它具有A、B、C和D四个沉积单元,即下部单元A为丘状角砾岩,中部单元B为波纹状层理,上部单元C为水平层理,顶部单元D为厚层一块层状层理,运用现代气象学和海洋水文学的研究成果,文章对该区原地型风暴沉积的成因作了初步探讨,认为在风暴作用下,形成海水高速涡漩,受风暴控制的碳酸盐台地或浅海沉积盆地底部沉积物被剪切、打碎而形成角砾,风暴衰减后,几乎在原地沉积下来,形成了具有独特韵律的沉积构造。     

非定常不稳定液固两相流动中旋涡对颗粒运动影响的数值研究

构建起双向耦合的液固两相流动旋涡动力学模型与数值方法;应用离散涡方法,计算非定常不稳定水流场;采用Lagrange方法模拟颗粒运动,颗粒对流体的反作用通过修正涡泡运动速度来实现。利用所建模型,计算了两种St数的泥沙粒子在圆柱绕流场中的运动。结果证明了液固两相流动中颗粒运动与旋涡存在着明确的相关结构:(1)当水沙混合物中的泥沙颗粒碰上旋涡时,泥沙颗粒被卷入旋涡中,被卷入旋涡中的泥沙颗粒在运动过程中始终分布于旋涡区;(2)均匀水沙混合物绕圆柱流动,由于流体流过圆柱时产生剧烈分离流动,使得在尾迹流内中等St数 (St～o (1))的泥沙颗粒从均匀水沙混合物中分离出来而往旋涡区聚集。     

淹没植物明渠床面冲淤及其对水流运动的影响

植物的存在改变了河流水动力特性,造成独特的床面冲淤态势。利用实验室水槽模拟含淹没植物的河道,对床面形态和紊流统计特性参数进行测量,研究不同类型紊流作用下的床面冲淤特征以及床面起伏对流动的影响。结果表明:床面剪切紊流条件下,床面形态为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊与沙波复合分布,床面变形加剧了流速沿水深不均匀分布并促进水流动量交换;在自由剪切混合层紊流条件下,床面形态为植物根部马蹄形冲坑及其后方沙沟、沙脊交错分布,床面变形对流动的影响并不显著;“类二重紊流”条件下,床面形态同样表现为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊-沙波复合,床面变形促进植物层内部的水流动量交换、抑制紊动清扫,抑制植物层外部的动量交换、促进紊动喷射。     

明渠湍流涡运动尺度分布特性

为了解明渠湍流涡运动尺度沿水深的分布特征,使用高精度粒子图像测速法水槽试验系统测量充分发展的明渠湍流,利用改进后的功率谱分析方法,对明渠湍流涡运动尺度沿水深分布、上升流、下扫流和平均涡量等进行了分析。结果表明:明渠湍流涡运动尺度大小沿水深增加呈先增大后减小;沿水深增加下扫流比上升流更容易发生;各自水深的顺向涡涡量大于逆向涡涡量,在近壁区平均涡量最大;明渠湍流近壁区产生涡量大、尺度小的涡结构,沿水深增加,涡尺度发展变大,但受水面区下扫流抑制,涡尺度又变小。     

基于微形态理论的各向异性散体波动分析

基于散粒体微观力学理论,忽略颗粒转动引起的相对位移,考虑颗粒接触的组构各向异性,根据宏微观能量守恒推导得到了散体材料各向异性微形态本构关系,进而通过单位接触方向积分的递推公式推导出了各向异性本构张量表达式;在此基础上,根据哈密顿原理得到了各向异性散体材料的运动平衡方程和边界条件,从而求得了平面波在各向异性散粒体中的传播规律和频散关系,最后对波的频散关系和频率带隙进行了详细的参数分析。研究表明：该模型预测了散体中包含3类12种位移波：3种纵波、6种横波和3种平面内横向剪切波;横观各向同性条件下,接触各向异性参数a20越大,纵波和横波的频率越大,而平面内横向剪切波的频率越小;正交各向异性条件下,随着接触各向异性参数a22的增大,与2方向运动相关的横波频率增大,而与3方向运动相关的横波频率则减小;但a22的变化对纵波频率影响很小。材料各向异性程度对横波带宽影响不大,但对纵波带宽影响较大：a20的增大使得声?光学波间的带宽减小,而光学波间的带宽增大,当a20>0.84时,声?光学波间的带隙消失;但是a22的增大则使得声?光学波间的带宽增大,而光学波间的带宽减小。退化为各向同性模型后,预测3类波的频散曲线与其他各向同性模型的结果基本一致。     

砂土与格栅界面相互作用的直剪试验研究

筋材与土体接触面的相互作用较为复杂,它是加筋土工程设计中的关键所在。为了研究筋土界面的作用机制,采用福建标准砂与玻璃纤维土工格栅进行了一系列室内大型直剪试验,较为系统地分析了格栅横肋与纵肋及格栅几何尺寸对于筋土界面强度特性的影响。试验结果表明,格栅的横肋与纵肋在界面强度中均发挥了较大的作用,两者表现为不同的作用机制,当剪切位移较小时格栅横肋的被动阻力和纵肋的摩阻力起到共同承担荷载的作用;随着剪切位移的增大,横肋的被动阻力进一步提升,纵肋发挥了较为显著的提高筋材刚度的框架作用。因此,格栅的纵横肋需要按合理比例搭配才能发挥出较大的筋土界面强度。     

An investigation of subglacial shear zone processes from Weybourne,Norfolk, UK

The glacial sediments of north Norfolk are a type site for subglacial deforming bed sediments. This investigation focussed on subglacial shear zone process at the field and thin section scale, in order to understand subglacial processes, as well as considering the implications for regional stratigraphies. The sandy and chalky tills from three sites (within 1 km) at Weybourne, Norfolk, showed evidence for subglacial deformation associated with simple shear, producing extension, compression and rotation. It was demonstrated how these processes interacted to cause chalk fragmentation and predictable fabric strengths (dependant on sorting and grain size). It is suggested that the ‘Marly Drift’ is a diachronous unit, and the resultant stratigraphy at Weybourne reflects one deformation till, resulting from a series of ice advances, but with a lithology derived from the local chalk bed rock (with some far travelled erratics), which have undergone different degrees of chalk fragmentation reflecting the nature and duration of the subglacial deformation.     

Carbonate sediment transport pathways based on foraminifera: case study from Frank Sound, Grand Cayman, British West Indies

Foraminifera can be used to determine the source(s) of carbonate sediment and the directions of sediment transport in shallow, coastal lagoons such as Frank Sound on the south-central coast of Grand Cayman. These determinations, based on the distribution of foraminiferal assemblages and ‘tracer species’ (numerically abundant species that live in known physiographic units and/or ecological conditions), show that the lagoonal sediments are a mixture of grains that originated in the lagoon and forereef. The variable proportions of these foraminifera throughout the lagoon reflects the dynamic processes that control lagoonal sedimentation. Amphistegina gibbosa, Discorbis rosea, and Asterigerina carinata lived in the forereef environment. The fact that these ‘tracer species’ are found throughout Frank Sound and in the beach sands, shows that they were transported across the reef crest and the lagoon. Abrasion-resistant Archaias angulatus, a‘tracer species’ indicative of a lagoonal setting, forms up to 50% of foraminiferal assemblages found in the lagoonal sediments. Preferential winnowing of small tests from these populations indicates sorting under high energy conditions. The vertical distribution of the forereef and lagoonal foraminifera in the sediment blanket that covers the floor of Frank Sound indicates that these processes are temporally persistent. Transportation of forereef foraminifera into and around the lagoon and sorting of the lagoonal foraminifera cannot take place under ‘normal’ conditions when the tranquil lagoon is characterized by weak currents. Storms and/or hurricanes, however, generate short-lived high-energy events that can move and sort the sediment and foraminifera. At the height of a storm, water and sediment are moved over the reef and then piled and held onshore by the onshore winds and the constant flow of water over the reef and across the lagoon. These currents can mix some of the lagoonal and forereef sediments. As a storm wanes, however, the ‘piled water’ flows offshore via strong rip currents that pass into the ocean through the channels which transect the reef. These currents winnow and/or strip sediment from the lagoon and may transport lagoonal sediments into the forereef area. As a result, residual lagoonal sediment is commonly characterized by larger and abrasion-resistant foraminifera.     

Morphology,sedimentology and palaeohydraulic significance of large gravel dunes,Altai Mountains,Siberia

Coarse-gravel bedforms which resulted from Pleistocene glacial outburst floods are identified as subaqueous dunes. Comparison of the morphology of these ‘fossil’ structures with modern dunes shows that the form of two-dimensional (2-D) transverse dunes and 3-D cuspate and lunate dunes developed in coarse gravels is comparable with sand-dune morphology within lesser-scale geophysical flows. The similarity of the steepest gravel dunes with equilibrium dunes in sand indicates that grain size is not a major factor in constraining primary duneform. Internal structure indicates that flow over 2-D dunes was relatively uniform but over 3-D bedforms flow was locally variable. Flow separation and complex streaming of flow occurred over the steepest 3-D dunes. Cross-beds are thin and few approach the angle of repose; consequently most dunes did not migrate primarily by avalanching but by stoss-entrained gravel transported over the crests rolling-down and depositing on the lee slopes. Lee-side sediments are often finer than the stoss-slope sediments, which indicates the lee formed when flood power was waning. Some dunes were slightly planed-down during falling stage because lee-side cross-beds tend to be steeper than the angle of the preserved lee slope. However, silt-rich caps indicate that any height reduction was contemporary with the final deposition of foresets. Post-flood modification has been negligible although the modern topography is subdued by loess deposits within the dune troughs.     

Hydraulic conditions at the source zone and their impact on plume behavior

A laboratory sandbox model (105?×?60?×?15 cm) was filled with different types of sediments to arrange different hydraulic conditions at the tracer’s injection zone. Tracer-input functions were monitored at the injection location and tracer breakthrough curves (BTCs) were measured at a downgradient detection plane. Numerical transport simulations analogous to the sandbox experiments were conducted in a numerical model parameterized with the properties of the sediments used in the sandbox. The results of the study demonstrate that the hydraulic conditions at the source zone have a major influence on plume development. Tracer injection into high-permeability zones causes early arrival, and enhanced transverse and reduced longitudinal spreading. Tracer injection into low-permeability zones causes late arrival, and reduced transverse and enhanced longitudinal spreading. It was further found that using simplified tracer-input functions in the analysis of BTCs can lead to biased transport parameters. The results suggest that transport parameter estimation based on tracer experiments can benefit from monitoring of the tracer-input function and subsequent consideration of the measured tracer-input function in the analysis of BTCs.     

Calcite fabrics around folds as indicators of deformation history

In the Morcles nappe (lowermost Helvetic nappe in western Switzerland) two phases of folding have been established. In this article the relationship between the calcite fabrics present in folded limestones and the folding history is analysed. Calcite fabrics around the first- and second-phase folds are related to the second phase of deformation. The following fabric patterns have been found. (1) The fabric geometry around a second-phase fold from the most internal part of the inverted limb of the nappe (locality Saillon) can be related to an overall simple shear deformation sequence, the sense of shear being related to the last advance of the Morcles nappe over the underlying autochthonous sedimentary cover of the Aiguilles Rouges massif. (2) In more external parts of the inverted limb (locality Petit Pré) the fabrics around a second-phase fold are interpreted as indicating a change in the deformation history from simple shear to a strain regime which can account for shortening along the first-phase cleavage by the formation of buckle folds. This change in the local strain regime could be related to a ‘locking’ of the frontal folds of the nappe during the last overthrust shear movements. (3) In the normal limb of the nappe the fabrics around a late second-phase kink fold (locality Neimia) are earlier than the folding event and appear to be rotated passively by the fold. (4) The fabrics around a first-phase fold (locality La Routia) are later than the folding event and overprint the fold.     

弧陆碰撞背景下沉积物轴向与横向搬运转换*

板块俯冲碰撞拼合带是盆山相互作用最为强烈的地区,发育有弧前、弧间及弧后多种类型的盆地,沉积物的剥蚀搬运作用极为活跃。证据显示,沉积物搬运充填过程在构造—古地理控制型盆地中具有一定的演变规律,伴随盆地演化,沉积物轴向搬运与横向搬运呈此消彼长的互动关系。南海南北两侧均发育了大型板块俯冲拼合带及相关的沉积盆地,在盆地发育早期沉积物沿盆地长轴方向分别形成昆莺琼古河和巽他古河,以轴向搬运的方式分别把越南中部及马来半岛沉积物由西向东输送到南海,形成大型三角洲及前三角洲深水扇沉积,河流发育位置均在板块拼合转折地段。在盆地发育的成熟阶段,沉积物以横向搬运的方式进入盆地,与轴向搬运沉积物形成混合堆积。轴向搬运是洋陆碰撞拼合盆地中一种重要的沉积物搬运途径,主要受盆地形成时的构造古地理控制。     

An evaluation of CM patterns for grain-size studies of fine grained sediments

Grain-size data of Boom clay (Belgium) are represented on CM, AM, LM diagrams as suggested by Passega. They show a typical ‘uniform suspension’ pattern. It is argued that a ‘uniform suspension’ pattern can be due simply to the clay-rich nature of the sediments. As these sediments are not deposited by a single transport mechanism, the ‘uniform suspension’pattern does not necessarily indicate a specific transport mechanism.     

弧陆碰撞背景下沉积物轴向与横向搬运转换*

板块俯冲碰撞拼合带是盆山相互作用最为强烈的地区,发育有弧前、弧间及弧后多种类型的盆地,沉积物的剥蚀搬运作用极为活跃。证据显示,沉积物搬运充填过程在构造—古地理控制型盆地中具有一定的演变规律,伴随盆地演化,沉积物轴向搬运与横向搬运呈此消彼长的互动关系。南海南北两侧均发育了大型板块俯冲拼合带及相关的沉积盆地,在盆地发育早期沉积物沿盆地长轴方向分别形成昆莺琼古河和巽他古河,以轴向搬运的方式分别把越南中部及马来半岛沉积物由西向东输送到南海,形成大型三角洲及前三角洲深水扇沉积,河流发育位置均在板块拼合转折地段。在盆地发育的成熟阶段,沉积物以横向搬运的方式进入盆地,与轴向搬运沉积物形成混合堆积。轴向搬运是洋陆碰撞拼合盆地中一种重要的沉积物搬运途径,主要受盆地形成时的构造古地理控制。