316国道K25+040～+140段滑坡治理中的抗滑桩结构设计

介绍了316国道K25 040～ 140段滑坡治理工程中的抗滑桩设计过程，讨论了抗滑桩设计中滑推力的计算方法及公式、抗滑桩的结构设计及配筋，将抗滑桩的内力计算简化成较为实用的公式来计算。还介绍了抗滑桩间土体的排水设计，对排水管的具体做法作了详尽地阐述。     

Limit analysis method for active earth pressure on laggings between stabilizing piles

Stabilizing pile is a kind of earth shoring structure frequently used in slope engineering. When the piles have cantilever segments above the ground, laggings are usually installed to avoid collapse of soil between piles. Evaluating the earth pressure acting on laggings is of great importance in design process. Since laggings are usually less stiff than piles, the lateral pressure on lagging is much closer to active earth pressure. In order to estimate the lateral earth pressure on lagging more accurately, first, a model test of cantilever stabilizing pile and lagging systems was carried out. Then, basing the experimental results, a three-dimensional sliding wedge model was established. Last, the calculation process of the total active force on lagging is presented based on the kinematic approach of limit analysis. A comparison is made between the total active force on lagging calculated by the formula presented in this study and the force on a same-size rigid retaining wall obtained from Rankine's theory. It is found that the proposed method fits well with the experimental results. Parametric studies show that the total active force on lagging increases with the growth of the lagging height and the lagging clear span; while decreases as the soil internal friction angle and soil cohesion increase.     

上硬下软地层中h型桩与滑坡相互作用机理模型试验研究

组合式抗滑桩是加固大型滑坡的有效防护措施, 但上硬下软等复合地层中h型抗滑桩的加固机理仍有待深入研究。基于一套自主研发的上硬下软地层滑坡-h型抗滑桩物理模型试验装置, 综合应力应变监测、激光测距仪、高速相机与粒子图像测速(PIV)技术研究了上硬下软地层滑坡中h型桩的位移、内力响应规律与滑体变形破坏特征, 揭示了上硬下软地层条件下h型桩与滑坡相互作用机理。研究结果表明, 在坡顶荷载逐渐增加的条件下, h型桩加固的上硬下软地层滑坡的演化阶段可划分为蠕变阶段、匀速变形阶段、加速变形阶段和破坏阶段4个阶段。受连系梁影响, 前排桩与后排桩桩顶位移较小, 应变最大值出现在靠近滑面深度处; 后排桩弯矩呈"S"型分布, 前排桩弯矩呈三角形分布, 负弯矩最大值位于连系梁下方20 cm处。随着硬岩体积分数(φ_β)增加, 桩顶位移逐渐减小, 前、后排桩最大弯矩值也逐渐减小, 但硬岩体积分数超过60%后最大弯矩值变化幅度较小。当φ_β=20%和40%时, 后排桩土压力总体呈抛物线形式; 当φ_β=60%和80%时, 土压力总体呈反"S"型, 且滑面附近出现第二个土压力峰值; 前排桩土压力分布形式均为抛物线型。试验结果可为组合式抗滑桩加固机理研究和设计提供理论支撑。      

滑动面的插值方法及滑坡稳定性计算

根据钻孔资料结合宏观地质调查资料分别作分段线形插值函数、拉格朗日插值函数和样条插值函数 ,用得出的插值函数来表征滑动面。并将插值函数与传统的圆弧滑动面假设分析对比。以南京狮子山东南坡滑坡为例 ,根据不同的插值滑动面 ,采用普遍条分法计算滑坡稳定性系数。最后 ,对不同的结果作了分析对比 ,认为过特征位置采用样条插值函数所表示的滑动面较好地符合实际情况     

基于“三段法”的锚拉桩桩身内力计算方法与应用

针对抗滑桩常因地质条件、地形地貌等原因导致受荷段底面与嵌固段顶面不在同一水平面的情况,将此段划为次受荷段,并推导了次受荷段桩后设计荷载大小计算公式和荷载分布公式,以及在弹性地基梁和悬臂梁模型下的适用于悬臂桩和锚索桩内力与挠度计算通用公式。以巴东县焦家湾移民安置点库岸防护工程预应力锚索桩为例,研究次受荷段对抗滑桩内力和挠度影响。结果表明:忽略次受荷段后土压力作用的传统计算方法会使桩身弯矩计算结果偏小,导致桩身配筋量不足,存在设计安全隐患。再以锚索排数、位置为控制变量,研究其对预应力锚索桩内力和挠度的影响,提出预应力锚索可有效地降低抗滑桩工程造价;增加预应力锚索的排数有利于调节抗滑桩内力分布,设计时应优先考虑将锚索设置为多排锚索。      

Dynamic process simulation with a Savage-Hutter type model for the intrusion of landslide into river

Natural damming of rivers by mass movements is a very common and potentially dangerous phenomena which has been documented all over the world. In this paper, a two-layer model of Savage-Hutter type is presented to simulate the dynamic procedure for the intrusion of landslide into rivers. The two-layer shallow water system is derived by depth averaging the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrostatic assumption. A high order accuracy scheme based on the finite volume method is proposed to solve the presented model equations. Several numerical tests are performed to verify the realiability and feasibility of the proposed model. The numerical results indicate that the proposed method can be competent for simulating the dynamic process of landslide intrusion into the river. The interaction effect between both layers has a significant impact on the landslide movement, water fluctuation and wave propagation.     

基于有限元强度折减系数法岩土边坡稳定性分析与抗滑桩设计

基于有限元强度折减系数法原理,应用具有折减分析功能的ANSYS软件,以暴雨工况为最不利控制工况,采用平面应变条件下Drucker-Prage关联流动屈服准则(DP4)和边坡失稳破坏综合判据,分别对龙胜县城桑江北区不稳定高切边坡自然状态和削坡及抗滑桩加固状态进行了强度折减数值模拟。确定了这2种状态边坡最危险滑动面位置、形状并给出了极限状态坡体强度储备安全系数,通过所建桩-土共同作用连续介质模型及ANSYS后处理路径分析功能,求得极限状态滑坡设计推力和桩身内力及其分布,且将该法分析结果与传统分析方法作对比,发现误差很小且该法更接近边坡实际情况。综合分析表明,该法在岩土边坡滑坡灾害防治方面是可行且有效的新途径,有其自身的优越性和广阔的发展前景。      

基于临界状态的边坡渐进破坏力学模型分析及应用

边坡条分法物理意义是以强度折减表征材料峰值强度的下降程度。以不平衡推力部分强度折减法为例,推广传统假设,应用理想弹塑性模型和全过程剪应力-应变模型,在峰值剪应力和峰值应变相等条件下,模拟边坡的渐进破坏过程;提出了临界状态决定法,随着临界状态逐步移动,边坡不平衡力和驱动力越来越大,抗滑力越来越小,直至整体处于破坏状态。以湖北省恩施州稻池村边坡为例,以3种数值(部分强度折减、理想弹塑性和全过程剪应力-应变本构)模型揭示边坡渐进破坏过程中各参量变化特征。结果表明:3种数值条块法均能描述稻池村边坡渐进破坏过程,基于条分法和理想弹塑性模型部分强度折减系数大于全过程剪应力-应变本构模型稳定系数。      

不同布锚方式对锚索抗滑桩受力与变形影响的物理模型试验研究

锚索抗滑桩是滑坡的主要支护结构之一。目前, 软硬相间地层条件下锚索抗滑桩的受力与变形特征尚缺乏系统研究。以软硬相间地层为地质背景, 基于自主研发的柔性测斜仪和自动加载系统, 构建了锚索抗滑桩加固滑坡物理模型试验系统, 开展了锚索抗滑桩加固滑坡的物理模型试验, 揭示了推力不断增加过程中抗滑桩、锚索和滑体的变形与受力特征, 对比研究了布锚方式对桩-锚受力与变形的影响规律, 通过数值模拟的方法分析了软硬相间地层对锚索抗滑桩的影响机理, 并以双锚点抗滑桩为例进行了理论分析。研究结果表明: ①在滑坡-锚索抗滑桩体系中, 桩身各点位移和滑体深部位移均随桩身深度的增加而减小, 滑体后部位移速率大于中部, 且滑体位移速率大于桩身位移速率; ②单锚点抗滑桩的桩-锚推力分担比经历了4个阶段的变化, 趋于稳定时桩-锚推力分担比约为9∶1, 锚索拉力作用下桩身弯矩呈"S"型分布, 正负弯矩非对称; ③锚固角度越大, 锚索拉力的增速越大, 不同锚固角度对桩身内力值的影响主要体现在受荷段; ④多锚点抗滑桩结构的锚索分担更多的推力, 与单锚点抗滑桩相比, 双锚点与三锚点抗滑桩的最大桩身弯矩分别减小了22.41%和40.55%;⑤与均质地层相比, 软硬相间地层中软、硬岩交界面处基岩应力发生突变, 不同软岩厚度比和桩底是否嵌入硬岩, 均对锚索拉力和桩-岩之间的相互作用有不同程度的影响; 其次, 双锚点抗滑桩内力的理论值与试验结果较为接近。本研究成果可为软硬相间地层中锚索抗滑桩加固滑坡工程的优化设计提供依据。      

Study on stability and reinforcement of a landslide on Ji''''an-Dandong highway

This study clarified the failure mechanism of a landslide on Ji'an-Dandong highway,through the detailed analysis of its geological condition.Then based on the back analysis of the broken landslide,take limit equilibrium method to evaluate the stability of the potential landslide.The result shows that the landslide is lack of safety stock,so anchor rope is designed to reinforce the landslide.     

Study on stability and reinforcement of a landslide on Ji''an-Dandong highway

This study clarified the failure mechanism of a landslide on Ji'an-Dandong highway, through the detailed analysis of its geological condition. Then based on the back analysis of the broken landslide, take limit equilibrium method to evaluate the stability of the potential landslide. The result shows that the landslide is lack of safety stock, so anchor rope is designed to reinforce the landslide.     

Preliminary slope stability analysis and discontinuities driven susceptibility zonation along a crucial highway corridor in higher Himalaya,India

Identification of failure susceptible slopes through different rock engineering approach is highly valuable in landslide risk management along crucial highway corridors in the high mountainous region. In this study, a critical highway(NH-5) segment in higher Himalaya has been investigated using the various rock mass characterization schemes based on detailed field observations. Since the highway corridor is highly susceptible to discontinuities-driven failures, consisting of jointed rock masses;Mean and Combined kinematic feasibility analysis has been performed for 20 highway slopes. Observed slope mass classes have been compared to the feasibility percentage of discontinuities driven failures(wedge, toppling, and planar) and accordingly the kinematic feasibility zonation along highway segment has been done for each as well as overall failure types. Based on the slope mass conditions and discontinuities driven failures probability(%), responsive remedial measures have been proposed for individual highway slopes to ensure safe and uninterrupted transportation.     

香丽高速公路昌格洛滑坡-隧道工程病害三维数值分析

准确评价滑坡-隧道相互作用及稳定性, 采用合理的病害防治方法, 对保障公路顺利完工具有重要意义。以香丽高速公路昌格洛滑坡为例, 利用现场地质调查、钻探等方法查明了滑坡成因机制以及变形特性, 通过数值模拟研究了昌格洛滑坡在天然、降雨和开挖等工况下的空间应力应变特征以及稳定性变化, 研究了隧道与所穿越滑坡之间的相互作用, 据此提出了相应的病害防治方案。结果表明: 昌格洛滑坡在自然条件下处于欠稳定状态; 隧道开挖难以引起滑坡整体失稳, 但会诱发滑坡局部变形, 受滑坡体变形影响, 穿越滑体的隧道部分将产生拉伸-剪切变形; 降雨严重恶化滑坡稳定性, 导致滑坡失稳, 进而使穿越其中的隧道失效破坏。原选线方案面临风险巨大, 最优防治方案为线路东移绕避, 使隧道从滑面以下穿过。研究方法和成果可为香丽高速公路类似病害的防治提供有益借鉴。      

Effects of river flow velocity on the formation of landslide dams

Natural dams are formed when landslides are triggered by heavy rainfall during extreme weather events in the mountainous areas of Taiwan.During landslide debris movement, two processes occur simultaneously: the movement of landslide debris from a slope onto the riverbed and the erosion of the debris under the action of high-velocity river flow. When the rate of landslide deposition in a river channel is higher than the rate of landslide debris erosion by the river flow, the landslide forms a natural dam by blocking the river channel. In this study, the effects of the rates of river flow erosion and landslide deposition(termed the erosive capacity and depositional capacity, respectively) on the formation of natural dams are quantified using a physics-based approach and are tested using a scaled physical model.We define a dimensionless velocity index vde as the ratio between the depositional capacity of landslide debris(vd) and the erosive capacity of water flow(ve).The experimental test results show that a landslidedam forms when landslide debris moves at high velocity into a river channel where the river-flow velocity is low, that is, the dimensionless velocity index vde 54. Landslide debris will not have sufficient depositional capacity to block stream flow when the dimensionless velocity index vde 47. The depositional capacity of a landslide can be determined from the slope angle and the friction of the sliding surface, while the erosive capacity of a dam can be determined using river flow velocity and rainfall conditions. The methodology described in this paper was applied to seven landslide dams that formed in Taiwan on 8 August 2009 during Typhoon Morakot,the Tangjiashan landslide dam case, and the YingxiuWolong highway K24 landslide case. The dimensionless velocity index presented in this paper can be used before a rainstorm event occurs to determine if the formation of a landslide dam is possible.     

FEM for Stability Analysis Against Overturning of Portal Water Injection Sheet Pile

Portal water injection sheet pile （PWISP）, as a retaining wall, appeared in seashore engineering in 2000. Although there have been many systematic methods addressing the issue, there are very few focusing on the new structure because of the difficulties in defining the earth pressure between the two piles. A new method is proposed in this paper to obtain the earth pressure between the PWISPs. Stability analysis against overturning follows as a consequence. Using Finite Element Analysis （FEA） software ANSYS, both the nonlinear characteristics of the soil and those of the contact elements are taken into account to obtain the earth pressure distribution on the contact surface. Based on the results of the FEA, Rankin＇s theory and the slip plane theory, the formula of the earth pressure on the inner surfaces between the piles is given. Assuming the PWISP as the analysis object and the earth pressure as an outside force acting upon it, the equation of stability against overturning of the PWISP is presented. Finally, some parameters are discussed about the stability of the PWISP against overturning, such as the embedded depth of the front pile, the distance between the two rows of piles, the internal friction angle and the cohesion of the earth. The results show that the increase of the cohesion and the internal friction angle will decrease the distance and the embedded depth, and therefore enhance the stability against overturning. Specifically, when the distance is 1/3-2/3 of the maximal excavation depth, the two rows of piles give the best performance in stability.     

大奔流顺层岩质滑坡溃屈型破坏力学机制研究

溃屈型破坏是顺层岩质边坡一种常见的破坏模式。以大奔流顺层岩质滑坡为例，分析了其溃屈型破坏的形成机制，绿泥石片岩层面发育程度和层面抗剪强度及岩石破碎程度是大奔流滑坡发生的主要地质因素，爆破震动荷载和地下水作用是发生溃屈型破坏的主要诱发因素。基于弹性板梁稳定理论和能量平衡原理，建立了顺层岩质滑坡溃屈型破坏力学模型；通过力学分析，提出了综合考虑滑坡自重、地下水与震动荷载作用的顺层岩质滑坡溃屈段长度条件方程。以大奔流滑坡为实例进行了验算，计算结果和现场破坏特征基本一致，表明了该方法的可行性，为研究顺层岩质滑坡溃屈型破坏的力学机制提供了依据。      

基于物理模型试验的滑坡-抗滑桩位移场变化特征

滑坡-抗滑桩体系演化机理是滑坡灾害防治的重要理论基础,其中桩土相互作用是滑坡-抗滑桩体系中的关键,而位移场是相互作用的重要表征之一,因此,对滑坡-抗滑桩体系位移场的研究具有十分重要的工程意义。以物理模型试验为手段,基于三峡库区堆积层滑坡工程地质特征,建立大型物理试验模型,通过逐级施加荷载来模拟滑坡后缘推力,采用高速摄像机及粒子图像测速技术等获取滑坡坡表与桩顶位移数据,定量分析了体系位移场变化特征。试验结果显示:在滑坡-抗滑桩体系演化过程中,坡表位移场变化呈现出很好的规律性,这为桩土相互作用研究机理起到了一定的推动作用。      

A back-propagation neural-network-based displacement back analysis for the identification of the geomechanical parameters of the Yonglang landslide in China

Xigeda formation is a type of hundred-meter-thick lacustrine sediments of being prone to triggering landslides along the trunk channel and tributaries of the upper Yangtze River in China. The Yonglang landslide located near Yonglang Town of Dechang County in Sichuan Province of China, which was a typical Xigeda formation landslide, was stabilized by anti-slide piles. Loading tests on a loading-test pile were conducted to measure the displacements and moments. The uncertainty of the tested geomechanical parameters of the Yonglang landslide over certain ranges would be problematic during the evaluation of the landslide. Thus, uniform design was introduced in the experimental design, and by which, numerical analyses of the loading-test pile were performed using Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC^3D) to acquire a database of the geomechanical parameters of the Yonglang landslide and the corresponding displacements of the loading-test pile. A three-layer back-propagation neural network was established and trained with the database, and then tested and verified for its accuracy and reliability in numerical simulations. Displacement back analysis was conducted by substituting the displacements of the loading-test pile to the well-trained three-layer back-propagation neural network so as to identify the geomechanical parameters of the Yonglang landslide. The neural-network-based displacement back analysis method with the proposed methodology is verified to be accurate and reliable for the identification of the uncertain geomechanical parameters of landslides.     

Wave height statistical characteristic analysis

When exploring the temporal and spatial change law of ocean environment, the most common method used is using smaller-scale observed data to derive the change law for a larger-scale system. For instance, using 30-year observation data to derive 100-year return period design wave height. Therefore,the study of inherent self-similarity in ocean hydrological elements becomes increasingly important to the study of multi-year return period design wave height derivation. In this paper, we introduced multifractal to analyze the statistical characteristics of wave height series data observed from oceanic hydrological station.An improvement is made to address the existing problems of the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis(MF-DFA) method, where trend function showed a discontinuity between intervals. The improved MFDFA method is based on signal mode decomposition, replacing piecewise polynomial fitting used in the original method. We applied the proposed method to the wave height data collected at Chaolian Island,Shandong, China, from 1963 to 1989 and was able to conclude the wave height sequence presented weak multi-fractality. This result provided strong support to the past research on the derivation of multi-year return period design wave height with observed data. Moreover, the new method proposed in this paper also provides a new perspective to explore the intrinsic characteristic of data.     

Robust design of self-starting drains using Random Forest

Groundwater lowering is one of the most important countermeasures to avoid the risk of rainfall-triggered landslides. However, the long-term reliability of many drainage methods is often a matter of concern since the drains may easily get clogged. A new hydraulic-driven self-starting drainage method is presented in this paper. In the proposed Random Forest(RF) based robust design approach for the selfstarting drains, the datasets are generated using an automatically controlled numerical modeling technology. The deterministic analysis is carried out based on uncertain soil parameters and the specific designs selected using Uniform Design(UD). The ensemble of RF models is applied in the design process to improve computing efficiency. Safety requirements, design robustness, and cost efficiency are simultaneously considered utilizing multiobjective optimization. A straightforward and efficient framework that focuses on difficulties caused by an enormous design space is established for the robust design of the self-starting drains, and improved computation efficiency is achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated with a case study, the Qili landslide in Zhejiang Province, China.