青藏铁路沿线的地裂缝及工程影响

通过大比例尺野外地质调查和跨季节对比观测,发现青藏铁路沿线发育地震破裂、断层裂缝、冻土裂缝与冰裂缝4种不同类型的地裂缝。典型地震破裂包括西大滩古地震破裂、昆仑山南缘地震破裂、可可西里古地震破裂、崩错地震破裂、谷露盆西地震破裂、羊八井-当雄盆西地震破裂;地震破裂规模大,产状稳定,与地震鼓包、地震陡坎、地震凹陷有序组合,是地表构造变形的重要形式,属内动力成因地裂缝。断层裂缝沿断层破碎带定向分布,产状稳定,成群产出,与断层活动、地下水运移、不均匀冻胀存在密切的关系,是构造变形与融冻变形联合、内外动力耦合产生的复合成因地裂缝。冻土裂缝和冰裂缝属外营力成因地裂缝,是冻土与冰层不均匀融冻变形的重要表现形式。地震破裂、断层裂缝和冻土裂缝对青藏公路、青藏铁路及沿线工程安全具有不良影响,这些地裂缝切割错断路基,形成路面破裂和路基滑塌,产生显著的灾害效应。     

青藏铁路沿线断裂活动的灾害效应

青藏铁路沿线发育大量不同方向、不同性质、不同类型和不同规模的活动断裂。这些活动断裂对地震分布具有显著的控制作用,形成了12条区域性地震构造带。一些重要的活动断裂的平均运动速度达4～15mm/a,能够孕育6～7级以上的强烈地震,导致严重的地震灾害。在青藏高原北部常年冻土区,断裂活动不仅导致路基变形、路面破裂和工程破坏,还诱发不均匀冻胀、构造裂缝和移动冰丘等地质灾害,对青藏铁路、青藏公路和输油管道等线路的工程安全产生不良影响。断裂蠕滑运动与地下水活动、不均匀冻胀的耦合效应使青藏公路安多段路基松动和路面强烈变形,对青藏铁路的工程安全造成潜在威胁。     

青藏铁路沿线南北向活动构造及对路基工程的影响

通过地表路线地质观测、不同比例尺的活动构造填图及不同深度的地球物理探测,证实青藏铁路沿线发育近南北向活动构造带,表现为活动断层、地壳形变、第四纪断陷盆地、建造、地震活动、温泉线性分布及比较显著的地球物理异常。青藏铁路沿线近南北构造带现今活动性比较强烈,未来尚有增强趋势,能够诱发多种类型的地质灾害,对铁路路基、公路路基和永久建筑产生不同程度的工程危害。      

青藏高原北部风火山活动断裂系及工程危害性研究

风火山活动断裂系由风山北麓活动断裂、风火山活动断理解、二道沟活动断裂、二道沟南活动断裂所组成，其中发育不同方向、不同规模、不同性质的活动断层。风火山北麓F24断层自22100a以来平均左旋走滑运动速度为4.07mm/a，二道沟F26－4断层自16300a以来平均左旋走滑运动速度为1.10mm/a，二道沟南F27，F27－1，F27－8断层在晚更新世晚期－全新世平均左旋走滑运动速度分别为3.52,2.98,0.51mm/a，断层F26－4，F27，F27－1，F27－8尚存在0.12-0.51mm/a的垂直运动速度分量。沿风火山活动断裂系发育不均匀冻胀、冰丘、构造裂缝带和地震等地质灾害，对青藏铁路、青藏公路、输油管道等线路工程具有不同程度的危害性。     

青海西南部乌丽活动断裂系的地质特征及灾害效应

乌丽活动断裂系发育于乌丽山地，是青藏高原北部重要的区域性活动构造体系，由乌丽北山活动断裂、乌丽盆缘活动断裂和乌丽南山活动断裂所组成，主要包括17条不同规模、不同性质的活动断层。大部分活动断层属左旋斜滑断层，部分活动断层为左旋走滑断层。据地质观测资料估算，典型活动断层全新世左旋走滑速度分量为1．2—3．5mm／a、垂直下滑速度分量为0．5—3．5mm／a。沿乌丽活动断裂系发育5条宽100—400m的构造裂缝带、大量串珠状冰丘群与少量移动冰丘，构造裂缝产生的高密度地表破裂和移动冰丘造成的地表拱曲变形是影响青藏铁路、公路线路工程安全的主要地质灾害。     

青藏铁路沿线83道班移动冰丘及工程治理

青藏铁路沿线发育6个典型移动冰丘,冰丘冻胀对线路工程具有严重破坏作用,导致桥墩扭裂、涵洞破裂与输油管道弯曲变形,产生显著的灾害效应。83道班移动冰丘发育于二道沟盆地南侧两组断层的交叉复合部位,属断层破碎带桥基施工诱发移动冰丘;夏季表现为上涌泉水,形成泉坑;冬季形成厚度达0.5m的冰幔和高达2.5m的冰丘,产生了比较严重的灾害隐患。在泉水富集部位,通过修筑堤坝、泉水池和排水通道,改变了泉水的运移路线,消除了移动冰丘及灾害隐患,确保了83道班铁路大桥的工程安全,为青藏铁路沿线移动冰丘的工程防治积累了成功经验。     

塔里木盆地玉北构造带断层特征及其裂缝分析

塔里木盆地玉北构造带形成于加里东中晚期, 主要断裂以挤压逆冲为主, 早期形成断层传播褶皱样式, 断层总体终止于石炭系/奥陶系不整合面之下.该地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层易发育断层伴生裂缝和褶皱调节性裂缝, 主要分布在膝褶带和断层传播褶皱区.海西晚期玉北地区断裂重新活动, 仍以挤压为主形成三角剪切样式, 但断层位移量并不大, 该时期玉北构造带基本定型, 储层裂缝易发育在三角剪切变形区.喜马拉雅期玉北地区存在微弱构造变形, 玉北构造带主要受到构造的叠加改造.新生代青藏高原向东的扩张产生北东-南西向的构造应力场, 使得北东-南西向的玉北断裂带具有开启性, 对玉北地区油气调整和聚集会有一定的影响.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区涵洞基础的冻融变形特征

对青藏铁路沱沱河试验段两座拼装式涵洞进行了地基地温及冻融变形监测，分析了涵洞多年冻土上限处的地温变化及地基的冻融变形特征。结果表明：涵洞地基的变形随地温的年波动变化。可分为冻胀和融沉两部分。冻胀变形小于下沉变形，涵洞基础的变形整体上表现为渐减沉降的特征；铁路路基及涵洞的修建改变了多年冻土原来的水热平衡，使涵洞多年冻土上限处地温产生正温波动，冻土上限产生变化。导致了涵洞地基土体沿涵洞纵向的不均匀变形。     

青藏铁路沿线构造活动性评价和工程稳定性区划

构造活动强度α(≤1)和地壳稳定程度β(≤1)是构造活动性评价和工程稳定性区划的重要参数，α=1-β。对青藏铁路沿线任一单元i，以断层运动速率(vi)、地震震级(Mi)、温泉温度(Ti)和构造应变(εi)综合刻画构造活动强度(αi)，αi=(vi/vmax Mi／Mmax Ti/Tmax εi／εmax)/αmax。根据各单元构造活动强度值(αi)，应用克里格等值线绘制软件，编制构造活动强度等值线图，为青藏铁路沿线构造活动性评价和工程稳定性区划提供定量判据。α≥0．40的构造活动区可能孕育Ms≥6-7级地震，对应于不稳定区：α≥0.70的强烈构造活动区可能孕育8级左右强烈地震，对应于极不稳定区。区划结果表明，青藏铁路沿线发育昆仑山南、可可西里、通天河、唐古拉山、错那湖、当雄、羊八井7个不稳定区，其中包括西大滩、谷露盆西、羊八井3个极不稳定区。     

碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用——以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带为例

多旋回叠合盆地断层具有异常复杂的构造变形与成岩演变,跨学科结合的构造成岩作用研究为断层破碎带演变机制与流体-岩石作用分析提供了新思路。结合塔中Ⅰ号断裂带构造解析和地化资料分析,探讨古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带构造成岩作用的特殊性。结果表明,塔中Ⅰ号断裂带上奥陶统台缘带碳酸盐岩断层破碎带发育多类、多期构造成岩作用,明显不同于围岩。断层破碎带宽度高达2~4km,裂缝类型多样、纵横向变化大、开启程度较高。沿断裂带压实作用较弱且有差异,发现有碳酸盐岩压实变形带发育,并有后期裂缝与溶蚀作用形成的局部高渗透带。断层破碎带观测到多期压溶低角度缝合线与高角度构造缝合线,部分具有渗透性。多达4~5期不同类型胶结作用沿裂缝带发育,大气淡水胶结较多,胶结程度相对较弱。准同生期大气淡水溶蚀与局部风化壳岩溶主要沿断层破碎带发育,而且埋藏溶蚀作用较强,发育大型缝洞体与溶蚀孔洞。构造成岩作用揭示塔中Ⅰ号断裂带东段上奥陶统碳酸盐岩断层破碎带经历断裂萌芽期-形成期-定型期-复活扩张期-局部开启期等5期演变,不同演化期构造成岩作用有明显差异。构造成岩作用的多期差异活动是造成古老碳酸盐岩断层破碎带复杂性的重要因素。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861