激光雨滴谱仪测速误差对雨滴谱分布的影响

该文研究PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪的测量误差并提出订正方法。对2014年在广东阳江的PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪采集的两次降水过程数据进行分析发现,雨滴下落速度V随粒径D变化与静止大气中雨滴下落末速度随粒径变化的Atlas-Ulbrich曲线分布趋势一致,但D < 1 mm及D > 3 mm的速度偏差较大。其主要原因是大粒径雨滴形变造成速度偏离较大,仪器测量误差造成小粒径测速偏大,激光雨滴谱仪所在高度的大气垂直运动影响雨滴下落速度。根据PARSIVEL激光雨滴谱仪测量原理,基于雨滴形变与粒径关系,给出形变订正后的Atlas-Ulbrich修正曲线,并用于对小粒径测速订正。比较订正前后的雨滴谱分布,订正后的小雨滴浓度明显增加,大雨滴浓度略有减小,订正后浓度参数和斜率参数均增加,形状参数变化不明显。     

深圳地区Parsivel雨滴谱仪与SL3-1雨量筒对比分析

为深入研究Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪在深圳暴雨多发天气条件下的适应性情况,选取了2015—2016年共2年的降水过程为研究对象,将降水过程按小时最大雨量分为5类:0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~60 mm。分别利用激光雨滴谱仪和SL3-1雨量筒测得的分钟雨量进行一致性对比分析,结果表明:在不同降水量级中,激光雨滴谱仪和雨量筒都有比较好的一致性关系。当分钟雨量较大时(2 mm),激光雨滴谱仪测得的结果会出现偏大或者偏小的情况,这主要是由于测量原理产生的误差。以上结果表明激光雨滴谱仪是能够适应深圳市暴雨频发的天气条件的。     

武汉一次短时暴雪过程的地面雨滴谱特征分析

利用Thies Clima激光雨滴谱仪(TCLPM)和站点加密观测资料,对2011年2月12日发生在武汉的一次短时暴雪天气过程的演变特征进行了初步分析。结果表明:人工观测与激光雨滴谱仪自动探测的累积降雪量较为一致,均为5.6 mm。该短时暴雪过程,先后经历降雨、雨夹雪和纯雪三个阶段,且激光雨滴谱仪监测到了这三种降水相态对应的不同滴谱特征,即:降雨阶段,粒子下落速度大而粒径小;纯雪阶段,粒子下落速度小而粒径大。同时,监测到三个阶段雨滴谱型的变化较明显,其经历了单峰、波动再多峰的演变过程,谱宽与数浓度呈明显增加趋势。降雨强度与反射率因子和粒子质量加权平均直径呈正相关:雨强大对应反射率因子和雨滴平均直径值大,雨强小对应反射率因子和雨滴平均直径也小。     

激光雨滴谱仪探测降水与自动气象站观测降水的对比分析

东营市气象局激光雨滴谱仪于2012年投入应用,为评估分析其探测降水量的准确性,选取东营国家级气象观测站2012—2017年间46个月的自动气象站降水资料与激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,共计245个过程降水量、1 302个小时降水量数据,按不同降水量级对两种仪器观测资料进行对比分析,结果表明：1）过程降水小雨量级,激光雨滴谱仪较自动站平均偏多0.38 mm,降水量越大,差值越大;中雨量级两者差值较小,雨滴谱仪较自动站仅偏多0.24 mm;大雨量级,雨滴谱仪较自动站降水量明显偏少约2.8 mm;暴雨时雨滴谱仪较自动站常偏多。2）小时降水Rh＜2.5 mm时,雨滴谱仪较自动站偏多约0.1 mm;2.5 mm≤Rh≤4.9 mm时,激光雨滴谱仪与自动站降水量平均差值为0.0 mm;5.0 mm≤Rh≤16.0 mm时,雨滴谱仪较自动站常明显偏少,偏少值约0.9 mm;16.0 mm＜Rh≤20.0 mm时,两者降水量较接近;Rh＞20.0 mm时,雨滴谱仪较自动站可能出现极端偏多、偏少或两者相近情况。3）降雪时雨滴谱仪降雪量常明显偏多。4）雨滴谱仪和自动站过程累积降水量趋势较一致,且雨滴谱仪分钟降水量能较早反映出降水量峰值及降水强度的变化。通过分析可见,雨滴谱仪雨量数据有较好的可靠性,可在辅助降水现象观测与订正、人工影响天气效果评估和短临预报中发挥更大作用。     

Parsivel与LNM激光雨滴谱仪降水观测的差异

为研究Parsivel与LNM两种激光雨滴谱仪观测性能的差异,通过分析北京南郊观象台试验场地的两台激光雨滴谱仪2014年7—11月(北方雨季条件下123天)的观测数据,并辅以同期的人工观测作为参考标准,将上述两种设备的累积降水量、起止时间、粒子采样信息等采集数据进行对比。分析结果表明:LNM激光雨滴谱仪较Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪的反映时间短,总是提早观测到降水现象的发生。Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪粒子等级信息较为丰富,同一降水过程中,Parsivel输出的粒子直径比LNM大。在降水量方面,两台设备与翻斗雨量计的结果基本一致,但累积降水量大于10mm时,LNM累积降水量的输出值明显大于Parsivel。     

Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪与雨量计观测降水的一致性分析

利用南京市气象局在江宁布设的激光雨滴谱仪、称重式雨量计和翻斗式雨量计,整理2014—2018年期间2590h的降水观测资料,重点分析了Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪对降雨和降雪的测量性能。结果表明,与称重式雨量计结果相比,翻斗式雨量计测量的降水时数和累积降水量均偏低,激光雨滴谱仪测量的降雨时数偏低,但累计降水量偏高15.07%;激光雨滴谱仪能够有效跟踪降水强度的变化,但在雨强较小(2.5mm·h~(-1))时对雨强略有低估,在降雨强度较大(≥2.5mm·h~(-1))时对雨强有不同程度的高估,最大可达近50%,而且雨强越大,一致性就越差;翻斗式雨量计无法有效测量降雪;激光雨滴谱仪则可以有效跟踪降雪的变化情况,但是受到测量原理的限制,对等效降水强度则有不同程度的高估。从5年数据来看,没有发现随着激光雨滴谱仪安装时间的增长,性能变差的问题。     

LPA10激光雨滴谱仪的定标及观测对比

目前在激光雨滴谱仪的气象应用中存在两个主要问题:强降水降水量测量偏差较大和无站点标定装置。LPA10激光雨滴谱仪以特有技术加强降水粒子尺度测量精度的方式,实现了在强降水过程中较小的测量偏差。此外,该激光雨滴谱仪配有可供台站使用的标定装置,便于提高观测数据的质量。通过实验室对比测试和技术参数分析,以及在实际降水中的对比观测和误差分析,结果表明,在弱降水观测中,LPA10与国际流行的雨滴谱仪降水量测量偏差都在5%左右;在强降水的观测中,LPA10与雨量计降水量测量对比偏差较小,绝大部分绝对偏差在5%以内,取得了较好的观测和应用效果。     

激光雨滴谱仪在山东的布设和初步应用

在介绍了激光雨滴谱仪的工作原理、主要技术指标、用途及仪器存在的优缺点等内容基础上,着重介绍了该仪器在山东的总体布设情况和实际应用的主要技术思路。归纳了山东利用获取的激光雨滴谱仪资料开展的一些研究工作和取得的初步成果。根据业务和科研的需求,初步提出了有关激光雨滴谱仪资料需要深入应用和研究的方向。     

激光雨滴谱仪与自动气象站观测雨量对比分析

介绍了LNM激光雨滴谱仪的构成及原理,对由激光雨滴谱仪和自动气象站同步观测所获取的雨量资料进行对比分析,并结合新一代多普勒雷达基数据提供的反射率因子与雨量作对比分析。结果表明,两种仪器探测到的雨强随时间变化趋势较为一致,但变化幅度差异大,激光雨滴谱仪探测到的雨强最大值远大于自动气象站测得的最大值且出现时间要提早些;两种仪器观测到的雨量资料与观测点处雷达反射率因子的对比表明,激光雨滴谱仪探测到的雨量与雷达反射率因子有更好的一致性。     

惠州市PS32激光雨滴谱仪降水数据的可靠性分析

为研究惠州市惠阳观测站的PS32激光雨滴谱仪降水数据的可靠性,以SL3-1型翻斗式雨量筒数据为参照值,对2016年1—12月获取的雨滴谱仪数据进行质量分析。结果表明:PS32激光雨滴谱仪与雨量筒实测时雨量数据之间具有较好的一致性,相关系数为0.987;按照降水强度等级分类后,雨滴谱仪与雨量筒的时雨量仍呈较好的相关性,无显著性差异,平均相对误差在16.2%~19.5%之间。雨滴谱仪的不稳定性导致部分数据缺失、较大环境水平风速以及观测仪器间的距离是造成误差的主要原因。误差较大时次的雨滴谱的谱型分布和雨滴下落末速度与直径关系仍基本符合实验数据。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.