Effects of tropical cyclones in the ionosphere from data of sounding by GPS signals

The problems of recording the ionospheric response to tropical cyclones (TCs) and the possibilities for detecting such a response using GPS (Global Positioning System) signals are discussed. Investigations of ionospheric effects of tropical cyclones with the use of different geophysical methods and technologies of GPS application for remote diagnostics of the ionosphere are reviewed. The results of investigating the action of tropical cyclones on the Earth’s ionosphere on the basis of measurements of variations in the total electron content at the global network of ground-based double-frequency GPS receivers are presented. It is shown that (a) the recording of tropospheric effects in the ionosphere is associated with the difficulties of detecting weak disturbances and their identification against the general background of variations and with the problems of identification of sources of such disturbances; (b) geomagnetic storms mask the effects of tropospheric disturbances in the upper ionosphere; and (c) when identifying the ionospheric effects of tropical cyclones, one must pay the bulk of attention to the search for the enhancement of the intensity of disturbances in ionospheric parameter variations.     

海洋测高卫星三频体制设计及电离层误差分析

针对海洋测高卫星未来发展趋势,提出了Ku/Ka/C三频高度计进行组合测距的设想。给出了高度计相位中心至海面距离的随机误差模型,分析表明电离层延迟改正是影响海面高测量分辨率和精度的重要因素。其次利用典型电离层参数计算表明电离层2阶以上项对高度计测距的影响在毫米级以下,可忽略其影响。通过计算分析,在1Hz采样且不滤波条件下,Ka/C组合改正电离层1阶项精度可优于3mm,基本消除电离层的影响,测距总精度达到3.5cm。通过Ku/C/Ka三频组合测距误差分析,三频电离层改正残余误差比双频改正更大,因此如果采用三频组合测距体制,则建议在数据处理中采取Ku/C、Ka/C组合形式改正电离层,这种体制可充分利用各频段特点,进一步提高宽阔海域、冰区、近海区域的海面测量精度和有效数据比例。     

海面微波辐射特性测量与分析

在对海面微波辐射特性现场测量和数据处理的基础上,结合对海面微波辐射理论的初步分析,研究了各种环境参数以及辐射计参数与海洋微波波谱特性的相关关系,为海洋微波遥感资料的分析和解译提供了基础数据.测量结果表明了辐射计参数和环境要素对海面微波辐射特性的影响,而这些影响因素在分析、解译遥感资料时是必需考虑的因素.     

Estimation method of the ionospheric D region using space-based radio facilities

An estimation method for the state of the ionospheric D region and the base of the E region with the use of space-based facilities is suggested on the basis of an analysis of the differential absorption of radiowaves of ordinary and extraordinary polarizations in the lower ionosphere. Satellite ionospheric sounding data are model-analyzed in a frequency band above fxF2. The results of numerical experiments show this sounding band to be prospective for the global satellite monitoring of the ionospheric D region.     

Jason-2高度计电离层GIM误差分析及修正研究

基于Jason-2高度计2015年地球物理数据集(GDR)38个周期太平洋海域的全球电离层图(GIM)电离层校正值和双频校正值的数据,分不同季度和不同纬度区域比较二者的差异,结果表明:GIM值与双频校正值之间存在明显的差异,GIM校正值普遍高于双频校正值,说明GIM高估了电离层路径延迟,GIM校正值与双频校正值的差异与季节和纬度区间有关。用梯度下降法得到GIM值的修正方程,将修正方程应用于2016年Jason-2的全年数据,修正后的GIM值与双频校正值十分接近,在各年份中均具有良好的适用性。在单频高度计不能使用电离层双频校正算法的情况下,可以利用不同季度和不同纬度区域的修正方程对同等高度的高度计GIM值进行修正以达到双频校正值的精度水平。     

Propagation of ELF electromagnetic waves and project sanguine/seafarer

Electromagnetic waves at extremely low frequency (ELF) have a remarkable ability to propagate with very low attenuation in the space between the earth's surface and the ionosphere. The resulting fields also are able to propagate to moderately great depths in the ocean in spite of the high conductivity of sea water. The principal drawback in the use of such signals for communication is the inherent inefficiency of the transmitting antenna. But indeed the waves do penetrate to deeply submerged submarines when all other methods fail. This has been the principal motivation of the U.S. Navy's controversial Project Sanguine that envisages a huge antenna facility that could cover an area of 100 by 100 km. This project, now called Seafarer, has stimulated a great deal of research on how ELF waves (in the range from about 1- 1000 Hz) propagate. We review here some of the fascinating developments in this field. Actually, the early investigations of Nicola Tesla have a striking similarity to Project Sanguine. Tesla's prophetic lectures and articles provide an interesting historical perspective to the later developments that have spanned over 70 years. After sketching some of the early history of the subject, we outline the theoretical and physical bases of the propagation phenomena. While the basic concept of the earth-ionosphere waveguide is relatively simple, the physics of the interaction with the ionospheric plasma is complicated, particularly during disturbed conditions.     

Climate patterns of short-wave solar radiation over oceans based on a new parameterization

The work describes the creation of a new global climatology of short-wave radiation incoming to the ocean surface; the climatology is based on a new parameterization of short-wave fluxes. Advantages of the new parameterization are allowance for nonlinearity of the dependence of the atmospheric transmission factor on the height of the Sun under a clear sky and allowance for different morphological types of clouds under the overcast. It is shown that taking into account these factors leads to substantial differences in short-wave radiation fluxes in comparison to existing parameterizations.     

The effect of lunar phases on the occurrence of acute cardiovascular diseases

This paper analyzes the possible impact of lunar phases on the dynamics of acute cardiovascular diseases: acute myocardial infarctions (MIs) and acute brain strokes (BSs) at different levels of heliogeomagnetic activity. The superposed epoch analysis (SEA) has been applied with dates of the new moon and full moon used as reference days. A statistical analysis of a 14-year-long (1992 to 2005) series of everyday medical data from the Central Clinical Hospital no. 1 of Russian Railways (Moscow) and the parameters of heliogeomagnetic activity was carried out. It was found that daily occurrences of MIs and BSs vary with the phase of the moon. These variations are significant; they continue at different levels of heliogeomagnetic activity and are not related to the variations in geomagnetic activity identified by the same method. The effect of lunar phases on MIs and BSs is quite different. New moons and full moons have qualitatively the same effect on MIs; however, there are significant differences in the incidence of BSs during new moons and full moons.     

GPS多频观测量的误差分析及组合选择方法

从基本的载波相位观测模型出发,得出了三频线性组合的一般形式。通过分析电离层延迟和观测噪声对三频组合的影响,给出了选择线性组合系数的长波长标准、弱电离层延迟标准、弱随机噪声标准。并依此为标准,给出了一些组合性质较好的线性组合。     

Propagation prediction for the Navy Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) program

This paper examines the extremely low frequency (ELF) radiation from a horizontal antenna in the earth-ionosphere waveguide. Attention is focused on the application to field predictions in the Navy's ELF program. The field expressions in the presence of an anisotropic ground are obtained by a heuristic approach based upon a linear relationship between the horizontal electric and magnetic field components. Phasing anomalies at the Wisconsin Test Facility (WTF) have been observed since 1974. A theoretical model of this phenomenon is derived on the basis of a mutual coupling mechanism between the two WTF antenna elements and characteristics observed in measured field strength data. The diurnal variation of the radiated field is studied in terms of the attenuation rate, phase velocity, and height of the ionospheric reflecting layers. The diffusivity characteristics of realistic ionosphere are analytically modeled. A comparison of the predicted field strength/phase with the measured data yields excellent agreement.     

Determination of temperature and humidity of air,wind speed,and sensible and latent heat fluxes on the ocean surface according to the satellite data

Formulas for the evaluation of temperature and humidity of air, wind speed, and sensible and latent heat fluxes on the ocean surface according to the satellite data on the sea-surface temperature and cloudiness are deduced on the basis of the analysis of many-year radiosonde, meteorological, shipborne, and satellite data. The proposed formulas can also be used for the interpretation of the results of remote sensing of the ocean and atmosphere by radiometers in the visible, infrared, and microwave regions. The transformations of radiation and sensible and latent heat fluxes are described depending on the sea-surface temperature for various cloudiness conditions. The computed values of the amount of water in the atmosphere agree with the radiosonde data obtained throughout the Earth, including the data of research vessels and stationary weather ships, as well as the data obtained in the ATEP test ranges and in the Arctic. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 2, pp. 56–70, March–April, 2007.     

Self-localization of planetary wave structures in the ionosphere upon interaction with nonuniform geomagnetic field and zonal wind

The generation and further linear and nonlinear dynamics of planetary magnetized Rossby waves (MRWs) in the rotating dissipative ionosphere are studied in the presence of a zonal wind (shear flow). MRWs are caused by interaction with the spatially nonuniform geomagnetic field and are ionospheric manifestations of ordinary tropospheric Rossby waves. A simplified self-consistent set of model equations describing MRW-shear flow interaction is derived on the basis of complete equations of ionospheric magnetohydrodynamics. Based on an analysis of an exact analytical solution to the derived dynamic equations, an effective linear mechanism of MRW amplification in the interaction with nonuniform zonal wind is ascertained. It is shown that operators of linear problems are non-self-adjoint in the case of shear flows, and the corresponding eigenfunctions are nonorthogonal; therefore, the canonically modal approach is of little use when studying such flows; a so-called nonmodal mathematical analysis is required. It is ascertained that MRWs effectively get shear flow energy during the linear stage of evolution and significantly increase (by several orders of magnitude) their energy and amplitude. The necessary and sufficient condition of shear flow instability in an ionospheric medium is derived. Nonlinear self-localization begins with the development of shear instability and an increase in the amplitude, and the process ends with the self-organization of strongly localized isolated large-scale nonlinear vortex structures. Thus, a new degree of freedom and a way for perturbation evolution to occur appear in medium with shear flow. The nonlinear systems can be a pure monopole vortex, a vortex streets, or vortex chains depending of the shape of the sheared flow velocity profile. The accumulation of such vortices in the ionospheric medium can produce a strongly turbulent state.     

STPIR和MW组合的北斗三频周跳探测与修复

针对载波相位观测值中出现周跳的问题及北斗卫星导航系统全星座播发三频信号的现状,提出一种三频相位电离层残差二阶历元差分(STPIR)的算法,克服了传统电离层残差法受观测数据采样间隔影响较大的问题,联合MW组合观测量进行周跳探测又可避免各自的探测盲区。两种组合观测量均很好地削弱了电离层延迟项的影响,联立方程组进行周跳求解时,直接取整即可得到周跳值。通过北斗三频实测数据验证,提出的组合方法在观测数据采样间隔较大时,可以准确探测出所有周跳,并有效修复。     

Main results of recent investigations into the physical mechanisms of the interaction of tropical cyclones and the ionosphere

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - International investigations into the correlation between tropical cyclones (TCs) and the ionosphere are associated with great difficulties in proving...     

Chemical Fluxes of Asian Rivers into Oceans and their Controlling Factors

Chemical fluxes of Asian rivers into oceans bear different regional variations. Three zones are characteristic of distinct dissolved sediment loads and yields and ionic concentration.Rivers into oceans in China play an important role in Asia because of their different chemical fluxes, among which those draining the Loess Plateau have high ionic concentration, low water discharges and dissolved sediment loads and yields.Climate, vegetation, soil and strata lithology, chemical weathering intensity and tectonic activity dominate chemical fluxes of Asian rivers into oceans, and different factors have different effects on the chemical fluxes of separate regional rivers. Rising of the Tibet Plateau also exerts an important influence on chemical compositions of rivers originating from it.     

春季南海南部上混合层数值模拟与数值实验

采用一维湍动能模式对南海南部的 SST及混合层进行数值模拟和数值试验。结果表明 :TKE模式能够模拟南海南部的海表面温度 SST以及除南海南部 5月中旬以外的上混合层深度随时间变化基本特征。在 5～ 6月 ,SST的日振荡主要依赖于短波辐射的日变化 ,风的混合作用抑制了 SST的日周期振荡。春季夏季风爆发期间 ,南海海面潜热通量和感热通量与短波辐射和风应力相比较 ,是一个对 SST和混合层影响较小的量。在春季南海南部 ,短波辐射作用能使 SST升高的最大值约为 4℃ ;潜热和感热通量能使 SST的下降的最大值为 3℃。风应力对南海混合层深度随时间变化趋势起着决定的作用 ,并能使其深度加深 2 0～ 30 m,而短波辐射则使混合层的深度变浅2～ 3m,潜热和感热通量会使混合层的深度加深 1～ 2 m。在春季南海南部 ,热通量对混合层深度的影响与风应力相比要小得多     

海洋表层温度对台风"蔷薇"路径和强度预测精度的影响

基于中尺度大气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model),首先对2007年3次船舶辐射通量观测进行模拟,以检验WRF对长波和短波辐射通量的模拟能力,结果表明使用中国近海海洋环境数值预报系统环流模式POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模拟的高时空分辨率的海洋表层温度能够显著改进短波辐射通量的模拟,而对长波辐射通量模拟的改进不明显。然后,将业务化运行的中国近海海洋环境数值预报系统后报的逐时海洋表面温度(SST)作为WRF底边界条件,对2008年15号强台风"蔷薇"(Jangmi)过程进行了数值后报试验。结果表明,与使用NCEP/NCAR的SST试验后报的台风中心位置偏差相比,使用高时空分辨率的SST能够较为显著地改善"蔷薇"的路径模拟,台风中心位置模拟偏差减少11%,尤其在台风减弱阶段,台风中心位置模拟偏差减少37%。台风强度在台风发展的不同阶段对下垫面SST的变化敏感性不同。台风路径附近的海表面温度下降会导致海洋向大气输送的热量减少从而减弱台风强度。     

海洋表层温度对台风"蔷薇"路径和强度预测精度的影响

基于中尺度大气模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting Model),首先对2007年3次船舶辐射通量观测进行模拟,以检验WRF对长波和短波辐射通量的模拟能力,结果表明使用中国近海海洋环境数值预报系统环流模式POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模拟的高时空分辨率的海洋表层温度能够显著改进短波辐射通量的模拟,而对长波辐射通量模拟的改进不明显。然后,将业务化运行的中国近海海洋环境数值预报系统后报的逐时海洋表面温度(SST)作为WRF底边界条件,对2008年15号强台风"蔷薇"(Jangmi)过程进行了数值后报试验。结果表明,与使用NCEP/NCAR的SST试验后报的台风中心位置偏差相比,使用高时空分辨率的SST能够较为显著地改善"蔷薇"的路径模拟,台风中心位置模拟偏差减少11%,尤其在台风减弱阶段,台风中心位置模拟偏差减少37%。台风强度在台风发展的不同阶段对下垫面SST的变化敏感性不同。台风路径附近的海表面温度下降会导致海洋向大气输送的热量减少从而减弱台风强度。     

海-气CO2通量实测数据通量计算中误差传递模拟与敏感性分析

海-气CO₂通量估算模型中参数的可靠性是决定模型可靠性的重要因素, 也决定了模型估算结果的可靠性, 因此开展海-气CO₂通量计算模型中误差传递规律与敏感性分析, 对模型参数端元因子的误差控制, 提高模型预测精度和降低不确定性十分重要。但由于模型中参数众多, 且各种参数间彼此相互影响, 使得误差传递过程与敏感性分析十分复杂困难。本文在海-气界面CO₂通量观测建模过程详细分析的基础上, 以海-气界面CO₂分压差的经典通量计算模型为基础, 以实测数据通量计算过程为例, 针对模型中的参数变量, 在假设参数变量的误差正态分布的前提下, 利用Monte Carlo手段分析各参数变量的误差在模型中的传递规律, 并将单因子扰动试验法用于海-气界面CO₂通量建模的参数敏感性分析。模拟和分析结果表明:CO₂通量计算过程中误差经模型传递后的分布规律存在正态分布、指数分布等多种形式;气体交换系数对通量计算结果的敏感性最大, 通量估算中的风速和表层海水温度是必须进行精度控制的关键参数。     

基于小波神经网络的电离层TEC短期预报

提出利用神经网络中的小波神经网络技术(WNN)对全球的电离层总电子含量进行预报,以国际全球定位系统服务(IGS)发布的电离层TEC数据资料为样本,并用发布的已知TEC进行检核,分析了全球预报精度及不同纬度的预报精度。试验结果表明,小波神经网络的短期预报结果能很好地符合已知数据,预报的精度较高,预报值和已知值之差小于3TECU的电离层格网点数占总格网点数的百分比都在90%以上,随着时间的推移,比值下降并不明显。