The Effect of Air Density on Sand Transport Structures and the Adobe Abrasion Profile: A Field Wind-Tunnel Experiment Over a Wide Range of Altitude

Aeolian sand transport results from interactions between the surface and the airflow above. Air density strongly constrains airflow characteristics and the resulting flow of sand, and therefore should not be neglected in sand transport models. In the present study, we quantify the influence of air density on the sand flow structure, sand transport rate, adobe abrasion profiles, and abrasion rate using a portable wind-tunnel in the field. For a given wind speed, the flow’s ability to transport sand decreases at low air density, so total sand transport decreases, but the saltation height increases. Thus, the damage to human structures increases compared with what occurs at lower altitudes. The adobe abrasion rate by the cloud of blowing sand decreases exponentially with increasing height above the surface, while the wind erosion and dust emission intensity both increase with increasing air density. Long-term feedback processes between air density and wind erosion suggest that the development of low-altitude areas due to long-term deflation plays a key role in dust emission, and will have a profound significance for surface Aeolian processes and geomorphology.     

台风榴莲(2001)在季风槽中生成的机制探讨

利用NCEP 1°×1°分析资料、TMI海温资料、卫星云图资料对季风槽中南海台风榴莲(2001)生成机制进行了分析,揭示了大尺度环境流场、温暖洋面、中尺度对流活动对热带气旋(TC)生成的控制作用.结果表明,水平风速垂直切变的演变在一定程度上指示着TC在暖湿洋面上生成的时间,水平风速垂直切变由强向弱转变,在TC发生前18小时迅速减小到10 m/s,随后在10 m/s以下维持少变,垂直切变的变化主要反映了对流层高层环流形势的演变;在对流层中低层,季风槽的形成和加强对TC的生成有重要作用,由于热带温暖洋面作用,季风槽首先表现出有利于单体对流和带状对流发生发展的条件性对流不稳定特征,随着季风槽的加强,季风槽进一步表现出有利于中尺度扰动发生发展的正压不稳定特征;季风槽槽线南侧的低空急流的经向分布很宽广,由105°E越赤道气流和中南半岛偏西气流(其源头是索马里越赤道低空急流)汇合而成,急流的加强活动具有经向差异,由于边界层高θ_e空气辐合抬升产生两条经向距离约300 km的显著带状对流云系,槽线南侧风速分布的经向差异导致两条带状云系发生追赶,并逐步在季风槽底部槽线附近合并加强为MCC,进而导致中尺度涡旋(MCV)的产生并最终发展成为TC.分析结果还表明,为深对供应丰富对流有效位能的主要是来自台风发生区域本地南海暖洋面的地面热通量,南海暖洋面对TC生成有重要贡献.台风榴莲的生成是一个多尺度相互作用过程,主要包括涡旋对流热塔、与带状对流云系伴随的涡度带的升尺度,涡度带合并成长为MCV,以及大尺度条件对TC在季风槽中生成的时间及地点的控制作用等.     

A modelling investigation into lake-breeze development and convection triggering in the Nam Co Lake basin,Tibetan Plateau

This paper uses the cloud resolving Active Tracer High-resolution Atmospheric Model coupled to the interactive surface model Hybrid in order to investigate the diurnal development of a lake-breeze system at the Nam Co Lake on the Tibetan Plateau. Simulations with several background wind speeds are conducted, and the interaction of the lake breeze with topography and background wind in triggering moist and deep convection is studied. The model is able to adequately simulate the systems most important dynamical features such as turbulent surface fluxes and the development of a lake breeze for the different wind conditions. We identify two different mechanisms for convection triggering that are dependent on the direction of the background wind: triggering over topography, when the background wind and the lake breeze have the same flow direction, and triggering due to convergence between the lake-breeze front and the background wind. Our research also suggests that precipitation measurements at the centre of the basins on the Tibetan Plateau are not representative for the basin as a whole as precipitation is expected to occur mainly in the vicinity of the topography.     

Study of Mesobeta Basin Flows by Remote Sensing

If no well-defined synoptic pressure gradients exist over a basin, flows can develop at a variety of scales, the main generators of circulations being spatial thermal differences. These dynamics are studied for the eastern Ebro basin, at the north-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula, almost isolated from the surrounding areas by mountain ranges. The main tool for the study is the new RASS-Sodar by Scintec, the WindRASS, which combines sound and radio waves to provide profiles of wind and virtual temperature up to 360 m above the ground in the present configuration. One year of operation shows that low-level jets are found routinely, their maximum speed being at a height below 500 m above ground level. The jets are from a constant direction for several hours over the whole observed column, with rapid transitions between these periods. They allow for efficient heat transport at the basin scale and are good producers of vertical mixing due to the strong wind shear. In summer the irrigated plain has larger thermal contrast with the dry slopes, and the winds are stronger than in winter, when katabatic flows can develop at night and usually radiation fog appears and may last for days.     

Numerical modeling studies of lee mesolows,mesovortices and mesocyclones with application to the formation of Taiwan mesolows

Summary Numerical experiments are performed for inviscid flow past an idealized topography to investigate the formation and development of lee mesolows, mesovortices and mesocyclones. For a nonrotating, low-Froude number flow over a bell-shaped moutain, a pair of mesovortices form on the lee slope move downstream and weaken at later times. The advection speed of the lee vortices is found to be about two-thirds of the basic wind velocity, which is due to the existence of a reversed pressure gradient just upstream of the vortices. The lee vortices do not concur with the upstream stagnation point in time, but rather form at a later time. It is found that a pair of lee vortices form for a flow withFr=0.66, but take a longer time to form than in lower-Froude number flows. Since the lee vortices are formed rather progressively, their formation may be explained by the baroclinically-induced vorticity tilting as the mountain waves become more and more nonlinear.A stationary mesohigh and mesolow pressure couplet forms across the mountain and is produced in both high and low-Froude number flows. The results of the high Froude number simulations agree well with the classical results predicted by linear, hydrostatic mountain wave theory. It is found that the lee mesolow is not necessarily colocated with the lee vortices. The mesolow is formed by the downslope wind associated with the orographically forced gravity waves through adiabatic warming. The earth's rotation acts to strengthen (weaken) the cyclonic (anticyclonic) vortex and shifts the lee mesolow to the right for an observer facing downstream. The cyclonic vortex then develops into a mesocyclone with the addition of planetary vorticity at later times. For a flow over a steeper mountain, the disturbance is stronger even though the Froude number is kept the same.For a southwesterly flow past the real topography of Taiwan, there is no stagnation point or lee vortices formed because the impinging angle of the flow is small. A major mesoscale low forms to the southeast of the Central Mountain Range (CMR), while a mesohigh forms upstream. For a westerly flow past Taiwan, a stagnation point forms upstream of the mountain and a pair of vortices form on the lee and move downstream at later times. The cyclonic vortex then develops into a mesocyclone. A mesolow also forms to the southeast of Taiwan. For a northeasterly flow past Taiwan, the mesolow forms to the northwest of the mountain. Similar to flows over idealized topographies, the Taiwan mesolow is formed by the downslope wind associated with mountain waves through adiabatic warming. A conceptual model of the Taiwan southeast mesolow and mesocyclone is proposed.With 16 Figures     

2017年8月13日东洞庭湖水龙卷特征

利用常规观测资料、自动气象站资料及湖南省岳阳多普勒天气雷达资料对2017年8月13日东洞庭湖水龙卷（简称扁山水龙卷）进行分析。结果表明:高空辐散、中低空低压切变、边界层气旋式辐合与特殊环境共同形成强烈辐合上升流场，3个相继北上的γ中尺度低涡中第2个低涡在上升流场和前后低涡共同作用下，在扁山水域迅速加强形成水龙卷，扁山湖心自动气象站风向风速、气压、能见度等变化较为显著，但仅伴随0.2 mm阵性降水。雷达产品显示:扁山水域强辐合带北部强降水质心低、强风切变低、切变上空水平径向风速小，但整条辐合带无风暴跟踪信息、中气旋和龙卷式涡旋特征；风廓线显示扁山水龙卷形成时边界层0.6 km中气旋与0.3 km近地面辐合流场上下叠加。通过与安徽升金湖水龙卷以及洞庭湖区历史上多次龙卷进行比较，认为低空强烈气旋式辐合流场对水龙卷生消有重要作用，高空大范围辐散与中低空、边界层、地面辐合垂直叠加产生的强烈抬升抽吸作用则是扁山水龙卷的主要成因。     

广西区域性冰雹天气的云图特征分型研究

基于2007-2017年风云系列卫星云图资料,结合高空、地面常规观测资料,针对广西23次区域性冰雹天气过程,从主要影响系统及卫星云图云型特征方面建立3种区域性冰雹卫星云图概念模型,即华北低槽型、高原东部低槽型以及南支槽东移型。结果表明：高空槽云系的位置和所属模型类型较为关键,冰雹云团多起源于高空槽前底部;华南沿海的副热带急流云系对冰雹云团的发生发展起到重要作用,冰雹云团通常发生在副热带急流云系的北侧晴空区中;广西区域性典型冰雹云团表现为长椭圆形,上风方向边界光滑呈"V"型并沿下风方向伸出很长的卷云砧。     

地形对豫东南一次极端暴雪影响分析

为了更全面地认识豫东南极端暴雪发生发展的机制,利用常规探空和地面观测资料以及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2018年1月3-4日豫东南极端暴雪过程从环流背景,高低空急流配置及水汽输送等方面进行分析。结果表明：高空低槽、中低空急流及切变线同时配合地面强冷空气南下,是形成本次极端暴雪事件最根本的天气尺度条件;豫东南位于高低空急流耦合作用形成的强烈上升区,西南急流不但为暴雪区提供源源不断的水汽条件,还起到了动力抬升及不稳定能量释放等作用,有利于暴雪发生发展与维持。豫东南地处大别山脉与桐柏山脉东北侧迎风坡处,地形较复杂,为了探究地形对本次极端暴雪的影响,本文尝试通过WRF模式模拟豫东南地形对降水的影响,通过控制试验和敏感试验对比分析表明,山体的迎风坡一侧对降水的增幅作用达4-6 mm,而背风坡一侧对降水的减幅作用约为6 mm;低层的U风分析显示,地形消减后U风风速将减小2-4 m·s^-1,并且中心位置东南移1-2个纬距,强降水中心随之东南移;垂直速度沿经度及纬度剖面均显示山体迎风坡处对垂直上升运动增幅达0.1×10^-2 m·s^-1;地形对水汽辐合起到明显增强作用,尤其在山体上方850-700 hPa高度辐合更加显著。     

2018年9月丹东连续两次风雹天气的多尺度对比分析

利用高空、地面等常规气象资料和多普勒雷达等气象观测资料,以及NCEP再分析资料,对丹东2018年9月连续出现的两次风雹天气进行对比分析,探讨和总结两次风雹天气过程形成、维持、发展成因的异同。结果表明：中低层切变线、强垂直风切变和辐合抬升有利于风雹天气的发生。高空冷空气的入侵方式和强度、低空急流建立、环境垂直风切变强度对风雹天气剧烈程度有重要影响。两次风雹天气过程分别为东北冷涡型和高空冷槽型,9月6日横槽转竖引导冷空气快速移动并且后方还有冷涡后部的冷空气不断补充,配合850 hPa西南急流带来充沛水汽,使得6日风雹天气现象较3日更加剧烈;两次风雹天气过程在多普勒雷达回波上的特征明显。9月3日的风雹过程由多单体线对流风暴在东移过程中逐渐演变成弓形回波,在径向速度图上有明显的逆风区;9月6日的风雹过程沿地面辐合线激发多个超级单体呈现列车效应移动,径向速度图上出现了速度模糊,有较高的垂直累积液态水含量（Vertical Integrated Liquid water content,VIL）。     

在“鞍”型大尺度环流配置下西南低涡发展的物理过程及其对川东暴雨发生的作用

利用2005年7月6～9日川东地区暴雨过程的观测资料，从大尺度环流、水汽输送和温度平流，并利用湿位涡的垂直和水平分量(Pm1和Pm2）以及相当位温，分析诊断了此次暴雨发生的大尺度环流背景特征以及西南涡发展的物理过程, 其结果表明如下:(1)在此次暴雨发生期间，四川盆地北部由于受中高纬长波东移调整的影响, 不断有低压槽分裂出来并影响此地区, 在盆地的西南方向的孟加拉湾季风槽比较活跃, 南海季风向北输送由于受到西风输送的作用在四川盆地东南部也出现弱的横槽, 并且西太平洋副高西伸到四川盆地东部以及存在于高原中部的高压共同作用, 从而形成明显“鞍”型大尺度环流配置; (2)在此“鞍”型场大尺度环流背景下, 强西南气流绕流高原东侧直接进入四川盆地, 而弱西南气流则绕流云贵高原输送进入四川盆地东部, 受地形的阻挡和西伸的西太平洋副高的作用在四川盆地东部形成向北的急流辐合带, 同时, 由于两支气流输送着大量的水汽, 暖湿空气在川东地区形成高温高湿的辐合区; (3)在此“鞍”型场作用下, 盆地上空的低层不断聚集季风气流输送的大量暖湿空气, 而在高层有冷干空气侵入, 从而导致盆地内低涡系统强烈发展; (4) 由湿位涡的垂直分量和水平分量的诊断表明了在暴雨发生期间, 在四川盆地北部上空的高层不断有干空气入侵, 引起了垂直对流不稳定, 即Pm1<0, 并向盆地东北部发展, 从而使此区域气旋性涡度不断加强, 即低涡强烈发展; 并且, 在盆地上空低层暖湿空气相当位温的水平梯度对于西南低涡的发展和暴雨的发生同样起了重要作用, 正的Pm2中心与暴雨发生区域有很好的一致性, 这表明暴雨往往发生在高温高湿的强垂直不稳定区域。     

登陆热带气旋入黄渤海强度变化的环境场特征

为了研究登陆热带气旋进入黄渤海域(YBTC)强度变化的规律和环境场特征,利用1949-2007年台风资料和NCEP/NCAR逐6h的客观再分析资料,首先对YBTC强度变化进行统计分析,发现其入海加强比率达49%,9月加强的频数最多、加强幅度最大,登陆福建的YBTC加强比率高,中心最低气压P_(min)和中心最大平均风速V_(max)变化不完全同步,V_(max)加强幅度比减弱幅度大,P_(min)加强幅度与减弱幅度相当。选择入海加强和入海减弱的YBTC各5例,合成诊断、对比分析两类YBTC的大尺度环境条件表明:前者YBTC西北部有深槽移近、YBTC与其锋区入海时逐渐耦合,后者在YBTC西部有浅槽、北部为弱脊。前者副热带高压经向度大利于YBTC与中纬槽系统相互作用加强。前者有强的高空急流快速靠近、YBTC行进到高空急流入口区右侧,而后者位于较弱的高空急流入口区外、没有快速靠近过程。两者都有低空偏南风急流输送水汽,但前者西侧有较强北风带来的干冷空气。前者具有较强的湿斜压性和θ_(se)陡立区适宜倾斜涡度发展。     

低空急流与暴雨相互关系的对比分析

本文通过对北方地区两次低空东南风急流的对比分析,指出:低空急流附近有无暴雨发生与其本身结构特征有关。它们在湿度、三维流场以及急流本身的稳定性等方面,有很大的差异。因此在讨论低空急流与暴雨的相互作用时,不能只注意到低空出现了强风,甚至有明显的水平和垂直切变。如果它不具备有利于暴雨发生的热力和动力条件,那它就可能是一次“空急流”。     

两个相似路径台风残余造成局地特大暴雨的成因机制和能量收支对比分析

本文利用ERA-Interim 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料、自动站小时和分钟加密资料、风云2G（FY-2G）卫星红外云图及多普勒雷达和风廓线雷达资料对2015年路径高度相似的“苏迪罗”和“杜鹃”台风在浙江沿海引发的局地特大暴雨进行对比分析。这两次降水过程都是在台风减弱为热带低压甚至残压并深入内陆远离浙江沿海后发生的。结果表明,“苏迪罗”降水过程是由低层强东南和偏南急流长时间辐合加上有利地形共同作用导致的;经向环流背景下来自季风持续的水汽输送有利于“苏迪罗”维持较长的生命史和稳定的降水。“杜鹃”残压特大暴雨的触发系统则是高纬地面冷高压底部的东东北出流南下与“杜鹃”北象限的东东南风交汇形成的中尺度倒槽;纬向环流和强盛副热带高压造成的弱引导气流及夏季风南撤和低涡卷挟造成的水汽通道断裂是“杜鹃”登陆后快速减弱为残压和降水维持时间较短的原因。两次台风降水过程中均无外部动能输送和来自有效位能的动能转换。动能收支的主要影响因子为中低层局地次网格运动间的能量转换、旋转风和散度风效应及下垫面的摩擦耗散。所以,虽然“杜鹃”的对流有效位能很小,但仍可造成强对流和特大暴雨。此外,降水过程中释放的凝结潜热造成的局地非绝热加热使气柱中显热能大量累积,促使地面中小尺度涡旋和倒槽不断加深,造成降水的增幅。     

A study of the effect of topography on the merging of vortices

Eight sets of numerical experiments are performed in 48 hours of integtation by using a barotropic primitive equation model with a topographic term so as to investigate the effect of topography on the merging of vortices. It is pointed out that the introduction of topography may change the track of vortices,and it causes the low vortices and vorticity lumps to be detained on the southeast side of the topography,thus creating a favorable condition for the merging of the low vortex and vorticity lumps. It is also shown that the effect of topography may cause double mergers of vortices in a horizontally shearing basic flow,and it can strengthen the low vortex remarkably.     

Influence of canyon-induced flows on flow and dispersion over adjacent plains

Summary The study investigates two effects that a valley or canyon opening onto a plain can have on flow and contaminant dispersion over the downwind plain. The first effect is the channeling of strong ambient flow by the canyon when the wind is nearly aligned with the canyon axis. Two cases showed that these conditions produced a region of focused flow downwind of the canyon mouth. The second effect is the formation of canyon exit jets on nights with weaker ambient flow. In two case studies under these conditions strong exit jets formed that were several hundred meters deep. The jets remained narrow and strong at least 10 km onto the plains, and in one of the cases the jet extended more than 20 km over the plains. These deep jets only lasted 2–3 h, and they had a small but significant effect on surface-released tracer transport as indicated by surface sampling. We hypothesize that the near-surface advection of tracer was accomplished by a thin katabatic layer of flow, and that an elevated release or elevated sampling would have indicated a greater effect of the exit jet on tracer transport.With 18 Figures     

Field Evidence for the Upwind Velocity Shift at the Crest of Low Dunes

Flow that is topographically forced by hills and sand dunes accelerates on the upwind (stoss) slopes and reduces on the downwind (lee) slopes. This secondary wind regime, however, possesses a subtle effect, reported here for the first time from field measurements of near-surface wind velocity over a low dune: the wind velocity close to the surface reaches its maximum upwind of the crest. Our field measurements show that this upwind phase shift of velocity with respect to topography is found to be in quantitative agreement with the prediction of hydrodynamical linear analysis for turbulent flows with first-order closures. This effect, together with sand transport spatial relaxation, is at the origin of the mechanisms of dune initiation, instability and growth.     

山地中尺度环流中的大气边界层湍流摩擦效应

建立了一个三维原始方程数值模式，模拟在光滑下边界和无滑脱下边界两种情况下，山区中尺度环流的演变过程，指出在弱层结条件下，边界层湍流摩擦效应有利于流场的分离和涡旋偶极子环流的发展；在强层结条件下，表面摩擦效应削弱了分离气流和涡旋性环流的强度，但使其范围扩大。边界层湍流摩擦效应引起的分离流场和尾流区环流与非粘性动力过程引起的流场分离现象，虽然从其表现形式上看完全相同，但是其形成则是由完全不同的物理机制所控制。边界层湍流摩擦效应在上述两种分离流场的演变过程中表现出完全相反的作用。地转科氏力的调整作用在山地背风坡上促进了气旋性辐合环流的发展，而抑制了反气旋性环流的发展。     

On the Diurnal Cycle of Heavy Rainfall over the Sichuan Basin during 10–18 August 2020※

A sustained heavy rainfall event occurred over the Sichuan basin in southwest China during 10–18 August 2020, showing pronounced diurnal rainfall variations with nighttime peak and afternoon minimum values, except on the first day. Results show that the westward extension of the anomalously strong western Pacific subtropical high was conducive to the maintenance of a southerly low-level jet (LLJ) in and to the southeast of the basin, which favored continuous water vapor transport and abnormally high precipitable water in the basin. The diurnal cycle of rainfall over the basin was closely related to the periodic oscillation of the LLJ in both wind speed and direction that was caused by the combination of inertial oscillation and terrain thermal forcing. The nocturnally enhanced rainfall was produced by moist convection mostly initiated during the evening hours over the southwest part of the basin where high convective available potential energy with moister near-surface moist air was present. The convective initiation took place as cold air from either previous precipitating clouds from the western Sichuan Plateau or a larger-scale northerly flow met a warm and humid current from the south. It was the slantwise lifting of the warm, moist airflow above the cold air, often facilitated by southwest vortices and quasi-geostrophic ascent, that released the convective instability and produced heavy rainfall.     

2000年两次沙尘暴天气过程的分析研究

本文根据探空资料（TTAA），利用数值模式的客观和诊断分析结果、高空气象探测数据处理系统（T－lnp图）及天气图进行天气形势、物理量场的定量分析及单站气象要素的演变分析等对2000年4月4－6日两次沙尘暴天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：两次沙尘暴过程的形成是由于生成于蒙古地区的蒙古气旋进入东北后强烈发展，在华北、东北、内蒙南部地区形成大范围的强西北风而引起的。地面锋线及高空槽后都为偏北大风区，强劲的空中风使沙尘迅速向前方扩展。地面锋线与850、700、500hPa槽线上、下位置重合较好，槽后各层均存在大风区及下沉运动区，二者配合有利于高层动量下传，形成地面辐散大风直接导致了沙尘暴的形成。陡峭的锋面使得锋前有强励的上升气流，将沙尘粒子源源不断地输送到高空，使地面和空中沙尘连成一体。利用高空气象探测数据处理系统对探空资料（TTAA报）处理的结果表明：整层大气比较稳定，对流不易发展。近地面大气较干燥，无法形成降水，疏松的沙土易被大风扬起，这也是沙尘暴形成的主要原因之一。     

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of the Diurnal Variation of Flow in a Street Canyon

Urban surface and radiation processes are incorporated into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to investigate the diurnal variation of flow in a street canyon with an aspect ratio of 1. The developed CFD model predicts surface and substrate temperatures of the roof, walls, and road. One-day simulations are performed with various ambient wind speeds of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ms⁻¹, with the ambient wind perpendicular to the north–south oriented canyon. During the day, the largest maximum surface temperature for all surfaces is found at the road surface for an ambient wind speed of 3 ms⁻¹ (56.0°C). Two flow regimes are identified by the vortex configuration in the street canyon. Flow regime I is characterized by a primary vortex. Flow regime II is characterized by two counter-rotating vortices, which appears in the presence of strong downwind building-wall heating. Air temperature is relatively low near the downwind building wall in flow regime I and inside the upper vortex in flow regime II. In flow regime II, the upper vortex expands with increasing ambient wind speed, thus enlarging the extent of cool air within the canyon. The canyon wind speed in flow regime II is proportional to the ambient wind speed, but that in flow regime I is not. For weak ambient winds, the dependency of surface sensible heat flux on the ambient wind speed is found to play an essential role in determining the relationship between canyon wind speed and ambient wind speed.