考虑双向水平地震作用的结构设计问题研究

分析了抗震设计中考虑双向水平地震作用的必要性,指出了研究双向地震作用的必要性,通过国内外规范相关条文的对比指出目前研究有待完善的关键问题和方向,结合近期研究成果对其中几个值得注意的问题提出建议。     

LRB隔震储罐地震反应的双向耦合效应

建立了双向地震作用下LRB基础隔震储罐地震反应的数值模型,对单向和双向地震作用下隔震储罐的地震反应和隔震支座的力学性能进行了对比研究。提出了衡量双向耦合效应影响的评价指标,分析了不同类型场地上隔震储罐地震反应的双向耦合效应影响规律。研究表明,双向耦合效应使支座滞回曲线变得不规则,呈现出粘滞特性。双向耦合效应不会引起隔震储罐基底剪力、弯矩、晃动波高的明显增大,但忽视双向耦合效应会严重低估支座位移,尤其是在II类和IV类场地上更为明显。因此在LRB隔震储罐双向地震反应分析时,不能简单选取两个单向地震作用下响应的组合值作为地震响应值,必须考虑双向耦合效应的影响。     

对称结构在水平地震作用下的扭转效应和抗扭设计探讨

针对水平地震作用下对称结构抗扭设计中存在的问题,分析了对称结构扭转振动的原因,然后分别采用静力和动力方法研究了考虑偶然偏心作用时结构反应的增大效应,比较了这两种方法计算结果的异同,最后结合我国抗震规范提出了适当的结论和改进建议,为对称结构的抗扭设计提供了理论依据。     

2004年苏门答腊地震粘滞性松弛效应对华南地区地壳水平活动的影响

2004年苏门答腊地震后, 不同学者根据不同观测数据(地震波、 GPS), 得到了此次地震的断层滑动模型。 反演过程中使用半无限空间模型时, 无法利用远场观测数据进行约束, 势必影响远场形变的解释。 基于Hoechner等使用的断层几何模型和GPS同震位移数据, 本研究利用球体位错理论反演方法反演了2004年苏门答腊地震断层滑动模型, 得到的矩震级为9.24, 最大滑移量为30.4 m, 由于考虑了曲率的效应, 该模型在远场同震位移的计算结果与GPS数据吻合较好。 然后, 选取了2001—2004年和2004—2007年两期的GPS水平位移速度场, 研究2004年苏门答腊地震对华南地区地壳水平活动的影响, 从两期的GPS水平位移速度场差异可以看出地震后华南块体有向西南方向的运动趋势, 华南块体受到此次地震明显的震后影响。 最后, 基于反演得到的断层模型, 利用Tanaka等提出的粘弹性球体位错理论对华南块体两期GPS水平位移速度场差异进行模拟, 得到华南块体内部粘滞性系数为2×10¹⁹ Pa·s, 当考虑地幔粘滞性松弛效应后, 两期的速度场差异的均方根值由3.2 mm减少为1.9 mm。 可见在研究2004年前后中国大陆GPS水平位移速度场时, 若继续以华南块体为基准, 需考虑此次地震的地幔粘滞性松弛效应。     

双向地震作用下液化水平和倾斜场地-桩基-桥梁结构地震反应的差异研究

根据已经完成的液化侧向扩展场地-群桩基础-上部结构体系大型振动台试验,在有限元软件OpenSees中建立了可液化倾斜场地振动台试验的有限元模型。通过与试验结果对比,验证了数值模型的可靠性。基于此,建立了典型水平和倾斜液化场地-桩基-桥梁结构体系的数值模型,讨论了双向地震作用下水平和倾斜场地体系地震响应的差异,结果表明:相比水平场地,倾斜场地超孔隙水压力在峰值阶段波动幅度更大,土体的侧向位移增加明显,尤其是在饱和砂土中部位置;倾斜场地中桩基础的破坏程度更大,可液化层中部桩基曲率最大可增大约13倍,桩身水平位移显著增加;而水平场地桥墩曲率比倾斜场地桥墩曲率大,建议在液化场地桩基设计中应考虑场地倾斜带来的影响。      

基于历史地震烈度资料的地震危险性评估方法研究

我国社会的发展需求和近年来地震的震害特征表明,有必要对地震危险性评估方法和关键技术做深入的探索和分析,从而更加合理科学地评估地震危险性.文中剖析了国际上常用的几种地震危险性分析方法及其应用,比较了中国和美国现行区划图中采用的方法及关键技术,分析讨论了日本区划图采用的评估方法,说明了各种方法的先进性、优点和存在的不足.     

基于构件变形的钢筋混凝土结构地震损失评估方法研究

根据钢筋混凝土梁、柱、剪力墙的构件变形指标限值,建立了一套构件变形层次的地震损失评估方法,并给出了地震损失的计算方法和评估流程,基于PERFORM-3D开发了后处理程序实现该评估流程.利用该方法对不同设防烈度的常规框架-剪力墙结构进行评估,并分析了地震动强度、构件类型等因素的影响,对比评估结果后发现:文中的评估方法能够...     

Response to orthogonal components of ground motion and assessment of percentage combination rules

The effects of horizontal components of ground motion on the linear response of torsionally stiff and torsionally flexible systems, on soft and firm soil conditions, are examined. A one‐story, two‐way asymmetric structural system is used, subjected to uncorrelated ground motion components along their principal directions. Spectral densities for ground accelerations in firm and soft soils are modeled based on recorded data from large intensity Mexican earthquakes. It is shown that for firm soils, in general, these effects are important in the case of torsionally flexible systems that are stiff under translation, or for torsionally stiff systems that are flexible in translation. The percentage combination rules usually specified in seismic design codes are assessed against the dynamic response. Such combination rules can result in overly conservative design forces or underestimated design forces, particularly for torsionally flexible structures. Given the relative magnitude of the response to each ground motion component, it was found that using different percentage values in the combination rules has no significant effect on improving the estimation of the total response. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of combination rules for maximum response calculation in multicomponent seismic analysis

The existing rules for combining peak response to individual components of ground motion are evaluated. The response values r_e to two horizontal components of ground motion estimated by four multicomponent combination rules—SRSS‐, 30%‐, 40%‐ and simplified‐SRSS‐rules—are compared with the critical response, r_cr, obtained by the CQC3‐rule, which takes into account the direction of the principal ground components with respect to the structural axes and provides the largest response over all possible seismic incident angles. The following results are obtained in the first part of the paper and are valid for any elastic structure and any earthquake design response spectrum: For realistic values of the ratio γ of the design spectra for the two principal components of ground motion the SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 0.79r_cr and 1.00r_cr, the Simplified‐SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 1.00r_cr and 1.26r_cr, the 40%‐rule estimate lies between 0.99r_cr and 1.25r_cr, and the 30%‐rule estimate lies between 0.92r_cr and 1.16r_cr. None of the multicomponent combination rules account for the increase in response of systems if the vibration periods of the two modes that contribute most to the response to the x‐ and y‐components of ground motion are close to each other. Evaluated in the second part of the paper is the accuracy of the multicomponent combination rules in estimating the response of a range of one‐storey systems with (a) symmetrical plan and (b) unsymmetrical plan, and of two multistorey buildings. The SRSS‐rule underestimates the response by up to 16% and the other three rules overestimate it by up to 18%. Although these errors appear to be smaller than the many approximations inherent in structural design, they can be eliminated with very little additional computation by using an explicit formula for the critical response based on the CQC3 rule. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Proposal of design rules for ductile X-CBFS in the framework of EUROCODE 8

Cross concentrically braced frames (X-CBFs) are commonly used as primary seismic resisting system, owing to their large lateral stiffness, simplicity of design, and relatively low constructional cost. Current EN 1998-1 provides design rules theoretically aiming at developing ductile global plastic mechanism, namely enforcing plastic deformations in the diagonal members, while the remaining structural members and connections should elastically behave. However, as widely demonstrated by many existing studies, the design and the corresponding seismic performance of EC8-compliant X-CBFs are generally affected by several criticisms, eg, difficulties in sizing of diagonal members, massive and non-economical structures, and poor seismic behavior. In light of these considerations, the research activity presented in this paper is addressed to revise the design rules and requirements given EN 1998-1 for X-CBFs to simplify the design process and to improve the ductility and the dissipative capacity of this structural system. Hence, design rules are proposed for the next version of EN 1998-1 and numerically validated by means of nonlinear dynamic analyses.     

Development of a ten-element hybrid simulation platform and an adjustable yielding brace for performance evaluation of multi-story braced frames subjected to earthquakes

This paper presents a ten-element hybrid (experimental-numerical) simulation platform, referred to as UT10, which was developed for running hybrid simulations of braced frames with up to ten large-capacity physical brace specimens. This paper presents the details of the development of different components of UT10 and an adjustable yielding brace (AYB) specimen, which was designed to perform hybrid simulations with UT10. As the first application of UT10, a five-story buckling-restrained braced frame and a special concentrically braced frame (BRBF and SCBF) were designed and tested with AYB specimens and buckling specimens representing the braces. Cyclic tests of the AYB, one- and three-element hybrid simulations of the BRBF, and four-element hybrid simulations of the SCBF inside the UT10 confirmed the functionality of UT10 for running hybrid simulations on multiple specimens. The tests also indicated that AYB was capable of producing a stable hysteretic response with characteristics similar to BRBs. Comparison of the results of the hybrid simulations of the BRBF and SCBF with their fully numerical models showed that the modeling inaccuracies of the yielding braces could potentially affect the global response of the multi-story braced frames further emphasizing the need for experimental calibration or hybrid simulation for achieving more accurate response predictions. UT10 provides a simple and reconfigurable platform that can be used to achieve a realistic understanding of the seismic response of multi-story frames with yielding braces, distinguish their modeling limitations, and improve different modeling techniques available for their seismic response prediction.     

Rigid‐plastic models for the seismic design and assessment of steel framed structures

This paper demonstrates the applicability of response history analysis based on rigid‐plastic models for the seismic assessment and design of steel buildings. The rigid‐plastic force–deformation relationship as applied in steel moment‐resisting frames (MRF) is re‐examined and new rigid‐plastic models are developed for concentrically‐braced frames and dual structural systems consisting of MRF coupled with braced systems. This paper demonstrates that such rigid‐plastic models are able to predict global seismic demands with reasonable accuracy. It is also shown that, the direct relationship that exists between peak displacement and the plastic capacity of rigid‐plastic oscillators can be used to define the level of seismic demand for a given performance target. Copyright© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modified seismic design of concentrically braced frames considering flexural demand on columns

Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) are considered as one of the most economical and effective lateral force‐resisting systems in structures located in the regions of high seismicity. Steel braces in a braced frame undergo large axial deformations in tension and compression to dissipate the seismic energy. However, past studies have shown that SCBFs exhibit the soft‐story hinge mechanisms and unpredictable failure patterns under earthquake loading conditions. These inelastic responses along with the use of continuous structural sections as columns over consecutive floors induce flexural demand that is not considered in the current design practice. In this study, the evaluation of seismic performance of nine SCBFs designed as per the current practice has been carried out for three different story heights (i.e., three‐story, six‐story, and nine‐story) and three types of brace configurations (namely, chevron, split X, and single X). Three additional design techniques are also explored based on (i) the inclusion of column moments in the design; (ii) the theory of formation of plastic hinges; and (iii) the design of braces considering the forces computed at their post‐buckled stages. Nonlinear dynamic analyses of these study frames have been evaluated numerically using a computer software Perform‐3D for a suite of 40 ground motions representing the design basis earthquake and maximum considered earthquake hazard levels. Analyses results showed that the SCBFs designed as per the modified procedures achieved the desired performance objectives without the formation of soft‐story mechanism. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于正交枚举法的给水管网抗震加固优化研究

从系统全局出发,以管道单元动态抗震可靠度和震后给水管网各节点的动态自由水压为参数,以优化加固后的管网系统震后水压总降幅最小或系统加固总投入最小为优化目标,对加固方案进行优选,从而给出管网系统的抗震加固优化策略。根据管网系统的功能要求、震害特点,将优化变量转化为较少的离散变量,并利用正交枚举法进行简化计算,从而避免了大规模非线性规划求解的困难,为给水管网的抗震加固优化提供了实用有效的方法。     

日中美抗震规范中电气设备抗震设计研究

为研究我国电力设备抗震设计规范的适用性,以日本、中国和美国的电力设施抗震设计规范为研究对象,对比分析了3个国家规范在电气设备动力反应放大效应、法兰 - 瓷套管连接和电气设备振动台试验等方面的不同特点.通过国内外抗震规范的综合对比,分析了我国电气设备抗震设计的优缺点,通过借鉴国外先进的抗震设计理论,为修订我国电气设备抗震设计提出了建议.     

结构设计地震作用效应影响因素及规律分析

基于现行《建筑抗震设计规范》（GB50011－2001）,本文分析了现行抗震设计中影响结构设计地震作用效应的主要因素,以规则平面框架对例对新旧规范影响结构设计地震作用效应的因素进行了对比,给出了其间的重要变化和基本规律。     

Evaluation of collapse resistance of RC frame structures for Chinese schools in seismic design categories B and C

According to the Code for Seismic Design of Buildings (GB50011-2001), ten typical reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures, used as school classroom buildings, are designed with different seismic fortification intensities (SFIs) (SFI=6 to 8.5) and different seismic design categories (SDCs) (SDC=B and C). The collapse resistance of the frames with SDC=B and C in terms of collapse fragility curves are quantitatively evaluated and compared via incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). The results show that the coll...