基于HVSR的DONET1海底地震动场地效应研究

为基于谱比方法研究海底地震动场地效应,选取日本DONET1台网的20个海底台站2014—2021年记录的1634组地震数据,对其进行筛选和处理后,利用水平与竖向谱比(HVSR)方法考虑不同布设对海底5组节点台站(KMA、KMB、KMC、KMD、KME)谱比特征的影响.研究结果表明:KMA与KME节点台站具有相似的场地特...     

用广义反演方法估算首都圈地区台站场地效应

本文利用2001—2006年首都圈地区的SH波数字化地震资料, 用广义逆矩阵联合反演的方法得到了63个台站的场地效应值。 基岩场地的场地效应比较稳定, 在1～10 Hz范围内为1左右; 沉积场地在低频场地效应较高, 在1～8 Hz范围内在3～7之间, 5 Hz左右场地效应有明显的突起, 以后随频率增加降低。 结果表明, 台站岩性是影响场地效应形态和大小的主要因素, 此外其场地效应还可能与所处的局部地质构造等因素有关。     

Separation of Source, Propagation and Site Effects from S Waves¶of Local Earthquakes in Bursa Region, Northwestern Turkey

—?We have used micro-earthquake recordings (M= 1.8–4.1) of local events in the distance range of 5–60?km in order to quantify the attenuation and site effects in the vicinity of the Bursa city, Marmara region, Turkey. The data set consists of 120 three-component recorded accelograms from 69 earthquakes, recorded at six stations. Each station is deployed on different geologic units, such as massive limestone, slope deposit and Quaternary young sediments, in the framework of the Marmara Poly-Project.¶In this study a nonparametric inversion method was applied to acceleration records from the Bursa region to estimate source, site and path effects using a two-step inversion. At the first step, we determined attenuation functions by analyzing the distance dependence of the spectral amplitudes and retrieved values of Q _s (f) = 46.59f ^0.67. At the second step, the corrected S-waves spectral records for the attenuation function, including the geometrical spreading effect, were inverted to separate source and site response for 21 different frequencies selected between 0.5 and ～25?Hz. The near-surface attenuation, κ value, was also estimated by using the model proposed by Anderson and Hough (1984) at each site. We observed that κ₀ is smaller for stations located on rock site (I?dιr, SIGD, κ₀～0.004) compared to the one that is located on Neogene sediment (Çukurca, SCKR, κ₀～0.018).¶Site amplifications from inversion showed that the station located within the Bursa basin, Çukurca (SCKR), is the most important site with about 4.0 amplification value at 1.8?Hz. Demirta? (SDEM) amplifies the spectral amplitudes about 3.0 times at 2.0?Hz, SHMK about 3.5 times between 2.5 and 3.5?Hz and SHMT nearly reaching 3.5 times between 1.5 and 4.0?Hz. However, stations located on the Uluda? Mountain Massif (SKAY and SIGD), which correspond to a deep limestone geological unit, have the smallest amplification, that values between 0.6 and 1.4.     

用H/V谱比法计算云南区域数字地震台站的场地响应

用H/V谱比法,计算给出了云南区域数字地震台网23个子台S波随频率变化的台站场地响应特征。结果表明:在1～10Hz频段内,23个子台S波的场地响应相对较平坦,在1.41～2.91之间变化,平均2.08;在大于10Hz的高频段,部分台站的场地响应有较明显的放大。     

Site response study in Abruzzo (Central Italy): underground array versus surface stations

In this site response study we examined local earthquakes recorded at surface stations of a local seismic network and at a temporary underground seismic array installed in a tunnel underneath the Gran Sasso Massif in Abruzzo (central Italy). This allowed us to compare the seismic site response beneath the mountain and on the surface in similar geological environment (soft rock sites). We applied spectral ratios method on different segments of the seismograms and used different reference spectra in the 1–20 Hz frequency band. We found little or no amplification effects at most of the surface stations whereas site transfer functions evaluated with respect to underground sites show an amplification factor up to 6 in the 1–8 Hz frequency range. Coda spectral ratios estimated at soft rock sites are confirmed as good estimates of shear wave transfer function.     

考虑介质对地震波吸收衰减作用的场地放大效应估计

当参考场地震源距小于研究场地震源距时,传统谱比法低估了场地放大效应,且参考场地与研究场地震源距相差越大,低估程度越大;当参考场地震源距大于研究场地震源距时,传统谱比法高估了场地放大效应,且参考场地与研究场地震源距相差越大,高估程度越大,计算结果依赖参考场地的选择。上述问题存在的原因是传统谱比法估计场地放大效应时未考虑地震波传播过程中介质的吸收衰减作用,故传统谱比法适用于参考场地与研究场地地质构造类似且震源距相差较小的情况,为此本文通过考虑介质对地震波的吸收衰减作用,提出改进谱比法,可适用于地质构造类似、任意震源距的情况。本文分别采用未改进方法和改进方法估计汶川地震中渭河盆地多个台站场地反应,证实了传统谱比法存在的上述问题。采用改进谱比法估计的场地放大倍数均在2 Hz以下出现1个峰值,且这些峰值多为最大值;采用未改进谱比法估计的场地放大倍数峰值出现的频率多大于2 Hz;改进谱比法可信度较高。     

内蒙古地区场地响应区域特征分析

本文以内蒙古地区台站分布、地质构造和地震活动性为基础,将内蒙古的大部地区划分为三个研究区域分别进行了场地响应研究。对近几年积累的大量ML≥3.0级以上地震,共计39个台站记录到的124次地震事件的785条波形,根据S波的观测振幅谱,采用遗传算法分别反演了三个区域的介质非弹性衰减系数和台站场地响应,并对其进行了讨论。本文得到的介质衰减模型和台站场地响应,将对台网测定ML震级需要考虑的量规函数、台站校正值等提供重要参考。研究结果表明:除个别台站存在场地放大或缩小的响应外,绝大多数台站的场地响应表现出一定的区域性特征;西部区域(除极个别台站外)对高频存在明显衰减;中东部区域对整个频段的反映都比较稳定;东部区域对整个频段存在明显放大,这与该区域覆盖层厚度大相吻合。     

2012年彝良Ms5.7、Ms5.6地震场地地震动反应

2012年9月7日云南昭通彝良发生了M_s5.和、M_s5.6级两次地震,此次地震引发了极其严重的滑坡和崩塌等地震地质灾害,同时地震波放大效应还引起高烈度异常区。利用彝良地震烈度圈内6个台站记录到的主震加速度时程,通过截取S波窗,采用标准谱比法和水平垂直谱比法研究其场地地震动反应。结果表明:两种方法能给出较为一致的谱比曲线和卓越频率,但场地反应数值差异较大,标准谱比法的结果受到参考台站自身场地反应的影响;靖安台的软弱土层对地震动的放大作用较为显著,是造成烈度异常的主要原因。     

基于台阵记录的土层山体场地效应分析

选取2008年5月25日至8月7日期间由甘肃省文县上城山地形效应台阵获取的12次汶川地震余震事件(M_S≥4.0),在分析其地震动基本参数的基础上,采用参考场地谱比(RSSR)法和水平-竖向谱比(HVSR)法,研究了不同地震作用下上城山地形台阵的场地效应.分析结果显示:随着高程和覆盖层的增加,记录台站地震动的PGA呈增大趋势,地震频谱形状由宽变窄;上城山台阵记录到的地震波在地形基阶频段(2—4 Hz)和浅部土层频段(7—9 Hz)的幅值明显放大,RSSR曲线显示山顶NS向的土层频段谱比大于山体地形频段谱比;由于土层山体竖向地震动在中高频段放大,使得HVSR方法谱比结果在中高频段较RSSR方法所得结果明显偏低,而在山体基阶频段附近两种方法的谱比值接近.松散土层山体的台阵记录特征体现了地形和土层对地震动的联合作用,揭示了强震区起伏地形场地震害加重及地震滑坡集中发生的原因所在.      

Site amplification effect of coda waves in West Tunnan Experimental Site

The site effect of coda waves for four types of basement under 6 stations was studied by using the local earthquakes from digital seismograph network of West Yunnan Experimental Site. Results from the band 0.75 to 24 Hz showed that the site effect was abviously interrelated with not only the frequency but also the site condition of the station. For those stations which sited on the hard-rock, such as Jianchuan (limestone), Shuanglang (limestone), Qiaohou (sandstone) and Eryuan (metamorghic rock), the site amplification as a function of frequency was similar in shape and the changes in amplification were flat. A typical behavior of sediment was measured at Qina station. The site amplification remained high at low frequency, but turned to a low level as frequency increased. However, in contrast to Qina, the variations of site amplification at Yangbi station were quite different. Such different behavior between the two sites could be caused by the difference in sediment thickness under valley basins. It could be seen that the site amplification pattern of horizontal motion approached approximately to the vertical despite of some differences. The Fourier spectra of small earthquakes also showed the character of site. It can be expected that the site response has an important effect on the shape of the spectra and that the size of the magnitude is not likely responsible for the spectra recorded at the same site. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, Supp., 1993.     

唐山-北京地区Q因子随频率的变化

应用唐山——北京地区的选频地震仪台网资料, 使用单台法可求出台网中各台台址附近的区域性尾波Q值.为从台站所记录的多个地震中作出归一化的尾波衰减包络线, 以求出表征地区性特点的参数, 代替过去的肉眼估计拼合法, 本文推算出使用补偿值1nA=1.73M, 其中M为实测震级与归一化所用参考震级之差, 1nA是为归一化而取用的尾波振幅补偿值.用这一修正式来归一不同震级所记录地震的尾波震幅, 可取得较为满意的组合衰减包络线, 从而可对每一个地震台利用多个地震记录综合后求出台站周围地区的等效9值, 以及它们与频率间的关系.结果表明:在跨距为百余公里的各台上, Q值均可表达为Q=Q0fn, 其中Q0为1Hz时的品质因数, f为频率, 为因地而异的常数.值得注意的是, 各台的Q0值, 其差异可达一倍以上.最小的为沙城台, Q0=122, 最大的为马道峪台, Q0=292;但六个台中有五个台的Q值幂次都基本相同, 大体在0.60上下.实际测量表明, 马道峪台附近的高Q值是体现在所有频率上均有较高的Q值, 而沙城台附近的低Q值也是表现在所有频率上均有较低的Q值.因此, 一方面可看出实际测量结果有较好的可信度, 另一方面可认为值的一致性反映各台上引起衰减的物理本质大体上是相同的.作为一个大区域来考虑, 综合此地区六个台所有频道上的资料, 进行线性拟合可得出该地区的平均值: f=1Hz时, Q0=189.由于Q值是频率的强依赖函数, 所有关于衰减的研究结果, 特别是在1-40Hz的高频范围内, 必须要考虑频率因素。      

浙江地区Lg波路径衰减关系及 台站场地响应参数

基于浙江省数字地震台网2007—2012年记录的台湾地区355次M_S≥4.0地震的波谱比数据, 使用场地响应与路径衰减联合反演的方法, 对穿越台湾海峡特定路径的Lg波衰减关系及浙江地区36个测震台站的场地响应参数进行了计算. 计算中选取频率为1—7 Hz、 间隔为0.2 Hz, 计算得到了三分向(U--D, N--S, E--W)的衰减关系及场地响应参数. 三分向衰减参数关系为γ_UD(f)=0.0055f0.94, γ_NS(f)=0.0064f1.11和γ_EW(f)=0.0048f0.90. 浙江地区36个台站均获得了稳定的场地响应, 其中庆元台在高频端表现出较明显的放大效应, 其它台站在所研究的频率范围内各分向场地响应大致相当, 并未显示出明显的方向性特征. 最后对场地响应的异常部分进行了具体分析和验证, 表明本文计算结果正确可靠.      

Site response using coda-wave techniques: Applications to short period data from central and southern Italy

The method of coda waves was applied to two different sets of data for the evaluation of the relative site response.The first set of data consists of low magnitude earthquakes with closely spaced locations, recorded at a small aperture array of velocimeters located in the Abruzzo region, central Italy. The second set of data is composed of events with epicentral distance ranging from 20 to 300 km, recorded at a seismological network with an aperture of about 100 km located in the Puglia region, southern Italy.Results show that the coda wave method furnishes stable estimates of the site effect. An amplification, relative to an arbitrary site, of a factor of about 2 occurs in the 1.7–6 Hz frequency band for two stations of the Abruzzo network, while an amplification factor of about 0.5 occurs in the whole frequency band (1–24 Hz) for one of the stations of the Puglia network. This station is located in an area which is correlated with a low macroseismic intensity anomaly.     

The Modified Mercalli intensity and the geometry of the sedimentary basin as scaling parameters of the frequency dependent duration of strong ground motion

Several new empirical equations of the frequency dependent duration of strong earthquake ground motion are presented. The duration is considered as being composed of two parts: (1) the duration of stong motion as it is observed at recording stations located on basement rocks, and (2) the prolongation of this duration for stations located on sediments. The first part, called the ‘basic duration’, is modelled in terms of the Modified Mercalli intensity and (in some cases) the hypocentral distance. The depth of the sediments under the station, the distance from the station to the rocks surrounding it, and the angular measure of the size of those rocks (as seen from the station) are chosen as the parameters for modelling the prolongation of the duration. The new empirical equations are compared (a) with each other, (b) with our previous models which used similar ‘prolongation’ terms, but the ‘basic duration’ was expressed in terms of the magnitude of the earthquake and the source-to-station distance, and (c) with models with ‘intensity-type’ ‘basic duration’, but with a simplified ‘prolongation’ term (the geological conditions at the stations are modeled by lumping all the sites into three groups: basement rock, sediments and intermediate geology). This collection of models is found to have good internal consistency. The choice of the proper model depends on the availability of the earthquake and site parameters. The residuals of the empirical regression equations are found to have similar distribution functions for all the models. An explicit functional form for such distributions is proposed, and the frequency dependent coefficients are found for all the models of duration. This allows one to predict (for each set of earthquake and site parameters) the probability of exceedance of any given level of duration of strong ground motion at a given frequency.     

陕西省地震动衰减及台站场地响应研究

利用陕西省测震台网的25个台站和2008—2010年所记录到的19个地震进行了陕西省Q值及台站场地响应值的计算,得出非弹性衰减Q值随频率f的关系为Q（f）=826.57f 0.3538。这说明陕西省处于高Q值区域,地壳相对较稳定,地震活动性相对较弱。计算得到的陕西省数字测震台网25个台站的场地响应值,其中,只有铜川台（...     

基于谱比法的江苏强震动台站场地特征分析

选取江苏省强震动台网近年来获得的强震动记录,基于水平竖向谱比法(HVSR),计算了22个强震动台站的速度反应谱平均谱比曲线,采用谱比形状一致法进行场地分类,并结合典型台站场地的工程地质资料进行对比分析。研究结果表明,平均谱比曲线的卓越周期、场地放大等特征与台站场地地质资料相吻合,与传统场地分类方法相比,基于谱比法的场地特征分类方法能够突出不同场地的地震动反应特征,较好地体现了台站的场地反应特征。     

An inversion of site response and Lg attenuation using Lg waveform

Based on spectral ratio method, a joint inversion method was used to obtain parameters of Lg wave attenuation and site response. The inversion method allows simple and direct (two-parameter) determination of Lg wave attenua- tion and site response from sparse spectral data, which are not affected by radiation pattern factor and different response of same instrument after geometrical spreading. The method was used successfully for estimating site re- sponse of stations of Zhejiang Seismic Network and measuring Lg wave attenuation. The study is based on 20 earth- quakes occurred in northeast of Taiwan with magnitude MS5.0~6.7 and 960 seismic wave records from 16 stations in Zhejiang area from 2002 to 2005. The parameters of site response and Lg attenuation were calculated with a fre- quency interval of 0.2 Hz in the range of 0.5 Hz to 10 Hz. Lg wave attenuation coefficient corresponding to U-D, E-W and N-S components are γ ( f )=0.00175 f 0.43485, γ ( f )=0.00145f 0.48467 and γ ( f )=0.0021f 0.41241, respectively. It is found that the site response is component-independent. It is also found that the site response of QIY station is significant above the frequency of 1.5 Hz, and that the site response of NIB station is low for most frequency     

祁连山主动源观测台站场地响应分析

场地响应是精确测定震源参数和稳健估计出高精度地壳介质衰减变化的关键影响因素之一,采用H/V尾波谱比法,对祁连山主动源观测台网中40个短周期观测台站的场地响应进行了分析。结果表明,祁连山主动源观测台网中40个短周期观测台站均存在不同程度的放大（衰减）作用,根据40个台站观测波形的尾波场地响应曲线特征,可将其分为平坦类、放大类、高频衰减类,在1~20 Hz频段内部分台站场地响应曲线呈现平坦,场地响应值为1~2倍;而大部分台站在不同频段有明显放大（衰减）作用,场地响应值为0.3~9倍。台站台基岩性可能是决定场地响应曲线特征和大小的主要因素,且与台基介质密度具有反相关性。     

场地放大效应的估计

本利用唐山地区9个台站得到的13次近场地震记录分析了场地放大效应，其中一些站位于废弃的地下煤矿坑道内，最深的一个台站在地下822m处，首先检验确定了地面反射波对地下场地的入射波没有很大影响，在后利用地下基岩场地台站（－822m)作参考场地，用线性反演法来同时分离震源，传播途径和局部场地效应，结果发现：在1至10Hz的频段上S波品质因子Qs基本上与频率成正比；与以地面基岩场地作参考场地所得的结果相比较，地面基岩场地的反应并不是一常数，它在大于6Hz的高频段上有明显的放大作用，在本的研究事件中，在6至10Hz的频段上这个放大纱数约为2至4。这表明由于地面基岩场地本身的放大作用，将导致在作场地震动预测时会低估地震作用，最后采用一种新的非参考场地法，即遗传算法，用w^2震源模型来估计绝对场地效应。在本的研究结果中，对大多数台站场地来说，所得的绝对场地应应与以地下基岩台站作参考场地所得的相对场地效应十分一致。这表明这作场地震动分析时，当仔细考虑了反射波对入射波的影响后，地下或井下基岩场地是比地面基岩场地更合适的参考场地。     

江苏地区介质非弹性衰减和场地响应研究

选取江苏数字地震台网在2001年1月-2010年7月记录到43次高质量数字地震波形,采用Atkinson(1992)和Moya(2000)的方法,反演得到江苏地区的介质非弹性衰减特性和场地响应.