西非宽扎盆地烃源岩分布及油气成藏

宽扎盆地为南大西洋被动大陆边缘盆地,构造演化可划分为裂谷期、过渡期和后裂谷期3个阶段,过渡期发育阿普特阶盐岩.宽扎盆地主要发育3套烃源岩:盐下下白垩统阿普特阶湖相烃源岩、盐间早白垩世阿普特期海相烃源岩和盐上古近纪始新世海相烃源岩.宽扎盆地油气田均围绕烃源灶分布,烃源岩是该盆地油气藏形成与分布的主控因素.宽扎盆地发育4套含油气系统(盐下下白垩统、盐间下白垩统、盐上上白垩统和盐上古近系)以及2种成藏模式(古生新储和自生自储).宽扎盆地深水21区块Cameia-1井、Cameia-2井以及21区块Azul-1井盐下地层获得重大油气勘探突破,表明该盆地深水区存在盐下下白垩统含油气系统并发育优质湖相烃源岩,提高了宽扎盆地深水区油气勘探潜力.     

赤道几内亚里奥穆尼盆地构造演化特征及油气勘探前景

应用盆地原形分析、区域地震资料解释和石油地质综合分析等方法,探讨了赤道几内亚里奥穆尼盆地构造演化和成藏条件。研究结果表明,该盆地构造演化经历了裂谷、过渡—漂移和裂后被动大陆边缘3个阶段,主要充填了中新生代沉积地层,中生界白垩系主要发育2套烃源岩,为裂谷期的湖相泥页岩和过渡—早期漂移期的海相泥页岩,已发现的油气主要储集在上白垩统浊积砂体。盐构造和重力滑动构造是油气成藏的主控因素,在区域上,油气主要分布在盆地的中带,该带勘探程度低,成藏条件优越,是油气聚集的有利场所,尤其盐构造与重力滑动构造区具有较大油气勘探潜力。     

赤道几内亚里奥穆尼盆地构造演化特征及油气勘探前景

应用盆地原形分析、区域地震资料解释和石油地质综合分析等方法,探讨了赤道几内亚里奥穆尼盆地构造演化和成藏条件。研究结果表明,该盆地构造演化经历了裂谷、过渡—漂移和裂后被动大陆边缘3个阶段,主要充填了中新生代沉积地层,中生界白垩系主要发育2套烃源岩,为裂谷期的湖相泥页岩和过渡—早期漂移期的海相泥页岩,已发现的油气主要储集在上白垩统浊积砂体。盐构造和重力滑动构造是油气成藏的主控因素,在区域上,油气主要分布在盆地的中带,该带勘探程度低,成藏条件优越,是油气聚集的有利场所,尤其盐构造与重力滑动构造区具有较大油气勘探潜力。     

南大西洋被动陆缘共轭盆地烃源岩分布与油气富集规律——以巴西桑托斯盆地和西非纳米贝盆地为例

巴西桑托斯盆地与西非纳米贝盆地属于南大西洋中部被动大陆边缘共轭盆地,其构造演化可划分为3个阶段:裂谷期、过渡期和后裂谷期,过渡期发育阿普特阶盐。南大西洋不对称裂开控制了桑托斯盆地和纳米贝盆地在盐下早白垩世裂谷地堑、盐发育和盐上晚白垩世地层厚度等方面的差异,这些差异控制了桑托斯盆地和纳米贝盆地盐下早白垩世湖相烃源岩发育及盐上晚白垩世海相烃源岩成熟度,进而控制了桑托斯盆地和纳米贝盆地油气富集规律。桑托斯盆地深水区盐下下白垩统构造或岩性圈闭是寻找巨型油气田的有利勘探方向;浅水区盐上上白垩统地堑深凹陷盐活动相关构造或岩性圈闭是寻找大中型油气田的有利勘探方向。     

下刚果盆地油气成藏条件及勘探潜力分析

下刚果盆地油气资源非常丰富,有较大勘探前景。但由于其储层是碳酸盐岩储层,受复杂的盐岩活动影响,其构造特征及油气成藏特征也非常复杂,因此给地质认识带来了很大的困难。此文通过对该区区域地质背景、油气成藏条件和勘探潜力的综合分析,认为下刚果盆地构造演化经历了前裂谷期、同裂谷期、过渡期和漂移期四个时期。主要发育盐下和盐上两套主力烃源岩。盐上及盐下地层均具有良好的储盖组合。盐上地层构造经历了三期构造演化和两个演化序列。研究区主要发育盐下生-盐下储、盐下生-盐上储、盐上生-盐上储共三种成藏组合。认为白垩系碳酸盐岩构造具有良好的勘探前景,盐上地层是下一步勘探需要重点关注的区域,盐下构造也是较好的潜在勘探领域。研究成果对我国石油公司参与下刚果盆地或类似盆地的研究和油气勘探具有一定的借鉴意义。     

东南亚地区裂谷作用对油气成藏组合的控制

东南亚地区发育100多个新生代沉积盆地，这些沉积盆地经历了不同程度的裂谷作用。为了指导东南亚油气勘探，通过对盆地构造-沉积演化进行分析，系统研究了东南亚地区盆地油气成藏组合的要素特征，并探讨了裂谷作用对油气成藏组合的影响。研究结果认为：东南亚地区盆地构造-沉积演化经历了同生裂谷早期、同生裂谷晚期、后裂谷早期和后裂谷晚期4个裂谷作用阶段。根据裂谷作用阶段和在相应裂谷作用阶段形成的储层类型，从深到浅划分出4套油气成藏组合：深部成藏组合、下部成藏组合、中部成藏组合和上部成藏组合。深部成藏组合发育同生裂谷早期湖相浊积砂岩、湖相冲积扇储层，下部成藏组合发育同生裂谷晚期海进时期河流-三角洲砂岩储层，中部成藏组合发育后裂谷早期海相碳酸盐岩储层，上部成藏组合发育后裂谷晚期海退时期河流-三角洲砂岩储层。其中，中部成藏组合发育的后裂谷早期海相碳酸盐岩储层勘探潜力最大。     

巴西塞尔西培—阿拉戈斯盆地油气地质特征及勘探方向

塞尔西培-阿拉戈斯盆地是巴西东部重要的含油气盆地,经历了3期构造-沉积演化阶段。根据已掌握的资料,全面总结了盆地的油气地质特征及油气成藏模式,预测了勘探方向:①盆地发育3套烃源岩,其中过渡期烃源岩最为重要,裂谷期次之,漂移期烃源岩生烃潜力最小。②盆地发育3套储层,分别为裂谷早期的三角洲-风成砂岩、裂谷晚期的河流-三角洲相砾质砂岩或砾岩和漂移期的浊积砂岩。目前3套储层均已证实。③最终优选出2套潜力层系的有利区带:盐下裂谷层系有利区带在北部和中央隆起带;盐上漂移层系有利区带在塞尔西培次盆地南部深水以及Sao Francisco河口外深水区域。     

东非海岸构造演化及其对南、北主要富油气盆地控藏作用对比

东非海岸主要含油气盆地属典型大陆裂谷层序和被动陆缘层序叠合的断坳型盆地,是在冈瓦纳大陆裂解及印度洋扩张的区域构造演化背景下形成的,均经历了卡鲁裂谷期、马达加斯加漂移期和被动大陆边缘期三期构造演化。但是,南、北盆地在构造及沉积演化特征及石油地质条件、油气分布上存在较大差异,北部盆地早期受特提斯洋海侵影响,沉积发育了侏罗系潟湖相盐岩、浅海相泥页岩,而南部盆地处于强烈火山作用区,二者油气富集规律存在差异,烃源岩、储盖组合由北向南年代逐渐变新,目前北部油气发现明显更为丰富。初步分析认为,构造环境不同使得烃源岩发育北富南贫,断裂及塑性岩体作用形成的通源断层和有利圈闭存在差异,导致了东非大陆边缘南、北部盆地油气成藏上的不同。     

西非纳米贝盆地构造-沉积演化与油气勘探潜力

西非纳米贝(Namibe)盆地是世界上极少数没有油气勘探的地区,以收集到的西非纳米贝盆地区域基础地质和相邻含油气盆地资料为依据,运用石油地质综合分析方法研究分析认为,纳米贝盆地构造-沉积演化经历了前裂谷阶段(P-J2)、裂谷阶段(J3-K1巴雷姆期)、过渡阶段(K1阿普特期)和被动陆缘期(K1阿普特晚期-现今)4大阶段;盆地发育3套潜在烃源岩,其中早白垩世巴雷姆期湖相页岩最重要;发育裂谷晚期、漂移早期和漂移晚期3套储集层;过渡单元层序早白垩世阿普特期厚层页岩为区域性盖层,晚白垩世-新生代漂移层序存在多套局部盖层;发育构造-地层圈闭与地层圈闭,断层与不整合面为主要油气运移疏导体系,存在下白垩统成藏组合和上白垩统-渐新统与中新统成藏组合2类潜在成藏组合,揭示出油气勘探前景广阔。     

印度尼西亚西纳土纳盆地油气地质特征与分布规律

西纳土纳盆地是发育在东南亚巽他克拉通内的裂谷盆地,也是印度尼西亚重要的含油气盆地。运用盆地分析及石油地质学的理论与方法,对盆地构造—沉积演化及主力烃源岩、储集层及盖层等成藏要素进行综合研究,系统总结油气成藏特征及分布规律,并通过对比分析指出构造演化与沉积充填差异是造成盆地内烃源岩演化、储集层发育、油气成藏特征差异的主控因素。研究表明,油气可采储量区域上集中在Anambas地堑和Penyu次盆东北部,主要油气田(藏)类型包括挤压背斜、披覆构造和地层—构造型;层系上,油气主要储集于上渐新统和下中新统。盆地内远景地层圈闭以上始新统—下渐新统Belut组冲积扇相砂砾岩和上渐新统—下中新统Gabus—下Arang组河流下切谷砂岩为有利储层,勘探程度低,资源潜力较大。     

The influence of the Sabatayn Evaporites on the hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Eastern Shabwa Basin, Onshore Yemen

The Shabwa Basin is the northeastern extension of the Marib-Al Jawf-Shabwa system of Mesozoic grabens, located onshore in the Republic of Yemen. An evaporitic sequence with an estimated maximum depositional thickness of 300 metres was deposited during the Tithonian. It is designated the Sabatayn Formation and exerts significant control on most of the play elements in the principal hydrocarbon play systems anticipated in the northeastern part of the basin. Migration of hydrocarbons from pre-salt source rocks into intra-and post-salt reservoirs is restricted by the evaporites. Localised heat flow perturbations introduced by the salt, increase the maturity of post-salt source rocks. Post and intra-salt reservoirs are structured by listric faulting on a salt detachment, salt pillowing due to post-depositional loading, by local salt dissolution and by late folding due to gravity sliding of the post-salt section on a salt detachment. Early dissolution and reprecipitation of salt is responsible for occlusion of porosity in intra-salt clastic reservoirs.     

An incomplete correlation between pre-salt topography,top reservoir erosion,and salt deformation in deep-water Santos Basin (SE Brazil)

In deep-water Santos Basin, SE Brazil, hypersaline conditions during the Aptian resulted in the accumulation of halite and carnallite over which stratified evaporites, carbonates and shales were folded, translated downslope and thrusted above syn-rift structures. As a result, high-quality 3D seismic data reveal an incomplete relationship between pre-salt topography and the development of folds and thrusts in Aptian salt and younger units. In the study area, three characteristics contrast with known postulates on passive margins’ fold-and-thrust belts: a) the largest thrusts do not necessarily occur where the salt is thicker, b) synthetic-to-antithetic fault ratios are atypically high on the distal margin, and c) regions of intense folding do not necessarily coincide with the position of the larger syn-rift horsts and ramps below the salt. Regions marked by important erosion and truncation of pre-salt strata, uplifted and exposed sub-aerially before the deposition of Aptian salt, can form structural lows at present or be part of horsts uplifted after the Aptian. This is an observation that suggests significant intra-salt shear drag above pre-salt structural highs during Aptian-Late Cretaceous gravitational gliding, but not on younger horsts and ramps reactivated after the main phase of salt movement. Either formed by drag or sub-aerial erosion, strata truncation below the Aptian salt does not correlate with the present-day pre-salt structure in terms of its magnitude and distribution. In addition, there is a marked increase in deformation towards the distal margin, where low-angle thrusts are ubiquitous on seismic data. The geometry and large synthetic-to-antithetic fault ratios of post-salt strata on the distal margin lead us to consider a combination of gravitational gliding of salt from the northwest and ridge push from the east as responsible for the observed styles of salt deformation.     

Structural styles of Albian rafts in the Espírito Santo Basin (SE Brazil): Evidence for late raft compartmentalisation on a ‘passive’ continental margin

In recent years, hydrocarbon exploration offshore SE Brazil has been focusing on Lower Cretaceous strata deformed by gravity gliding above Aptian salt. A three-dimensional (3D) seismic volume from the Espírito Santo Basin, SE Brazil is here used to: a) test the parameters considered to control raft tectonics on a margin tectonically reactivated in the Cenozoic, and b) investigate the impact of prolonged halokinesis on raft deformation. Offshore Espírito Santo, the combined effects of halokinesis and multiple (Andean) tectonic phases are expressed by local collapse, fault reactivation and late segmentation of Albian rafts. As a result of this deformation we observe four main raft geometries: a) rolled-over rafts, b) tabular rafts, c) collapsed rafts, and d) folded and tilted rafts on the flanks of salt rollers. This work shows that salt rollers formed buttresses to moving Albian-Cenomanian rafts, with withdrawal of salt from underneath some of the rafts leading to their collapse and welding onto pre-salt strata. This process occurred in the studied part of the Espírito Santo Basin with minimum control of post-raft overburden thickness on raft compartmentalisation. Salt withdrawal from underneath the rafts is an important phenomenon as it enhanced connectivity between pre-salt and post-salt units, potentially promoting the migration of hydrocarbons from syn-rift source units into post-salt reservoirs.     

西非加蓬海岸盆地盐岩特征及其石油地质意义

加蓬海岸盆地主要分为南加蓬次盆和北加蓬次盆,是典型的西非被动大陆边缘含盐盆地,盐岩的分布具有一定规律性和差异性,并且对盆地内油气成藏具有重要的控制作用。分析了加蓬海岸盆地的构造演化与沉积充填特征、基本石油地质条件、盐岩的分布特征及其对盆地烃源岩特征、储层分布、圈闭特征、封盖条件、油气成藏,以及油气藏储量等各方面的影响与控制作用,并指出,由于加蓬海岸盆地的绝大多数油气成藏都与盐岩密不可分,因此深化盆地内盐岩展布特征的研究,对进一步评价北加蓬次盆的盐下层系及南次盆登泰尔地堑的勘探潜力具有重要意义。     

墨西哥湾深水油气勘探研究特点与发展趋势

墨西哥湾深水勘探区带是近年深水勘探活动最活跃的地区之一,通过对其石油地质条件以及勘探特点的综合分析,认为其具有优越的石油地质条件,其勘探研究具有4个特点:1地震技术革新极大推进了该区的勘探研究;2盐岩活动控制圈闭和油气藏的形成;3墨西哥湾深水区圈闭勘探呈明显的分带性;4圈闭落实和储层发育程度是主要勘探难点。并指出盐下圈闭落实和储层预测是制约该盆地勘探成功率的两大关键问题,而盐下地震成像、古盐构造恢复和古沉积水道的预测是解决这两大关键问题的主要手段。     

The petroleum geology of the Unst Basin, North Sea

The Unst Basin is situated in the northern North Sea between the East Shetland Basin and the Shetland Isles. The basin is essentially a three-armed, Permo-Triassic fault-controlled basin containing up to 3600 m of red-beds. This is overlain by a westerly thickening Jurassic and early Cretaceous sequence, the stratigraphy of which is very similar to that of the East Shetland Basin. In particular, the Brent Group (140 m), Humber Group (685 m) and Cromer Knoll Group (300 m) are well represented.As a result of Laramide uplift of the area, the thick Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene strata of the East Shetland Basin are absent from the Unst Basin. This uplift resulted in substantial erosion within the Unst Basin providing the major source for Palaeocene sands in the Viking Graben and the Faeroes Basin. Late Palaeocene and younger Tertiary strata transgress westwards across this erosion surface.Petroleum exploration within the basin culminated in the drilling of two exploration wells. These wells encountered potential reservoir and source rocks in the Jurassic section. However, geochemical analyses indicate these source rocks are immature for hydrocarbon generation within the Unst Basin. It is concluded that the Unst Basin has a low petroleum potential.     

Superposed deformation straddling the continental-oceanic transition in deep-water Angola

The Angolan margin is the type area for raft tectonics. New seismic data reveal the contractional buffer for this thin-skinned extension. A 200-km-long composite section from the Lower Congo Basin and Kwanza Basin illustrates a complex history of superposed deformation caused by: (1) progradation of the margin; and (2) episodic Tertiary epeirogenic uplift. Late Cretaceous tectonics was driven by a gentle slope created by thermal subsidence; extensional rafting took place updip, contractional thrusting and buckling downdip; some distal folds were possibly unroofed to form massive salt walls. Oligocene deformation was triggered by gentle kinking of the Atlantic Hinge Zone as the shelf and coastal plain rose by 2 or 3 km; relative uplift stripped Paleogene cover off the shelf, provided space for Miocene progradation, and steepened the continental slope, triggering more extension and buckling. In the Neogene, a subsalt half graben was inverted or reactivated, creating keystone faults that may have controlled the Congo Canyon; a thrust duplex of seaward-displaced salt jacked up the former abyssal plain, creating a plateau of salt 3–4 km thick on the present lower slope. The Angola Escarpment may be the toe of the Angola thrust nappe, in which a largely Cretaceous roof of gently buckled strata, was transported seawards above the thickened salt by up to 20 km.     

Morpho-tectonic evolution of the Marmara Sea inferred from multi-beam bathymetric and seismic data

In an initial stage, the Sea of Marmara developed as a graben and, in due course, considerable volumes of sediments were deposited in this basin. Before 200 ka, a new fault (New Marmara Fault) cutting through the whole basin developed, which postdated large sub-marine land sliding in the western part of the basin. This mass movement created the Western Ridge. The initiation of this strike-slip fault indicates that the extensional stress regime was replaced by a new, shearing stress field. In the eastern part of the Marmara Basin, the New Marmara Fault consists of two branches. The northern one replaces the normal faulting at the bottom of the northeastern slope of the basin. As a result, this slope has been rejuvenated. The southern branch is located along the central axis of the basin, forming the major extension of the North Anatolian Fault Zone within the region. Two restraining bends were formed because of the counterclockwise rotation of that part of the Anatolian Block. This resulted the uplifting of the Eastern Ridge and the formation of the positive flower structure within the Tekirdag Basin. The establishment of the compressional regime around the Sea of Marmara also resulted in the northwest–southeast shortening of the initial Marmara Basin.     

台西南盆地地质构造特征及油气远景

本文从盆地的基本地质特征入手,分析了台西南盆地的地层、沉积、构造特征及油气条件,在进行盆地的定性分析的基础上,对盆地内的次级构造单元进行了类比,对盆地的含油气远景进行了评价,提出了该盆地的油气勘探方向。