Support Vector Machines for Classification of Aggregates by Means of IR-Spectra

The increasing physical and technical demands placed on construction materials, especially as they are being used more and more up to the limits of their mechanical strength, has led the aggregates industry to search for more efficient methods of quality control. Information from theoretical work on rock spectra in near-infrared and mid-infrared light as well as achievements gained in signal processing can all be used to improve quality control in an economically acceptable manner. As engineering properties of aggregates are to a great extent determined by the petrological composition of the rock aggregates, the question is, whether a statistical classification rule for identification of rock aggregates can be developed. However, the classification of rocks is complicated by the fact that the optical behavior of minerals forming the rock often appears muted. In addition, minor constituents may dominate the spectrum. Furthermore, the relevant spectra form high dimensional data that are extremely difficult to analyze statistically, especially when curves are very similar. In this paper, support vector machines for classification of rock spectra are investigated, since they are appropriate in classifying highly dimensional data such as spectra.     

Support Vector Machines for Classification of?Aggregates by Means of IR-Spectra

The increasing physical and technical demands placed on construction materials, especially as they are being used more and more up to the limits of their mechanical strength, has led the aggregates industry to search for more efficient methods of quality control. Information from theoretical work on rock spectra in near-infrared and mid-infrared light as well as achievements gained in signal processing can all be used to improve quality control in an economically acceptable manner. As engineering properties of aggregates are to a great extent determined by the petrological composition of the rock aggregates, the question is, whether a statistical classification rule for identification of rock aggregates can be developed. However, the classification of rocks is complicated by the fact that the optical behavior of minerals forming the rock often appears muted. In addition, minor constituents may dominate the spectrum. Furthermore, the relevant spectra form high dimensional data that are extremely difficult to analyze statistically, especially when curves are very similar. In this paper, support vector machines for classification of rock spectra are investigated, since they are appropriate in classifying highly dimensional data such as spectra.     

不同颜色翡翠的微量元素及红外光谱特征

不同颜色翡翠的能谱分析结果及紫外可见光谱特征表明；白色翡翠含有Fe,但Fe^3 不能使翡翠产生颜色；Mn可能是紫色翡翠的致色元素；蓝色翡翠较紫色翡翠含有S及较多的Ca、Fe、Mg和较少的Mn，Fe、Mg可使紫色翡翠带蓝色色调；灰绿色翡翠较绿色翡翠有较多的Ca、Fe、Mg和极少的Cr。同时，分析对比了不同颜色A货翡翠和优化处理翡翠的红外光谱特征。     

黄骅盆地中新生代火山岩岩相及岩石化学特征

通过对渤海地区黄骅盆地中新生代火山岩进行典型的岩芯取样、岩相及全岩分析,并结合KAr法测年、微量元素和同位素地球化学分析,得出以下结论:主要岩石类型有新生代老第三纪玄武岩、中生代晚白垩世玄武粗安岩、中生代晚白垩世粗面英安岩和流纹岩和中生代早三叠世英安岩。晚中生代火山岩岩石的主量元素丰度呈双峰分布,从老到新,火山岩主元素中SiO2减少,Fe2O3、FeO、CaO、MgO、TiO2、P2O5、MnO有所增加。新生代玄武岩可能源自亏损的软流圈地幔,晚白垩世玄武粗安岩源自玄武质组分亏损和受到富集改造的岩石圈地幔,     

宁强碳质球粒陨石的岩石、矿物特征研究

宁强碳质球粒陨石的结构复杂,有粒状、斑状和炉条状等结构。球粒分为玻璃质和晶质两种。聚合体含量丰富、形态各异,有钢性和塑性两种聚合体。目前已查明的矿物有20余种,主要是镁橄榄石、贵橄榄石、烦火辉石、普通辉石和黄长石类矿物等。在宁强陨石中出现罕见的方解石、白云石。不透明矿物有陨硫铁、铁纹石—镍纹石、镍铁矿、磁铁矿和非晶质碳质。Fe/SiO_2为0.71—0.72,SiO_2/MgO为1.37—1.40。根据化学及矿物特征,该陨石应属C_2群。     

关岭生物群产出地层的岩石微相和环境意义

关岭生物群产于中国贵州关岭县新铺乡,在贵州省会贵阳以西约188km的晚三叠世早期地层小凹组底部。化石群主要门类有海生爬行类(鱼龙、海龙、鳍龙、盾齿龙等)、海百合、菊石、双壳、腕足、牙形刺、鱼类和植物。以保存完整精美、数量巨大的海生爬行类和棘皮动物海百合为标志。化石产出地层岩石为(微含泥质)含生物屑泥晶灰岩,其上下地层的岩石还有(含泥质)含粉砂质不等晶灰岩和含生物屑泥晶灰岩。根据岩石组成、结构、构造、微相特征提出关岭生物群生活环境离岸较近、沉积作用以悬浮方式为主,少牵引流影响、水体总体比较安静。     

电气石红外光谱和红外辐射特性的研究

精确测试和研究了不同种属电气石的红外光谱特征及不同种属、不同温度条件下热处理电气石的红外辐射特性。结果表明：电气石具有高红外发射率的本质在于其晶体结构中的分子振动具红外活性;铁、镁电气石红外发射率相近,且都大于锂电气石的红外发射率;电气石热处理的温度与红外发射率之间存在一定的对应关系,随着热处理的温度的增加,红外发射率减小,当温度增大到800℃红外发射率达到最大值,超过900℃,电气石开始分解,红外发射率开始下降;电气石在室温下最大单色辐出度相应的波长为9~10μm 与绝对黑体9.72 μm 吻合较好,为良好的红外吸收与发射材料。     

热处理红-黄色翡翠的红外光谱分析

红-黄色翡翠是否经过热处理,其价值相差悬殊。随着市场对红-黄色翡翠的需求增加,鉴别其是否经过热处理是目前宝玉石鉴定的难点和热点问题。通过加热实验,利用红外光谱测试技术对加热前、后的红-黄色翡翠样品的红外光谱进行对比分析。结果表明,加热前、后的红-黄色翡翠样品的红外光谱具有不同的特征,主要表现为硬玉结构中OH的四组吸收峰强弱的变化：（1）吸收峰的强变化是在3 000～4 000 cm-1之间的峰型从加热前呈U型到加热后呈V型;（2）吸收峰的弱变化则是谱线略有改变,出现3 622～3 628 cm-1或3 670 cm-1附近的吸收峰,这些特征可作为红-黄色翡翠是否经过加热处理的辅助性诊断指标。     

琥珀及其仿制品的宝石学和红外光谱特征

为了有效鉴别琥珀及其仿制品,本文收集了一系列琥珀及其仿制品。首先采用常规宝石学方法,对其折射率、相对密度、紫外荧光和内外部特征进行了测试;在此基础上,采用反射法测试了所有样品的红外吸收光谱并对其进行了比较和分析。结果表明,将常规宝石学方法和红外吸收光谱特征结合并综合分析,可以有效鉴别琥珀、压制琥珀、天然柯巴树脂、人工树脂及人造琥珀。     

基于可见—近红外反射光谱的典型农田重金属污染风险分类研究

对于人为因素或自然因素造成的农田土壤重金属元素污染,需要进行大面积的土壤环境质量调查和分类管控,然而传统的采样测试方法存在工作量大、代价高等问题。可见—近红外（Vis-NIR）反射光谱是一种快速低成本获取土壤理化信息的手段。为研究Vis-NIR反射光谱预测模型划分土壤重金属污染风险类别的能力,文章以典型人为污染地区（浙江温岭）和典型地质高背景地区（广西横县）的390份农田土壤为样本,测定8种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量和pH值,并测定土壤Vis-NIR光谱。使用偏最小二乘（PLS）和支持向量机（SVM）算法建立回归模型,对土壤重金属含量和pH值进行预测,并基于预测值进行土壤重金属污染风险分类。结果显示,温岭土壤主要污染元素Cd和Cu的光谱模型回归预测偏差（RPD）分别为1.23和1.19,预测机制与有机质有关。横县土壤主要污染元素As和Cd的RPD分别为1.98和1.93,预测机制与铁氧化物和粘土矿物有关。地质高背景土壤重金属与铁氧化物的正相关性普遍较强,使得光谱模型对重金属含量预测准确度较高。温岭和横县土壤pH值的光谱模型RPD分别为1.76和1.68。土壤重金属污染风险光谱分类的总体 准确度分别为75.0%~100%（温岭）和80.0%~100％（横县）。将Vis-NIR光谱与遥感技术相结合,对农田土壤重金属污染风险进行快速分类总体是可行的。     

碳酸盐岩的反射光谱特征的研究及应用

在室内对新疆塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪地区碳酸盐岩的反射光谱进行了测量。分析结果表明：碳酸盐岩的特征吸收谱带位于２３００～２３５０ｎｍ,随着碳酸盐岩中Ｍｇ２＋含量的增加,其特征吸收谱带的中心波长位置具有向短波长方向移动的特点;同时,随着碳酸盐岩中碳酸盐矿物含量的增加,其特征吸收谱带的深度（Ｄ）也有增大的趋势,并且岩石的平均反射率（Ｒ）也随着增高。根据这些特征可以判定碳酸盐岩的岩石类型及碳酸盐矿物的相对含量     

天然祖母绿与合成祖母绿的成分及红外吸收光谱研究

祖母绿是一种高档名贵的宝石,其矿物学名称为绿柱石,化学成分为铍铝硅酸盐。鉴别天然祖母绿和人工合成祖母绿,已成为祖母绿宝石鉴定中的一个重要课题。文章采用常规宝石学研究方法、激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法和红外光谱技术对天然祖母绿(包括哥伦比亚祖母绿和巴西祖母绿)、合成祖母绿(包括助熔剂法合成祖母绿和水热法合成祖母绿)样品进行了系统的分析和研究。结果表明,天然祖母绿与合成祖母绿的主要致色微量元素Cr的含量越高,祖母绿的绿色越浓艳;天然祖母绿与合成祖母绿的红外吸收光谱特征具有明显的差异;根据祖母绿中是否含水、水的赋存状态以及氯的吸收峰,可作为准确鉴别天然祖母绿和合成祖母绿的重要依据。等离子体质谱法化学成分分析不能确定祖母绿是天然形成还是人工合成,需在常规宝石学检测的基础上,综合研究祖母绿的红外吸收光谱特征及内含物特征,才能准确地鉴别天然祖母绿、水热法合成祖母绿和助熔剂法合成祖母绿。     

The Serra da Graciosa A-type Granites and Syenites, southern Brazil: Part 2: Petrographic and mineralogical evolution of the alkaline and aluminous associations

The Serra da Graciosa Granites and Syenites comprise five distinct plutons in the Brasiliano/Pan-African Graciosa A-type Province, southern Brazil. Six petrographic series can be identified in these plutons: (1) Alkaline series 1, composed of amphibole-bearing alkali feldspar syenites with varied mafic mineralogy and quartz contents, from alkali feldspar syenites with calcic amphibole, clinopyroxene, olivine and allanite to alkali feldspar quartz syenites with sodic–calcic amphibole and chevkinite–perrierite and to alkali feldspar granites with sodic amphibole; (2) Alkaline series 2, characterized by amphibole-bearing alkali feldspar granites, with limited modal variations but amphibole compositions also varying from calcic to sodic; (3) Alkaline series 3, of limited occurrence, which includes alkali feldspar syenites with olivine and clinopyroxene and no amphibole; (4) Aluminous series 1, of widespread occurrence, with various petrographic facies of biotite granites with amphibole; (5) Aluminous series 2, characterized by alkali feldspar granites with biotite and only minor amphibole; (6) Monzodiorites, typically with biotite, calcic amphibole and augitic clinopyroxene, partially mingled with granitic magmas. The mafic minerals present are, in general, Fe-rich with correspondingly low Mg and Al contents. In Alkaline series 1, amphiboles crystallized in progressively more oxidizing and alkaline conditions, while in Alkaline series 2, the initial conditions were somewhat more oxidizing and shifted to reducing in the final stages. In Aluminous series 1 and Aluminous series 2, amphiboles are calcic and comparatively homogeneous. The amphiboles in the monzodioritic rocks, while also homogeneous, are more Mg-rich and show compositions quite distinct from the calcic varieties in the other associations, and this is also the case for clinopyroxene. Mg# in biotite decreases from the monzodioritic rocks to Aluminous series 1 and further to Aluminous series 2. Contrasting evolution of the various associations suggests that several coeval magmatic series are present in the Serra da Graciosa granites.     

动力变质岩分类命名探讨及其研究的地质意义

本文根据岩石的构造和观察尺度以及其它形变特征提出了一个简明、方便的动力变质岩分类命名方案，认为所有动力变质岩可分为两大类：具有定向构造的动力变质岩和无定向构造的动力变质岩。同时介绍各动力变质岩种类并探讨动力变质岩的叠加命名法。研究动力变质岩有助于了解断裂带的力学性质及其演化过程。在对受断裂带所控制的热液矿床进行找矿勘探时，认真研究和划分动力变质岩及其分带具有重要的指导作用。     

用多元统计评价ICP-OES法测定钇、锆的基体效应

基体效应是化学分析中常见的干扰之一,但对其作用机理目前还不清楚.在碱溶酸处理直接用ICP-OES法测定钇和锆的分析中,大量基体进入测定溶液,致使测定结果偏低.本文采用多元统计的方法对测定结果和基体组分含量进行处理,求得了测定误差的一些模型,以评价这类基体效应,并校正测定结果.     

青田石品种的分类及其鉴别特征研究

目前,青田石约有100余品种。X射线粉末衍射和化学成分分析表明,依据其矿物组成,青田石可分为叶蜡石型、地开石型、伊利石型和绢云母型。其中,叶蜡石型又可细分为纯叶蜡石亚型、高Fe叶蜡石亚型、高Al叶蜡石亚型和高Si叶蜡石亚型;按照其产地,青田石可分为＂封门石＂＂周村石＂＂北山石＂＂山炮石＂等。不同产地青田石的鉴别特征与其矿物组成有关。通过脆裂性、＂Fe染现象＂、次要矿物、多型特征、密度等鉴别特征可区分不同的青田石品种。     

Statistical evaluation of tectonomagmatic discrimination diagrams for granitic rocks and proposal of new discriminant-function-based multi-dimensional diagrams for acid rocks

The four tectonic discrimination diagrams of Pearce et al. [Journal of Petrology, v. 25, p. 956–983] for granitic rocks were first evaluated using the literature cited by these authors as well as from our new database. The first diagram (Y?Nb) cannot discriminate volcanic-arc and collision settings. Both Y?Nb and Yb?Ta diagrams have an overlapping field for within-plate and ocean-ridge granitoids. The remaining two diagrams (Y?+?Nb?Rb and Yb?+?Ta?Rb) use a mobile element (Rb) in their y-axis. Although these diagrams successfully discriminate volcanic-arc and within-plate granites, they perform less well for collision tectonics. Besides, felsic or acid rocks are scarce in ocean-ridge settings, which limits the usefulness of these diagrams for this geological environment. Therefore, using an extensive database, we proposed a set of five new discriminant-function-based multi-dimensional diagrams for acid magmas from four tectonic settings (island arc, continental arc, continental rift, and collision). The very similar tectonic settings of island and continental arcs are discriminated for the first time. These diagrams are based on correct statistical treatment of compositional data, because they use natural logarithm transformation of major-element ratios and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The use of discordant outlier-free samples prior to LDA improved the success rates by about 3–5%. Success rates of these diagrams as inferred from a testing set were between 76% and 88% for island arc, 60% and 92% for continental arc, and 72% and 84% for both continental rift and collision settings. Finally, application of these new diagrams to case studies not compiled in our initial database used for constructing these diagrams provided the following results: a collision setting for the Himalayas at about 30 Ma; an island arc setting for Quaternary acid rocks from geothermal boreholes in El Salvador; an island- or continental-arc setting for northern Italy at 35–52 Ma; a continental-arc setting for the Italy–Austria border at about 30 Ma; either a rift or a collision setting for northern Nigeria at about 164 Ma; a collision setting for central Nigeria at about 144 Ma and for the Cretaceous Masirah ophiolites of Oman; and an island arc setting for the Cretaceous Semail ophiolites of Oman. In spite of the relative mobility of major elements, these applications suggest utility of the new discrimination diagrams for all four tectonic settings.     

湖相细粒岩二级指标划分法岩相分类及其应用实例

采用细粒沉积岩宏观观察刻画与显微刻画的方法,探索基于湖相细粒沉积纹层类型及其结构特征作为关键指标的细粒岩岩相成因.提出了湖相细粒岩岩相的划分指标和原则,即以细粒沉积纹层作为细粒岩岩相划分的重要指标.用两级核心指标作为划分湖相细粒岩岩相及亚类的依据,分为一级指标和二级指标.一级指标为岩石组成类型,分为泥质岩类、灰岩类以及...     

火山碎屑岩分类评述及火山沉积学研究展望

火山碎屑岩是介于熔岩和沉积岩之间的过渡类型岩石，岩类复杂。长期以来，火山碎屑岩的分类研究受到了国内外学者的重视，先后提出了火山碎屑物、火山碎屑岩岩性和火山碎屑岩成因分类。虽然目前国际地科联火成岩分类命名委员会确定的火山碎屑物和火碎屑岩岩性分类已得广泛推广，但此分类尚有不足之处。中国学者提出的火山碎屑岩分类时间较早，有自己特色，在一定的范围得到了应用。在此基础上，本文提出了新的火山碎屑物、火山碎屑岩岩性和火山碎屑岩成因分类。火山沉积作用是介于火山学和沉积学之间的边缘研究领域。近20年来，火山沉积作用研究在理论和方法上得到了深化，火山喷发和沉积的物理作用及实验和数值模拟已经成为未来发展的趋势。尽管这样，野外地质和火山碎屑岩的岩性特征，仍是火山碎屑岩成因研究的基础。