Effects of compaction moisture content on the shear strength of an unsaturated clay

This paper deals with the results of an experimental study carried out on compacted clay (PL=23%) to investigate the influence of compaction water content on the shear strength of the clay. For the measurement of shear strength parameters, direct shear tests were done on samples compacted at optimum moisture content (i.e. w=24%), at the dry side of optimum (i.e. w=18%, 20% and 22%) and at the wet side of optimum (i.e. w=26% and 28%). Thermocouple psychrometers were used for suction measurements and the suction-moisture content relationship of the soil sample was obtained. The trends for suction, angle of friction and cohesion, which change below and above optimum moisture content, were analyzed. The compacted clay behaves like a granular soil on the dry side of optimum water content; and a reduction in angle of friction and an increase in cohesion are observed as the compaction water contents approach the optimum value. The angle of friction is not affected by soaking, but after soaking cohesion of the sample reduces. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

非饱和上海软土水力和力学特性耦合弹塑性模拟

目前大多数非饱和土的弹塑性本构模型用非饱和击实土的试验结果进行验证,但现场其他类型的土,如沉积土经常有在非饱和状态下外部环境变化的情况。现有的非饱和土弹塑性模型是否适用于沉积土一类的现场土是需要研究的课题。进行非饱和上海第③层土的吸力控制排水排气三轴剪切试验,使用文中提出的能统一考虑非饱和土水力性状和力学性状的弹塑性本构模型,预测上述三轴试验结果,并与试验数据进行比较。比较结果显示,建立的本构模型能够很好地预测非饱和上海软土的水力和力学性质,说明该模型不仅可以适用击实土的预测,还能够很好地适用于其他类型非饱和土的水力和力学性质的模拟。     

非饱和土土-水特征曲线的温度效应

基于热力学的理论,利用van Genuchten的土-水特征曲线表达式,建立了一种能考虑温度影响的土-水特征曲线方程,并给出了推导过程。该表达式综合考虑了温度对表面张力和浸润系数的影响。相对于根据试验数据拟合的表达式,该表达式具有更加坚实的理论基础,更具适用性和一般性。选用MX-80斑脱土和黄土土样的试验结果,将该方程预测结果和试验结果进行了比较;可以看到,所提出的方程能较好地反映非饱和土土-水特征曲线随温度而变化的情况。     

The role of pore water in the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils

Deformation and failure of soils are governed by the stresses acting on the soil skeleton. The isotropic stress acting on the soil skeleton can be divided into two components. One is the stress component which is transmitted through the soil skeleton. This skeleton stress is influenced by the pore water (bulk water) in the soil. The other is the internal stress component which does not contribute to equilibrium with a given external force. The internal stress is induced by the capillary tension of meniscus water clinging to the contact point of soil particles and acts so as to connect the soil particles tightly. Therefore, in modeling the stress and strain relations for unsaturated soils, it is of much importance to quantitatively evaluate how the pore water exists in the soil. This paper discusses the role of pore water on the mechanical behaviour of the soil. In particular, the significance of the water retention curve is emphasized from a mechanical viewpoint. Essential features required in modeling of the constitutive relations for unsaturated soils are discussed and presented.     

非饱和含黏砂土的广义土-水特征曲线试验研究

利用非饱和土4联固结仪和非饱和三轴仪,解决了用压力板仪测试土-水特征曲线无法考虑体变、净竖向压力和净平均应力影响的问题,进行了考虑净竖向压力和净平均应力影响的土-水特征曲线研究,对未考虑净竖向压力或净平均应力的土-水特征曲线同考虑净竖向压力或净平均应力的广义土-水特征曲线的试验结果得出,净竖向压力或净平均应力是影响非饱和土土-水特征曲线的重要因素,试验结果与理论公式稳合较好,并结合非饱和理论和试验结果,拟合了可以反映净竖向压力或净平均应力影响的广义土-水特征曲线公式,与试验结果吻合较好。     

非饱和土渗透函数方程的间接确定

利用应力应变控制式非饱和土三轴仪,测定了非饱和土的基质吸力和体积含水量,由此得出粉质粘土一系列的土-水特征曲线,并由非线性曲线拟合得出土-水特征曲线方程,根据其与渗透函数的关系,推导出Mualem渗透函数方程的具体形式,由其计算得出的非饱和土的渗透系数和直接测量法得到的渗透系数较为一致,从而进一步证明了Mualem方程的具体形式的合理性。     

PS加固对非饱和遗址土的渗透特性影响研究

高模数硅酸钾（简称PS）对西北干旱区的土遗址具有明显的加固效果,其加固后的土体也具有较好的渗透性。采用VJ-T非饱和土渗透仪和常规压力板仪测试了PS加固前后饱和样的渗透系数和非饱和土的土-水特征曲线(SWCC),并利用相关模型预测了非饱和土的渗透系数。结果显示,PS加固以后,在各个含水条件下的渗透性都有一定程度的提高,7%PS加固样表现非常明显。其原因是PS与土颗粒进行了非常复杂的物理化学变化,在反应中颗粒的几何形状发生变化,大量棱角弱化或消失,土颗粒磨圆度变好。同时,孔隙壁变得光滑、平直,孔隙弯曲因子减小,有效孔隙增大,这些因素导致了非饱和黏土的渗透性能有较大幅度提高。电镜测试分析了PS加固以后黏土颗粒及孔隙的变化,较好地验证了渗透性试验的结果     

A coupled poroplastic damage model accounting for cracking effects on both hydraulic and mechanical properties of unsaturated media

Damage induced by microcracking affects not only the mechanical behaviour of geomaterials but also their hydraulic properties. Evaluating these impacts is important for many engineering applications, such as the safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal facilities. This paper presents a new constitutive model accounting simultaneously for the impact of damage on hydraulic and mechanical properties of unsaturated poroplastic geomaterials. The hydro‐mechanical coupling is formulated by means of the thermodynamic framework for partially saturated media, extended by taking into account isotropic damage and plasticity. State and complementary laws are governed by the so‐called plastic effective stress and equivalent pore pressure. Assuming a bimodal pore size distribution for cracked porous media, the hydraulic part (water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity) is modelled using phenomenological functions of damage variable. The participation of damage on both mechanical and hydraulic part enables this model to describe bilateral couplings between them. This coupled model is then validated against a number of experimental data obtained from Callovo‐Oxfordian argillite, which is the possible host rock for a radioactive waste disposal in France. Parametric studies are also carried out to check the consistency and to better demonstrate the bilateral couplings in the model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和网纹红土比例加载特性研究

本文利用应力控制式全自动GDS静三轴仪对含水率相同、干密度相同重塑网纹红土进行分级加载条件下不同恒应力比路径、不同基质吸力的三轴固结排水试验,研究了非饱和网纹红土比例加载特性。研究结果表明：在比例加载条件下,非饱和网纹红土的基质吸力平衡过程中,反压排水量有一个明显的转折点,此转折点可作为判断基质吸力是否到达平衡的时间点;通过比较不同基质吸力下的轴向应变和时间的关系曲线发现,基质吸力的增加引起轴向应变增加;在偏应力保持不变的条件下,基质吸力的增加没有引起轴向应变的明显增加;不同基质吸力下的偏应力和净平均应力呈直线关系,其斜率近似为恒应力比;提出一种可以预测非饱和网纹红土比例加载条件下的径向应变的方法。     

考虑温度影响的非饱和土本构模型

首先建立了反映温度对非饱和土前期固结压力影响的加载-升温(loading thermal, LT)屈服线,而后基于真强度概念并结合潜在强度的确定方法推导出不同温度下非饱和黏土临界状态应力比的理论计算公式;将LT屈服线与反映常温下吸力对土体前期固结压力影响的加载-湿陷(loading collapse, LC)屈服线结合,建立了加载-升温-湿陷(loading thermal collapse, LTC)屈服面,该屈服面综合考虑了温度和吸力对土前期固结压力的影响;最后在临界土力学框架内建立了一个考虑温度影响的正常固结非饱和土本构模型,并将其扩展到超固结非饱和土。与巴塞罗那模型相比,所提出的模型仅增加了一个参数来反映非饱和土的前期固结压力随温度升高而降低的特性。模型能够综合描述温度、吸力以及不同超固结程度对土应力、应变的影响,方便于数值计算和有限元分析。模型预测和试验分析表明,某一固定吸力下升温会使正常固结非饱和土强度提高;对于超固结非饱和土,升温或湿化均会破坏土体超固结,降低软化和剪胀的效果。     

三门峡地区黄土状粉质黏土非饱和性质试验研究

以三门峡地区黄土状粉质黏土为研究对象,通过控制重塑土样的干密度及含水率制备不同状态下的试样,在改进的三轴仪上采用不排水试验法,分别对试样进行非饱和土三轴试验。试验结果表明,黄土状粉质黏土的基质吸力变化规律与土的基本状态有着密切关系,尤其是在相同含水率、相同围压、不同干密度的状态下基质吸力会随着饱和度的增加,出现先增后减的变化规律。通过单元土体中土颗粒组成的结构体参数,分析了这种变化规律。     

温度对粘性土介质力学特性的影响

分析了温度效应对粘性土介质若干基本力学特性的影响。对粘性土的热固结问题、温度对粘性土介质渗透特性的影响、粘性土中的热传导规律及热阻抗特性、土-水体系在温度效应下的作用机理、温度作用下粘性土的本构规律等进行了深入研究。特别就温度诱致的孔隙水压力的变化机理及不同性质土类粘性土体积变化的可逆性问题进行了探讨。     

非饱和土基质吸力对边坡稳定的影响

降雨及浸水往往引起天然土坡及人工土坡的滑坡,其中,土中基质吸力的消失是一个重要原因。通过试验和计算分析,揭示了基质吸力对边坡稳定所起的重要作用。非饱和土边坡稳定计算中的关键参数 的确定,尚有待于进一步研究。     

非饱和粉土静、动强度对比试验研究

针对非饱和重塑粉土,利用改进的可控制吸力式非饱和土静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,进行了多组固结排水非饱和土静、动三轴试验,探讨了非饱和粉土静、动强度特性,分析了粉土静三轴强度随固结压力、吸力变化的规律,以及动强度随固结压力、吸力以及破坏振动次数变化的规律,研究表明粉土静、动强度之间具有很强的相关性。最后,通过归一化处理提出了利用粉土的静三轴强度推求相应的动力强度曲线的公式,从而达到在非饱和土地基稳定性分析中减少工作量的目的。     

基质吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的影响

在自然界和工程实践中遇到的土大多数是非饱和土,研究吸力对非饱和土抗剪强度的作用,对于工程实践具有重要的意义。通过压力板仪和直剪仪组合试验,探讨了击实土抗剪强度和基质吸力的关系。试验结果表明：凝聚力在饱和度为40%-60%时最大,而内摩擦角则随饱和度增加而有所减少。进一步对比土-水特征曲线与抗剪强度的关系,并整合前人研究成果,指出了非饱和土中吸力对其抗剪强度影响的规律。对于无黏性土,在边界效应区不产生假凝聚力,且内摩擦角不变;在过渡区与非饱和残余区,假凝聚力和基质吸力的关系存在峰值且变化较大,内摩擦角则随吸力增加而增加。对于黏性土,残余体积含水率所对应的最小吸力可能是影响抗剪强度的界限值,小于此吸力值,φb可近似为常数。但在非饱和残余区,凝聚力将随土状态路径的不同而变化。对于重塑土,凝聚力降低;而对于原状土,则凝聚力可能不变或增加。     

基于电阻率的非饱和土基质吸力预测

针对非饱和土吸力测量与计算的困难,提出了一种利用土的电阻率结构参数预测基质吸力的方法。通过滤纸法测试重塑膨胀土的基质吸力,分析了非饱和土的基质吸力与体积含水率的关系,即土-水特征曲线的变化规律。在测试非饱和土横向与竖向电阻率的基础上,探讨了非饱和土的电阻率与其体积含水率的关系,并进一步研究了土的电阻率结构性参数 、 和 随体积含水率的变化规律。发现基质吸力与电阻率结构参数 之间存在良好的抛物线关系,利用这种关系可以准确预测非饱和土的基质吸力。利用土的电阻率结构参数预测吸力,避免了吸力量测与计算的困难,简单实用。     

A density‐dependent elastoplastic hydro‐mechanical model for unsaturated compacted soils

This paper presents a three‐dimensional elastoplastic constitutive model for predicting the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils. It is based on experimental results obtained from a series of controlled‐suction triaxial tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities. Hydraulic hysteresis in the water‐retention behaviour is modelled as an elastoplastic process, with the elastic part modelled by a series of scanning curves and the elastoplastic part modelled by the main drying and wetting curves. The effect of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour is studied using data obtained from controlled‐suction wetting–drying cyclic tests on unsaturated compacted clay with different initial densities. The effect of the degree of saturation on the stress–strain‐strength behaviour and the effect of void ratio on the water‐retention behaviour are considered in the model, as is the effect of suction on the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour. The initial density dependency of the compacted soil behaviour is modelled by experimental relationships between the initial density and the corresponding yield stress and, thereby, between the initial density and the normal compression line. The model is generalized to three‐dimensional stress states by assuming that the shapes of the failure and yield surfaces in the deviatoric stress plane are given by the Matsuoka–Nakai criterion. Model predictions of the stress–strain and water‐retention behaviour are compared with those obtained from triaxial tests with different initial densities under isotropic compression, triaxial compression and triaxial extension, with or without variation in suction. The comparisons indicate that the model accurately predicts the hydraulic and mechanical behaviour of unsaturated compacted soils with different initial densities using the same material constant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting the dependency of a degree of saturation on void ratio and suction using effective stress principle for unsaturated soils

The paper presents an approach to predicting variation of a degree of saturation in unsaturated soils with void ratio and suction. The approach is based on the effective stress principle for unsaturated soils and several underlying assumptions. It focuses on the main drying and wetting processes and does not incorporate the effects of hydraulic hysteresis. It leads to the dependency of water retention curve (WRC) on void ratio, which does not require any material parameters apart from the parameters specifying WRC for the reference void ratio. Its validity is demonstrated by comparing predictions with the experimental data on four different soils taken over from the literature. Good correlation between the measured and predicted behaviour indirectly supports applicability of the effective stress principle for unsaturated soils. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非饱和黄土土-水特征曲线与渗透系数Childs & Collis-Geroge模型预测

我国黄土厚度大,黄土地区地下水位深,降雨量少,黄土多处于非饱和状态,土-水特征曲线是非饱和黄土应力状态、强度及渗透性研究的基础。以陇东高原马兰黄土为试验对象,采用张力计法测定原状土样的土-水特征曲线,采用三种理论模型对试验数据拟合,其中Gardner模型简单、参数少,但Fredlund & Xing模型拟合效果最好。基于已测得的土-水特征曲线,采用Childs & Collis-Geroge预测非饱和渗透系数的模型,计算得到非饱和黄土渗透系数与基质吸力或含水率的关系,发现黄土从饱和到非饱和,其渗透系数急剧降低,黄土非饱和渗透系数与基质吸力或体积含水率的关系均可用指数函数表示。本文对典型黄土土-水特征曲线的研究及渗透性的预测为黄土工程问题,如降雨入渗的边坡稳定性评价、非饱和地基湿陷变形计算等提供理论基础。