内蒙古高庙子膨润土作为高放废物处置库回填材料的可行性

本文简述高放废物处置工程要求和缓冲／回填材料在高放废物深地质处置库中的作用及要求，介绍了内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土的性能，认为内蒙古兴和县高庙子膨润土矿床可作为高放废物处置库回填材料的供给基地。     

高效废物处置库的混合型缓冲回填材料压缩特性研究

高放废物处置库中缓冲回填材料需要预先压缩到一定密实度,其压缩特性对处置库的安全设计、施工及运营有重要影响。目前,国内初步考虑将膨润土-砂混合物作为缓冲回填材料的首选。采用WG型单杠杆固结仪,对不同干密度、掺砂率的膨润土-砂混合物进行侧限压缩试验研究。试验结果表明：随着干密度的增大,压缩系数呈二次曲线减小;随着掺砂率的增大,压缩系数呈非线性增大。通过引入有效黏土密度和有效含水率的概念,对不同干密度、掺砂率的膨润土-砂混合物的压缩系数进行解释,并根据试验数据得到了回归的数学模型,试图为缓冲回填材料的配比优化研究提供相关依据。     

高放废物深地质处置缓冲/回填材料研究进展

综述了高放废物深地质处置库缓冲／回填材料的作用和性能要求。介绍了缓冲／回填材料在透水性、热性质、膨胀性等方面已取得了的成果和新进展。最后简述了缓冲／回填材料研究的发展趋势。     

混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力试验研究

与纯膨润土相比,混合型缓冲回填材料（膨润土与石英砂混合物）能够实现防渗阻隔能力、热传导性能、力学强度和可施工性能的最佳组合。选用高庙子钠基膨润土（GMZ001）为缓冲回填材料的主料,添加不同比例的石英砂,对掺砂比分别为0、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的膨润土-砂混合物压实试样进行室内试验。结果表明,混合物的液限、塑限随掺砂率的增大而线性降低;膨胀力随时间呈指数增长。初始含水率较大时,最大膨胀力随初始含水率的增大略有降低。掺砂率一定时,最大膨胀力随初始干密度指数增长。提出了有效黏土密度的概念,建立了一定初始含水率条件下,任意掺砂率和初始干密度的高庙子膨润土-砂混合物最大膨胀力归一化模型,为混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀力的预测与控制提供了依据。     

高放废物处置库缓冲材料化学特性初析

高放废物的特点为放射性水平高,发热量大,并含有对生物极有害的α放射性的长寿命核素.深地质处置目前被国际公认为处置高放废物的有效方法.     

缓冲／回填材料与添加剂的选择

缓冲／回填材料是高放废物处置库的重要工程屏障之一。本文着重讨论了处置库多道屏障的意义、国内外的研究概况、添加剂的选择和选择缓冲／回填材料时应注意的问题。     

江西广丰李家膨润土压实性能研究--高放废物处置缓冲/回填材料压实性能初探

研究了广丰李家钠基膨润土的压实性能,得出了不同压实功作用下,膨润土干密度与含水率之间的关系．以及粒径、压实功等因素对压实性能的影响;在相同压实功和相同含水率条件下,膨润土粒径较小时相对应的干密度较小．当压实功为2684．9kJ／m^3时,钠基膨润土的最大干密度可达1．525g／cm^3,最优含水率为26．30％。首次选用石英砂作为添加荆,探索了添加荆对膨润土压实性能的改善作用,实验结果说明石英砂添加荆的加入可以大大提高膨润土的干密度。减小对应的最优含水率,并得出约10％的石英砂是添加剂的最佳用量。该研究结果为钠基膨润土作为高放废物处置库缓冲／回填材料的性能评价提供了重要的依据。     

混合型缓冲回填材料膨胀变形试验研究

选用高庙子钠基膨润土(GMZ001)为缓冲回填材料的主料,添加不同比例的石英砂,对掺砂率分别为0%、10%、20%、30%、40%和50%的膨润土-砂混合物压实试样进行室内膨胀变形试验。结果表明：膨胀率随时间呈指数增长;掺砂率一定时,最大膨胀率随初始干密度的增大而线性增长;初始干密度一定时,最大膨胀率与掺砂率呈二次函数关系。引入有效黏土密度的概念对最大膨胀率进行计算,建立了任意掺砂率和初始干密度条件下膨润土-砂混合物最大膨胀率归一化模型,为混合型缓冲回填材料在高放废物地质处置中膨胀行为的预测与控制提供了依据。     

缓冲／回填材料——砂-膨润土混合物研究进展

砂-膨润土混合物已被很多核能国家选为核废物地质处置库中理想的缓冲/回填材料。膨润土中加入砂可提高热传导系数和强度,维持适当的膨胀力,使其工程上易于处理并节省成本;但同时会导致其阻水能力和自愈性减弱。研究表明,影响砂-膨润土混合物以上各性质的主要因素为：砂/膨润土配合比、初始含水量、干密度等,它们综合决定着砂/膨润土最优配合比的选取。石英砂对混合物的渗透性、热传导性、强度等的影响,最优配合比选取,以及非饱和状态下吸力变化对混合物渗透性的影响等,应该是今后一段时间内砂-膨润土混合物研究的重点。     

高放废物地质处置库预选缓冲材料压缩性能研究

缓冲材料是高放废物深地质处置多重屏障系统中非常重要的一道人工屏障，内蒙古高庙子钠基膨润土被确定为我国高放废物深地质处置缓冲材料的首选基料。通过研究该钠基膨润土（GMZ01）在不同含水量条件下的压实成型性、不同压实干密度和不同含水量压实样品的无侧限压缩性能，认为：含水量为15％的高庙子天然钠基膨润土压实成型性最好，压实干密度越大，无侧限抗压强度越大；在无侧限压缩实验时，含水量为15％的高密度压实膨润土样品比含水量为10％和20％的样品的抗压强度大，变形小。     

冰-土混合法调配膨润土缓冲回填材料含水率研究

高放废物缓冲回填工程屏障材料膨润土塑性高,可调性差,加水制样过程中土“团聚化”及含水率分布不均匀现象明显,影响缓冲回填压实砌块质量。与传统直接喷水法对比,试验探索一种加水工艺,即采用粉状冰与膨润土粉混合调配膨润土含水率,试验含水率在5%～30%之间,分析了膨润土与水混合物的混合效率、黏附质量损失率、实际含水率与理论含水率差值、团聚体含水率与粒径关系、混合物中团聚体分布及含量等指标综合评价加水工艺优劣,提出微波辅助解冻法以提高冰-土混合法制备土样的解冻效率。结果显示,与喷水法相比,冰-土混合法混合效率高,膨润土黏附容器少,实际含水率更集中于目标含水率,团聚体数量明显减少,水分分布更均匀;配套的微波辅助解冻法能有效提高冰-土混合法解冻效率,且不影响团聚体数量及试样含水率。研究成果可供我国高放废物缓冲回填材料高效生产及其他高黏性土含水率均匀调配参考。     

Compressibility and swelling characteristics of Al-Khobar Palygorskite, eastern Saudi Arabia

Expansive soils are found in different locations in eastern Saudi Arabia. The area is arid with high temperatures, highly variable humidity and an excessive rate of evaporation compared to the low precipitation. This resulted in the formation of water sensitive soils. In the present investigation, line valve buildings for a sweet water feeder (1118 mm in diameter) were constructed on a highly expansive material consisting mainly of brown palygorskite and gray palygorskite with thin sheets of gypsum and limestone. Block samples from both palygorskites were brought to the laboratory and cores as well as remolded samples were obtained from the blocks. The two palygorskites were found to be highly plastic and have a very high swelling potential. The liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) values for the brown palygorskite are 261% and 140%, respectively. The gray palygorskite has a LL of a 285% and a PL of 123%. The oedometer free swell tests for the two palygorskites produced an expansion ranging between 31.8% and 42.5% for the remolded samples. However, the expansion for cores ranges between 8.3% and 19.3%. The constant volume pressure tests produced a stress in excess of 4240 kPa. The swell potential reached a steady state after four days while the swelling pressure reached a steady state in about 3 h. The paper addresses the geology of the area, the characterization of the geomaterial including mineralogical composition using X-ray diffraction and SEM techniques and the swelling characteristics of the material.     

Mechanisms and Models for Bentonite Erosion Used for Geologic Disposal of High Level Radioactive Waste: A Review

The performance of the bentonite buffer in nuclear waste repository concept relies to a great extent on the buffer surrounding the canister having sufficient dry density. Loss of buffer material caused by erosion remains as the most significant process reducing the density of the buffer. In the worst case, the process is assumed to last as long as the free volume between the pellets in the pellets filled regions is filled with groundwater. Erosion rate and mass erosion are calculated based on the erosion model, and the measures are presented to prevent the geological disaster due to bentonite erosion. The groundwaters may solubilise the smectite particles in the bentonite and carry them away as colloidal particles. A dynamic model is developed for sodium gel expansion in fractures where the gel soaks up groundwater as it expands. The model is based on a force balance between and on smectite particles, which move in the water. Attractive van der Waals forces, repulsive electric diffuse layer (DDL) forces, gravity and buoyancy forces and forces caused by the gradient of chemical potential of the particles act to move the particle in the water. The effect of the fracture width and the frictions between particles and water and surrouding rock is analysed based on erosion model. The DDL forces strongly depend on the type of clay minerals and the type of ion and concentration in the water surrounding the particles. In the designed safe use of nuclear waste disposal (tens of thousands of years to hundreds of thousands of years), the safety of nuclear waste disposal is affected by the hydrodynamic and chemical effects, and bentonite erosion. Due to the bentonite erosion, the buffer/backfill layers become loose, and their permeability increases, which causes the nuclear element diffusion and convection, and even the nuclear disaster. In this paper, the mechanisms, models, experiments and control measures of bentonite erosion were systematically summarized. The current deficiencies of bentonite erosion were pointed out, and new methods were put forward to carry out the research for bentonite erosion. The measures were presented to prevent the geological disaster due to bentonite erosion through changes. The project is not only academic innovation, but also has a large practical significance. The research results of this project can be widely applied to the design, construction and maintenance of the bentonite buffer in nuclear waste repository.     

混合型缓冲材料砌块渗透性及其各向异性研究

缓冲材料砌块具备良好的防渗性能,是保证高放废物处置库封闭性的关键。缓冲材料砌块经单轴加载挤压成型,块体尺寸大,测试与评价其渗透性能的均匀性和各向异性,对缓冲屏障设计具有重要价值。研究制备不同干密度的混合型缓冲材料砌块,定向切割获得砌块内部不同位置、不同方向的小试样,开展刚性壁和柔性壁渗透试验,综合评价了混合型缓冲砌块不同方向的水力传导系数。研究结果表明：砌块干密度越大,砌块的水力传导系数越低。所有砌块的水力传导系数均处于10?10 cm/s数量级,沿砌块z、?、r方向的水力传导系数基本相等,表明砌块渗透性具有良好的均匀性和各向同性,且满足高放缓冲材料防渗要求。两种试验方法获得的渗透结果差异较小,柔性壁渗透条件下砌块产生10%～20%的体积膨胀,导致其水力传导系数略大于刚性壁下的平行试样。引入CT试验,分析了渗透前后砌块的微观特性变化。试验证实,在饱和渗透之后,以CT值显示的砌块密度分布趋于均匀,砌块内部存在的微裂隙愈合消失。     

重塑膨胀土的三向膨胀力试验研究

用三向胀缩仪对南阳陶岔重塑膨胀土做了12个三向膨胀力试验,9个湿胀干缩试验和9个控制变形的膨胀力试验。试验结果表明,三向膨胀力不等,水平膨胀力小于竖向膨胀力;湿胀干缩使重塑膨胀土的膨胀力降低,第一次干湿循环后膨胀力减小最多;微小的位移可以使膨胀力大大降低,膨胀力与位移呈对数关系;给出了膨胀力与初始含水率和干密度的关系式。