行星科学与深空探测（二）--行星科学研究的国际现状和发展趋势

根据太阳系行星物质的主要性态和大小,人们通常将其分成行星（包括类地行星和类木行星）、卫星、小行星、彗星和流星体。类地行星包括水星、金星、地球和火星;类木行星包括木星、土星、天王星和海王星;质量较大的小行星和卫星的内部结构与类地行星相似,质量较小的小行星和卫星以及流星体主要由岩石和金属组成;彗星是含有太阳系形成时期物质且没有经过太多物理和化学演化的冰态小天体。     

太阳系空间探测

综述了国际上进行太阳系空间探测的现状,着重介绍探测月球、火星、小行星和外行星的意义、目的、手段和成就。择要介绍美国宇航局（ＮＡＳＡ）、欧洲空间局（ＥＳＡ）、俄罗斯和日本近年来和下世纪初的空间计划。     

天文小词典(1)

天文学研究天体的位置、分布、运动、形态、结构、化学组成、物理状态和演化的学科。一般分为天体测量学、天体力学、天体物理学等。天体测量学主要包括基本天体测量、照相天体测量、时间服务、纬度服务,以及射电天体测量学和空间天体测量学等;天体力学主要研究天体摄动理论、天体形状和自转理论,以及天文动力学等;天体物理学主要包括太阳物理学、太阳系物理学、恒星物理学、星系物理学、宇宙学、光学天文学、射电天文学、红外天文学、紫外天文学、×射线天文学、γ射线天文学、中微子天文学、等离子体天体物理学、相对论天体物理学等。随着科学技术的不断进步,天文学的研究范畴和天文的概念在不断扩大和发展。自古以来天文学和人类生产和生活就有着密切的关系。编历、授时、测定地理坐标、天文导     

2002年度上海天文台科研工作总结

对 2 0 0 2年度上海天文台科研工作作了简要总结 ,其内容包括知识创新工程和基础研究、实测和技术工作、人才培养和人才引进、科研支撑和相关管理工作、国际合作与学术交流等方面取得的成绩和主要存在问题     

2002年度上海天文台科研工作总结

对2002年度上海天台科研工作作了简要总结，其内容包括知识创新工程和基础研究、实测和技术工作、人才培养和人才引进、科研支撑和相关管理工作、国际合作与学术交流等方面取得的成绩和主要存在问题。     

简讯

简讯“射电天文学前沿”学术讨论会盛况空前中国天文学会恒星和行星、星系与宇宙学、射电天文、高能天体物理、星表和天文常数、高空和大气外天文观测、天文仪器和技术等七个专业委员会以及中科院射电联合开放实验室联合发起召开的“射电天文学前沿”学术讨论会，于１９９...     

2001年度上海天文台科研工作总结

简要地总结了 2 0 0 1年度上海天文台科研工作 ,包括知识创新工程和基础研究、实测和技术工作、人才培养和人才引进、科研支撑和相关管理工作 ,以及国际合作与学术交流等方面取得的成绩和若干存在问题     

密近双星的测量光研究

本文对密近双星中由食、反射效应、引力昏暗效应和临边昏暗放应等引起的标准光变和由子星脉动、黑子、耀斑和热斑等引起的测光畸变以近及相接双星和相接双星光变曲线的不对称性和相接双星光变曲线随时间的变化等进行了详细的综合和讨论。     

晚型星HR5553,εEri和70 Oph的活动性,金属丰度和磁场的测定

对１９９５年１１月和１９９６年３、４月间观测获得的ＨＲ５５５３、７０Ｏｐｈ和εＥｒｉ给出了高分辨率,高信噪比的阶梯光栅光谱资料。确定了这３颗晚型活动星的大气参数,采用谱线细致分析方法求出了铁、锂、钙、钪、钛、钒、铬、锰、钴、镍、钇、锆和钡１３种金属元素的丰度。采用多重线统计方法测定了这３颗晚型活动星的磁场和磁场覆盖因子。     

2000—2015年中国三十六个城市可见的月掩四颗亮行星事件

本文给出2000-2015年中国各直辖市、省会、自治区首府和三个边远城市(漠河、喀什和抚远)可见的月掩金星,火星、木星和土星的情况。     

The circular restricted four-body problem

By generalizing the restricted three-body problem, we introduce the restricted four-body problem. We present a numerical study of this problem which includes a study of equilibrium points, regions of possible motion and periodic orbits. Our main motivation for introducing this problem is that it can be used as an intermediate step for a systematic exploration of the genral four-body problem. In an analogous way, one may introduce the restrictedN-body problem.     

Scattering of an Electromagnetic Wave on a Dielectric Layer Bounded on Two Sides by Two Different Homogeneous, Semi-Infinite Media

The problem of the passage of a plane electromagnetic wave through an arbitrary, inhomogeneous dielectric layer bounded on two sides by two different homogeneous, semi-infinite media is considered. Algebraic relations are obtained between the amplitudes of transmission and reflection (the scattering amplitudes) for the problem under consideration and the wave scattering amplitudes when the layer is bounded on both sides by a vacuum. It is shown that for s and p polarized fields the scattering problem (a boundary-value problem) can be formulated as a Cauchy problem directly for the s and p wave equations. It is also shown that the problem of finding the field inside the layer also reduces to a Cauchy problem in the general case.     

Radiation transfer in a diffuse and specular reflecting slab with Rayleigh scattering

A method of analysis is presented for solving the radiative transfer problem in an absorbing, emitting, inhomogeneous, and anisotropically scattering plane-parallel medium with specular and diffuse reflecting boundaries and internal source (problem 1). Exact relations for the radiation heat flux at the boundaries of problem 1 are obtained in terms of the radiation density and albedos of the corresponding source-free medium with specular reflecting boundaries (problem 2). Two coupled integral equations for the radiation density and the second moment of the radiation intensity for problem 2 with Rayleigh phase functions are obtained. The Galerkin method is used to solve these equations. Albedos of problem 2 are compared with theF _n method. Numerical results for radiation heat fluxes at the boundaries of problem 1 are tabulated for different forms of the internal source.     

On the families of periodic orbits which bifurcate from the circular Sitnikov motions

In this paper we deal with the circular Sitnikov problem as a subsystem of the three-dimensional circular restricted three-body problem. It has a first analytical part where by using elliptic functions we give the analytical expressions for the solutions of the circular Sitnikov problem and for the period function of its family of periodic orbits. We also analyze the qualitative and quantitative behavior of the period function. In the second numerical part, we study the linear stability of the family of periodic orbits of the Sitnikov problem, and of the families of periodic orbits of the three-dimensional circular restricted three-body problem which bifurcate from them; and we follow these bifurcated families until they end in families of periodic orbits of the planar circular restricted three-body problem. We compare our results with the previous ones of other authors on this problem. Finally, the characteristic curves of some bifurcated families obtained for the mass parameter close to 1/2 are also described.     

A new approach to impulsive rendezvous near circular orbit

A new approach is presented for the problem of planar optimal impulsive rendezvous of a spacecraft in an inertial frame near a circular orbit in a Newtonian gravitational field. The total characteristic velocity to be minimized is replaced by a related characteristic-value function and this related optimization problem can be solved in closed form. The solution of this problem is shown to approach the solution of the original problem in the limit as the boundary conditions approach those of a circular orbit. Using a form of primer-vector theory the problem is formulated in a way that leads to relatively easy calculation of the optimal velocity increments. A certain vector that can easily be calculated from the boundary conditions determines the number of impulses required for solution of the optimization problem and also is useful in the computation of these velocity increments. Necessary and sufficient conditions for boundary conditions to require exactly three nonsingular non-degenerate impulses for solution of the related optimal rendezvous problem, and a means of calculating these velocity increments are presented. A simple example of a three-impulse rendezvous problem is solved and the resulting trajectory is depicted. Optimal non-degenerate nonsingular two-impulse rendezvous for the related problem is found to consist of four categories of solutions depending on the four ways the primer vector locus intersects the unit circle. Necessary and sufficient conditions for each category of solutions are presented. The region of the boundary values that admit each category of solutions of the related problem are found, and in each case a closed-form solution of the optimal velocity increments is presented. Similar results are presented for the simpler optimal rendezvous that require only one-impulse. For brevity degenerate and singular solutions are not discussed in detail, but should be presented in a following study. Although this approach is thought to provide simpler computations than existing methods, its main contribution may be in establishing a new approach to the more general problem.     

A new theory of the motions of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter

The main features of this theory are presented with special emphasis on the most specific of them: choice of the parameters, separation of the problem into subproblems (main problem, generalized main problem, complete problem), special adaptation of the method required by the resonant situation of the Galilean system.     

Series expansions for encounter-type solutions of Hill's problem

Hill's problem is defined as the limiting case of the planar three-body problem when two of the masses are very small. This paper describes analytic developments for encounter-type solutions, in which the two small bodies approach each other from an initially large distance, interact for a while, and separate. It is first pointed out that, contrary to prevalent belief, Hill's problem is not a particular case of the restricted problem, but rather a different problem with the same degree of generality. Then we develop series expansions which allow an accurate representation of the asymptotic motion of the two small bodies in the approach and departure phases. For small impact distances, we show that the whole orbit has an adiabatic invariant, which is explicitly computed in the form of a series. For large impact distances, the motion can be approximately described by a perturbation theory, originally due to Goldreich and Tremaine and rederived here in the context of Hill's problem.     

The eleventh motion constant of the two-body problem

The two-body problem is a twelfth-order time-invariant dynamic system, and therefore has eleven mutually-independent time-independent integrals, here referred to as motion constants. Some of these motion constants are related to the ten mutually-independent algebraic integrals of the n-body problem, whereas some are particular to the two-body problem. The problem can be decomposed into mass-center and relative-motion subsystems, each being sixth-order and each having five mutually-independent motion constants. This paper presents solutions for the eleventh motion constant, which relates the behavior of the two subsystems. The complete set of mutually-independent motion constants describes the shape of the state-space trajectories. The use of the eleventh motion constant is demonstrated in computing a solution to a two-point boundary-value problem.     

Periodic orbits near infinity in the restrictedN-body problem

This paper shows that there exist two families of periodic solutions of the restrictedN-body problem which are close to large circular orbits of the Kepler problem. These solutions are shown to be of general elliptic type and hence are stable. If the restricted problem admits a symmetry, then there are symmetric periodic solutions which are close to large elliptic orbits of the Kepler problem.     

Anisotropic radiation transfer in a sphere with internal source

In this work we connect the problem of anisotropic radiation transfer in a sphere with diffuse reflectivity and containing an energy source with the problem of source free amisotropic radiation transfer with isotropic boundary condition. Exact equation for radiation heat flux for the first problem is obtained in terms of the source, the flux and the albedo of the second problem. Modeled kernel is used to represent the anisotropy of the phase function. Numerical results are given.