非饱和黏土状态相关本构模型的数值实现

基于双重塑性机制,即剪切滑移和加载湿陷机制,及毛细滞回和变形间的耦合作用,提出了一个适用于非饱和黏土的状态相关本构模型。建立了该模型的隐式积分算法,并处理了双重固相屈服面交点处的应力积分问题。考虑了吸力与应力间的关系,推导了本构关系的一致性切线模量。最后,利用该模型预测了一组非饱和黏土的三轴试验,以此反映模型的描述能力;对比了不同应变步长下应变控制试验的计算结果,并以此验证算法的收敛性和准确性;利用有限元程序平台U_DYSAC2计算了二维情况下非饱和土地区地基固结问题,从而验证所得一致性切线模量的有效性。     

Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型研究

无黏性土的应力-应变关系可以用Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型来模拟,该模型强调应力增量的大小和方向不仅与当前应力状态有关,而且还取决于当前应变增量的大小和方向。为分析其与传统弹塑性理论的不同之处,对Gudehus-Bauer理论的线性项和非线性项进行了研究,并对不同初始孔隙比下Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型的应力-应变关系进行了探讨。结果表明Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性模型不用把应变分为弹性和塑性部分就能考虑不可逆变形,并能体现密砂的剪胀特性和应变软化特性以及松砂的剪缩特性和应变硬化特性。     

A hypoplastic constitutive model for clays

This paper presents a new constitutive model for clays. The model is developed on the basis of generalized hypoplasticity principles, which are combined with traditional critical state soil mechanics. The positions of the isotropic normal compression line and the critical state line correspond to the Modified Cam clay model, the Matsuoka–Nakai failure surface is taken as the limit stress criterion and the non‐linear behaviour of soils with different overconsolidation ratios is governed by the generalized hypoplastic formulation. The model requires five constitutive parameters, which correspond to the parameters of the Modified Cam clay model and are simple to calibrate on the basis of standard laboratory experiments. This makes the model particularly suitable for practical applications. The basic model may be simply enhanced by the intergranular strain concept, which allows reproducing the behaviour at very small strains. The model is evaluated on the basis of high quality laboratory experiments on reconstituted London clay. Contrary to a reference hypoplastic relation, the proposed model may be applied to highly overconsolidated clays. Improvement of predictions in the small strain range at different stress levels is also demonstrated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A simple hypoplastic constitutive model for sand

The paper presents a hypoplastic constitutive model for the three-dimensional non-linear stress–strain and dilatant volume change behaviour of sand. The model is developed without recourse to the concept in elastoplasticity theory such as yield surface, plastic potential and decomposition into elastic and plastic parts. Benefited from the non-linear tensorial functions available from the representation theorem the model possesses simple mathematical formulation and contains only four material parameters, which can be easily identified with triaxial compression tests. Comparison of the predictions with the experimental results shows that the model is capable of capturing the salient behaviour of sand under monotonic loading and is applicable to both drained and undrained conditions.     

A hypoplastic constitutive model for debris materials

Debris flow is a very common and destructive natural hazard in mountainous regions. Pore water pressure is the major triggering factor in the initiation of debris flow. Excessive pore water pressure is also observed during the runout and deposition of debris flow. Debris materials are normally treated as solid particle–viscous fluid mixture in the constitutive modeling. A suitable constitutive model which can capture the solid-like and fluid-like behavior of solid–fluid mixture should have the capability to describe the developing of pore water pressure (or effective stresses) in the initiation stage and determine the residual effective stresses exactly. In this paper, a constitutive model of debris materials is developed based on a framework where a static portion for the frictional behavior and a dynamic portion for the viscous behavior are combined. The frictional behavior is described by a hypoplastic model with critical state for granular materials. The model performance is demonstrated by simulating undrained simple shear tests of saturated sand, which are particularly relevant for the initiation of debris flows. The partial and full liquefaction of saturated granular material under undrained condition is reproduced by the hypoplastic model. The viscous behavior is described by the tensor form of a modified Bagnold’s theory for solid–fluid suspension, in which the drag force of the interstitial fluid and the particle collisions are considered. The complete model by combining the static and dynamic parts is used to simulate two annular shear tests. The predicted residual strength in the quasi-static stage combined with the stresses in the flowing stage agrees well with the experimental data. The non-quadratic dependence between the stresses and the shear rate in the slow shear stage for the relatively dense specimens is captured.     

一种改进的粘土亚塑性本构模型

简要地介绍了Herle和Kolymbas针对黏土建立的亚塑性本构模型的方法。结合黏土的特性以及对响应包络线的分析,详细地列出了HK模型几个尚未解决的问题,并对该模型3个参数分别进行了改进,建立了改进后的HK亚塑性公式以及参数的确定方法。改进后的模型继承了HK模型参数少、易确定以及公式简洁等特点,使HK模型不仅具有严密的数学和力学基础,而且具有较好的实际意义。     

A basic hypoplastic constitutive model for sand

Hypoplastic constitutive models are based on nonlinear tensor functions and are characterized by simple formulation and few parameters. In its early stage, mainly basic hypoplastic constitutive equations were concerned, where the stress tensor is assumed as the only state variable. There followed some enhanced models based on the basic constitutive equation by including void ratio as an additional state variable. In this paper, we first show that the widely used hypoplastic model by Wolffersdorff is seriously flawed because the underlying basic equation does not perform properly. We proceed to develop a basic hypoplastic constitutive equation by introducing a new tensorial term, which preserves the critical state at large strain. The model performance is demonstrated by parameter study for some element tests. This simple and robust basic equation is well suited to build more sophisticated models.     

Numerical study on finite element implementation of hypoplastic models

A comprehensive numerical study on finite element implementation of hypoplastic models is presented. Two crucial aspects, local integration of the constitutive equations (the local problem) and forming tangent operators for Newton–Raphson iteration (the global problem), are investigated. For solving the local problem, different integration algorithms, including explicit and implicit methods, are examined using tri-axial compression tests and incremental stress response envelopes, as well as typical boundary value problems. For solving global problems, three different ways of generating the tangent operator are compared. The numerical evidences indicate that, in terms of accuracy, efficiency and robustness, explicit methods with substepping and error control are the best choices for constitutive integration of hypoplastic models while the so-called continuum tangent operators have certain advantages over two other types of numerically-generated consistent tangent operators.     

Numerical simulation of lumpy soils using a hypoplastic model

The lumpy soil is a by product of the open-pit mining. A composite-lumpy material (in which, the lumps are randomly distributed in the reconstituted soil) is being created due to the degradation of the initial granular structure. In the present study, the compression and failure behaviour of an artificial lumpy material with randomly distributed inclusions are investigated using the finite element method. The computation results show that the stress ratio, defined as the ratio of the volume average stress between the lumps and the reconstituted soil within the inter-lump voids, is significantly affected by both the volume fraction and the preconsolidation pressure of the lumps under an isotropic compression path, while the volume fraction of the lumps plays a minor role under a triaxial compression path. Based on the simulation results, a homogenization law was proposed utilizing the secant stiffnesses.     

Numerical integration of an elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model for dry metamorphosed snow

A constitutive model for dry metamorphosed snow is proposed, within the framework of elasto‐viscoplasticity, which is able to reproduce the most relevant features of the macroscopic behaviour of snow, particularly its time and rate dependency. The basic ideas for modelling stem from the conceptual forms proposed for bonded geomaterials, such as cemented soils or soft rocks. The high viscosity of snow is accounted for by adopting an overstress approach, suitably modified. An evolution law for the curvature‐driven process of sintering, by which intergranular ice necks form and grow, is established. The system of constitutive equations is then numerically integrated via a fully implicit time stepping scheme. Selected results from finite element simulations of laboratory tests, available in the literature, are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

修正剑桥模型的隐式积分算法在ABAQUS中的数值实施

利用大型有限元软件ABAQUS所提供的用户材料子程序UMAT接口,针对修正的剑桥本构模型开发了隐式积分算法,并且与自动选择时间步长的增量有限元方程迭代解法相结合,对正常固结土与超固结土的三轴排水与不排水试验进行了数值模拟。结果表明,所发展的隐式本构积分算法与时间步长自动选择方法具有较好的稳定性和较高的计算精度,能够得到比较合理的数值分析结果。     

堆石料Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型改进及参数确定方法

研究了Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型和模型参数的求取方法。采用侧限压缩试验曲线求取模型参数颗粒硬度hs和指数n。根据模型方程的推导,建立了拟合指数 和 与围压之间的关系,并提出了新的拟合参数。考虑到堆石料具有明显的剪胀、剪缩性,在Gudehus-Bauer模型线性项中增加了主要控制体积应变项 ,以改善模型对堆石料体积应变曲线的描述。采用堆石料大型侧限压缩试验、常规三轴试验分别验证了新的拟合参数和改进后的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型。与堆石料试验成果比较,提出的新拟合参数与改进后的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型可以较好地模拟堆石料的应力-应变特性,并较好地改善了堆石料体变曲线的模拟结果。对改进后的模型作了常规三轴加、卸载模拟,模拟结果反映了改进的Gudehus-Bauer亚塑性本构模型具有一定的卸载适应性。     

亚塑性模型不同积分算法的数值实现

亚塑性模型是以Jaumann应力率张量及变形率张量描述的一种率型本构关系,本构关系在非线性有限元分析计算中具有关键作用,解决用应变增量求解应力响应的问题需要一个时间积分过程。针对亚塑性本构模型发展了自适应隐式和显式两种不同的积分算法,给出了误差控制的方法,同时推导了自适应隐式积分算法所需的一致切向模量,并采用了两个不同的单元,利用ABAQUS平台比较了两种积分算法的数值模拟结果。为了实现从ABAQUS/Standard到ABAQUS/Explicit的过渡,开发了UMAT-VUMAT接口,从而可以使已有的UMAT子程序用于大变形动力问题分析。算例分析证明了研究结果的正确性。     

在ABAQUS中开发实现Duncan-Chang本构模型

美国HKS公司开发的软件产品ABAQUS是目前世界上最强大的非线性有限元分析工具之一。该软件包括了众多材料本构模型,但尚缺少国内外土工数值分析中广泛采用的Duncan-Chang本构模型。这一缺憾影响了ABAQUS软件在土工分析中的应用范围。本文旨在介绍ABAQUS中开发Duncan-Chang材料本构模型实现方法,给出了开发过程的概要,完成了两个典型常规三轴压缩模型问题数值测试。结果表明：在ABAQUS中增加Duncan-Chang材料本构模型后,不仅可以充分地利用该软件强大的非线性求解平台,而且还有可能完成复杂土工应力应变的有限元数值分析问题,同时,具有计算速度快、计算精度高和前后处理快捷方便的优点,极大地降低了土工分析程序开发的难度,并减少了维护工作量。     

非饱和土水-力本构模型及其隐式积分算法

在已有工作基础上建立了水力-力学耦合的非饱和土本构模型,在硬化方程中考虑饱和度的影响,同时在土水特征曲线中考虑了塑性体变的影响,从而使模型可以反映非饱和土中的毛细现象与土中弹塑性变形现象的耦合行为。采用隐式积分方法,建立了非饱和土耦合模型的数值模型,并推导了得到了水力-力学耦合的非饱和土的一致切线模量。利用该算法编制了本构模型计算的子程序,使其能向外输出切线刚度矩阵,用于有限元计算。为了验证该算法和程序的正确性,用所编制程序对不同路径下的土体行为进行了预测。通过预测结果与试验结果相对比,表明程序预测结果与试验数据相吻合,模型可以较好地模拟土体的水力-力学耦合行为特性。     

非共轴本构模型的数值计算问题

应用角点非共轴本构模型结合有限元方法分析浅基础的受力沉降问题。当非共轴塑性模量较小时,包含非共轴模型子程序的ABAQUS的非线性计算可能不收敛。深入地分析表明,不收敛问题是由于在塑性变形刚开始时,非共轴的塑性应变增量明显大于共轴的塑性应变增量。为了克服数值不收敛问题,对原有的角点非共轴模型加以改进。在改进的模型中,非共轴塑性模量是累加塑性剪应变的函数。计算结果表明,这个改进的非共轴模型提高了非线性计算的收敛性,同时保持了原有非共轴模型的功能。     

Numerical simulation of a tunnel surrounded by sand under earthquake using a hypoplastic model

A numerical model of a centrifuge experiment on tunnel located in sand is being presented. The experiment was carried out under seismic loading using a dynamic actuator. The responses of the tunnel and of the sand were measured. The numerical model is based on a hypoplastic constitutive model with intergranular strains implemented in the FE-code TOCHNOG. The calculated accelerations in the sand match the measured results, while the surface settlement and the bending moments in the tunnel lining are only qualitatively reproduced by the numerical model.     

CLoE,a new rate-type constitutive model for geomaterials theoretical basis and implementation

The paper describes the basic ideas and the main features of a new class of constitutive laws, in the framework of incrementally non-linear constitutive equations. CLoE is a generic name for that new class of laws, with reference to consistency at the limit surface, and explicit localization analysis. A top–down analysis of the model is presented, and illustrated by examples.