考虑高振型影响的结构层间位移能力谱分析方法

工程界普遍采用的能力谱分析方法是建立在结构单自由度简化假设基础上，利用结构基本振型来进行能力分析。虽然此简化假设可以为工程界提供一种简便的分析方法，但从其分析效果来看，简化方法并不能很好地反映结构真实地震反应。高振型对结构局部变形的影响在分析结构动力反应特性中是很重要的因素，不应忽略掉。基于上述对现有能力谱分析方法不足之处的考虑，从提高结构能力谱分析方法的准确性出发，本文在Chopra能力谱分析方法的基础之上，根据我国振型分解反应谱思想，在能力谱分析方法中引入了结构高振型的影响分析，并提出了考虑结构高振型影响的结构层间位移能力谱分析方法的一般步骤。通过平面框架结构体系的算例分析，说明上述推荐方法在改进能力谱分析精度上的有效性。     

基于能力谱的概率-非概率结构体系抗震可靠度

本文用概率模型考虑结构体系抗力不确定性的主要影响因素,用凸集模型考虑地震作用的不确定性,采用能力谱方法,分别求得了结构抗力的概率分布参数及地震作用效应的区间范围,通过二级功能方程方法求得了结构体系抗震可靠度。算例给出了本文方法的计算结果,并与经典概率可靠度进行了对比,表明本文方法是一种简便、合理的结构体系抗震可靠性分析方法。     

基于Benchmark模型的抑制屈曲支撑耗能减振作用分析

抑制屈曲支撑可在拉压循环荷载作用下均达到屈服,拉压承载力基本一致,滞回曲线稳定饱满,耗能能力强。基于Benchmark模型对安装抑制屈曲支撑的钢框架结构基于ANSYS的数值分析表明,抑制屈曲支撑不仅可使结构在小震时的抗侧刚度有所提高,同时在大震时通过其往复滞回变形发挥耗能减振作用,大大地降低了结构的地震响应,提高了结构的抗震性能。同时分析表明考虑高阶振型影响的能力谱分析方法是一种更为精确的分析方法。     

损伤谱在结构抗震性能评估中的应用

改进能力谱法可以较好地评估结构抗震性能,在工程中得到了广泛的应用.本文在此基础上指出,由改进能力谱方法求得的延性是结构的延性需求,并不是结构的实际延性能力,不能以此代表结构在罕遇地震作用下的实际抗震能力.其次,基于弹塑性损伤反应谱(简称"RD谱"),结合模态Pushover分析,提出了基于RD谱的能力谱分析方法,通过R...     

随机地震作用下损伤退化结构的可靠性评价

采用线性化模型对随机地震作用下考虑循环损伤累积的结构的可靠性进行了研究。认为低于临界值的循环为疲劳损伤累积作贡献。高于临界值的循环实现临界值超越，为破坏作贡献。只考虑损伤对结构动力反应的影响，而不考虑结构动力反应的改变对损伤的影响。探讨了宽带随机过程作用下，结构损伤的计算方法问题。给出了考虑单周损伤随周数的增加而减少的一种模型，及不同幅值作用下循环的破坏极限周数之间的关系。最终得到了结构损伤随循环次数增加的积累公式。在此基础上，利用初次超限理论，对结构的可靠性进行了评价。     

结构损伤识别方法研究综述

对工程结构进行损伤识别与检测,可以发现结构损伤位置,评估损伤程度,为结构加固与修复提供依据,从而保证工程结构正常运行,进而保护人们生命财产安全,因此结构损伤识别方法研究一直是土木工程领域重要研究课题。结构损伤识别方法总体上分为确定性方法和不确定性方法,相比于确定性方法,不确定性方法考虑了识别过程中不确定因素的影响,成为目前损伤识别领域的研究热点。本文回顾了确定性方法和不确定性方法发展历程,阐述了几种常见的损伤识别方法及其优缺点,并根据国内外研究现状对结构损伤识别方法发展进行了展望,可供损伤识别方法研究与应用参考。     

钢筋混凝土结构抗震能力评估的简化能力谱方法

本文通过对现有能力谱法的研究,在吸收前人研究成果的基础上,探讨了一种简化的能力谱方法。该方法不是根据需求谱与能力谱有无交点(性能点)为评估依据,而是以能力谱为根据求出不同延性状态下既有建筑物相应的抗震能力,并与需求谱相应的谱加速度比较,判断结构的抗震能力是否满足要求。该方法不需要复杂的迭代计算来求结构的性能点,计算过程简单;同时,可以考虑既有建筑物的老化及损伤。最后,本文应用自行编制的计算程序,通过一个工程实例说明了该方法的应用及其特点。     

基于损伤性能并考虑主余震作用的消能减震结构抗震设计

综合考虑余震影响和结构损伤,提出一种基于损伤性能的消能减震结构抗震设计方法。为满足结构抵抗余震的性能要求,提出结合主余震的损伤性能目标。以Park-Ang双参数损伤模型为基础建立了结构层间损伤计算公式,通过损伤程度评估结构抗震性能,给出消能减震结构基于损伤性能的抗震设计流程。     

基于偏最小二乘线性求解的结构损伤识别

基于模态参数化线性求解结构损伤的识别方法在工程中具有较为广泛的应用。然而，在噪声的干扰下，当结构可测量的模态阶数较少时，利用该方法求解的结果会出现大量的虚假损伤，严重扰乱真实的损伤信息。针对此问题，引入了一种基于偏最小二乘多线性回归建模的方法来对损伤识别结果进行降噪处理。通过对损伤结构的频率和振型信息添加一定水平的噪声干扰，分析确定结构单元的损伤参数，并利用偏最小二乘法重构线性方程组。同时，选择识别结果较为稀疏的解作为标准样本点，利用奇异值分解法回代求解结构的损伤参数。以桁架模型为例的数值模拟结果表明，在噪声干扰下，该方法与传统最小二乘法和奇异值分解法相比，不仅损伤识别结果准确，而且能够最大程度抑制虚假损伤的产生。     

悬挂式巨型钢框架住宅受力性能分析

根据跃廊式户型,提出悬挂式巨型钢框架住宅。为研究该住宅体系的结构性能,建立三维有限元模型,考虑几何非线性,分别进行了竖向静载分析、水平风载分析、模态分析、反应谱分析和地震动时程分析,并着重考察了时程分析与反应谱分析的比较,以及不同场地类别的影响。结果表明悬挂式巨型钢框架侧移曲线总体呈剪切型;地震动作用下,悬挂结构与主体结构的地震响应存在时间差;时程分析结果的统计值与反应谱分析结果吻合较好。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.