剪切带构造成矿动力机制与模式

动力学是确定系统演化和最终结果的关键,系统动力学是了解复杂系统的一种构模方法,主要用于处理关于系统行为随时间变化的问题。剪切带构造成矿系统动力学主要指剪切带构造动力对成矿系统过程的启动、运行机制,以及成矿物质的运动学、几何学特征的控制以及由此产生的成矿过程、聚矿能力和成矿产物之差异。文章着重从剪切带构造成矿动力机制和模式等方面进行阐释,强调构造和流体对成矿的重要性,阐述了“断裂阀地震泵吸周期性破裂愈合”的构造流体耦合成矿动力机制,提出了动力系统分析模式并综合了数值分析模式,明确指出成矿系统动力学计算机模拟是动力系统分析和数值分析有机结合的产物,是定性综合与定量分析的统一,是成矿系统动力学研究的发展方向。     

柴达木盆了立体地质与油气预测

笔者在柴达木盆地进行3次野外地质调查，收集并参考了大量资料，编绘了柴达木盆地地质图、纵横剖面图、构造等高线图、等厚度图和不同深度地质图，借以研究盆地地下地层、构造、湖盆演化历史，并对古生代海相油源和含油区、中侏罗世油源和中新生代含油气区及油气田进行预测。     

高应力破裂岩体条件下锚网支护研究

通过研究传统新奥法充分利用和调动巷道围岩强度及其自身承载能力,依靠围岩支护共同作用原理来维护围岩的稳定性。对锚网支护作用机理进行研究,建立预应力锚杆的力学模型,发现高强预应力锚杆的锚固力与围岩性质、锚固方式、锚杆杆体和围岩应力等因素有关;同时分析了锚网支护与围岩共同作用机理,并应用FLAC对锚网支护机理进行研究,发现锚网支护与围岩形成压缩拱,依靠压缩拱来抵抗围岩应力,进而维护巷道围岩的稳定。通过在小官庄铁矿进行试验,在小官庄铁矿41联巷采用高强预应力锚网支护,取消喷射混凝土,巷道围岩变形量比较小,锚网支护能够维护高应力破裂岩体围岩的稳定,在同类矿山中具有推广应用价值。     

青藏高原1∶25万区域地质调查主要成果和进展综述(南区)

青藏高原南部1∶25万区域地质调查取得的丰硕成果,为进一步系统和深入地认识青藏高原地质作用过程奠定了坚实的基础。区域主要结合带和断裂带时空分布的查证取得重大进展,为进一步建立区域构造格架提供了基础资料;前寒武纪变质岩系中高压麻粒岩的发现和大量同位素年代学数据的获得,为探讨藏南基底的形成机制、折返过程提供了新资料;一些地层及大量古生物化石的发现和确定,为区域地层系统的建立、划分与对比提供了重要依据;一些岩浆岩岩石类型的发现及大量同位素年代学数据的获得,为建立区域岩浆岩的时空格架和演化过程提供了新资料;重要不整合接触关系和沉积相的确定,为区域构造-岩相古地理恢复和沉积盆地分析提供了基础资料;第四纪地质及新构造区调成果,为青藏高原隆升、环境演变和古大湖研究提供了丰富的基础资料;人文古迹、生态环境、旅游地质等方面取得众多进展,为青藏高原的生态环境、古人类文化研究和地方经济的发展提供了基础资料;矿产资源调查取得众多新发现,为开展重要成矿区(带)的矿产资源调查评价提供了基础信息和导向作用。     

矿山地质数据库系统初探

影响矿山经济效益及可持续性发展的重要因素之一是矿山开采对象及资源量的难以预测，利用数字技术可充分提高开采及勘探所积累资料、数据的有效利用率，是提高有效预测的有效途径；同时也改变了传统资料、数据的存贮介质及方式，使数据的安全更有保障，数据调用更迅速使利；通过分析矿山资源勘查与开发过程积累的数据特点，表明矿山数据库有面向主题，随时间而变化、数据集成等数据仓库特点；数据的特征和空间属性的双重性和互为联动性、海量存贮、数据分析的智能要求等使GIS技术成为数据库的首选技术．由于受投资及技术队伍的制约，完整的数据库系统的建立与使用尚有待来日，但建立矿山地质数据库数据源系统则应尽早实施．     

The paleotectonic and paleogeography reconstructions of the Tarim Basin and its adjacent areas (NW China) during the late Early and Middle Paleozoic

Tarim Basin is the large, very complex, oil-bearing basin in China, surrounded by the Tianshan–Beishan, West Kunlun and Altyn Tagh mountain belts to the north, south, and southeast, respectively. Understanding the processes and evolution of this complex superimposed basin, especially with respect to the effects of single tectonic movements, is a difficult challenge, which concerns the tectonic and dynamic interrelationships between the basin and the orogenic belts during the different stages of the Paleozoic in the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan tectonic systems and for the evaluation of the resource potentials in Tarim Basin. In this study, we focused on 3-dimensional, basin-scale structural architecture and the properties of two regional unconformities that occur within the basin and its adjacent areas. Here, we outline the structural deformations underlying the unconformity, the structural architecture styles and the distributions of the unconformity, and the stratigraphic sequence and nature of the sedimentary rocks immediately overlying the unconformity. During the late Early and Middle Paleozoic tectonic movements, disconformities developed mainly in the northern and the central parts of the basin, and angular unconformities which beneath layers were monocline and faulted-fold deformations developed in the southern, or the southern and northern parts of the basin, respectively. Before the Silurian, the Low Hotian Uplift, the NE-trending faulted-folded belts of the Tangguzibas Depression and the southern Tazhong Uplift underwent intense deformation related to SE–NW-directed tectonic compression. In addition, the NE-trending faults in the Tangguzibas Depression developed during periods of activity on the South Altyn Tagh Fault. The structural deformation, as well as the depositional facies, formed in response to the subduction and closure of the South Altun Ocean and West Kunlun–Kudi Ocean, and the resulting collisional orogeny. Prior to deposition of Upper Devonian sediments, structural deformation and erosion occurred in two marginal parts of the basin. The extent and intensity of deformation on the NE-trending faults in the Tangguzibas Depression were also reduced, whereas the NE-trending folds developed in the Manjiaer Depression. The Tabei Uplift experienced uplift and deformation. The closure of the North Altun Ocean and the eastern part of the South Tianshan Ocean with south-subduction may be the main driving forces for the tectonic activity. Extensive areas in the northern and southern margins of the basin were uplifted and denudated by orogenic activity as a prelude to the molasse basin that developed in the early Late Devonian in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the basin. The structural architecture of the unconformities reveals the geometry and dynamics of the basin–orogen system in single tectonic movements.     

作物生态位构建的模型及其进化惯量与动量的试验研究

物种生态位构建与其进化关系的研究属于生态位理论的新进展。以半干旱区作物为对象，系统地分析了生态位内涵的发展及生态位构建机理，研究了作物种与环境变化间协同进化的特殊规律，提出用作物生态位的适合程度测定其进化惯量，用现实生态位对其中心点的偏离程度测定进化动量，并建立了相应的数学模型，进行实例的计算分析，主要结果有：①作物种的生态位构建机制，从进化尺度上具体描述了作物通过其新陈代谢、活动与选择来确定自身的生态位（包括部分的产生、毁灭）。基于Hutchinson的生态位理论，建立了 n维超体积生态位的构建模式。②根据进化惯量与进化动量对生态位构建的作用，所进行的实例计算与分析的结果显示：自然选择与人工选择的压力具有异向性，生态位构建导致了进化惯量和进化动量不同的变化规律；作物的传统品种与新品种相比，具有较强的进化惯量与较弱的进化动量；在自然选择与人工选择双重作用下，作物生态位的构建机制有其特殊性。③在作物种进化与可变环境资源的耦合关系分析中，随着土壤养分的增加，作物进化惯量递增而进化动量递减，这从进化角度上揭示了土壤养分变化对作物生态位构建的影响。以上结果可为作物品种选育与农田人工调控提供理论依据。     

豫陕中-晚元古代沉积盆地(二)

汝阳群、洛峪群及其相当地层,除本区西南部外,以陆源碎屑沉积为主。这些陆源碎屑沉积均不含任何可资确定沉积环境的化石。     

中国中新元古代重要沉积地质事件及其意义

地球曾经历了3次超大陆演化过程,其中2次超大陆(哥伦比亚(Columbia)和罗迪尼亚(Rodinia))旋回涉及中新元古代,并与一系列区域性事件相联系,形成了多成因的超大陆演化模型。华北中东部新元古代沉积事件、扬子和塔里木新元古代裂谷事件、雪球事件等都被视为Rodinia超大陆的裂解响应,它们对定时三大陆块相互关系及定位其在全球超大陆的位置具有至关重要的作用,也反映了重要沉积地质事件在超大陆研究中不可或缺的作用和意义。此外,在中新元古代的Columbia和Rodinia超大陆演化过程中,还伴随发育具有广泛区域性甚至全球意义的巨厚白云岩与碳酸盐岩微生物(岩)、红层与黑色页岩、全球性臼齿亮晶碳酸盐岩和埃迪卡拉纪盖帽碳酸盐岩等沉积事件群及元素(同位素)漂移等地球化学异常事件,也包括特殊且重要的磷块岩、锰、铁矿等沉积成矿事件。由于不断显示出来在全球古大陆重建和古地理恢复方面的重要作用,它们越来越得到学术界的广泛关注和研究。文中通过系统分析中国中新元古代超大陆旋回演化中发育的部分重要或关键地质事件(群)时空发育与分布特征,并结合作者团队的实际资料和测试数据,以期揭示超大陆演化过程与重要沉积地质事件的内在联系,为超大陆聚散旋回演化和时空定位及原型沉积盆地的发育和评价提供科学证据。     

塔河油田奥陶系油气藏流体分布与受控因素

塔河油田奥陶系油气藏流体类型复杂,流体分布纵横向差异较大。通过分析流体分布的受控因素,认为早期成藏改造、晚期充注调整是塔河油田奥陶系油气藏重要的成藏机制,成藏封闭条件的形成与演化是油气成藏的重要控制因素。局部受致密石灰岩侧向封挡和大型断裂分割的控制,造成不同区域油气性质及油气藏类型存在差异;相对独立的缝洞系统,以及受油气藏多期成藏所控制,造成流体性质在平面上及纵向上差异较大;受盖层完整性及后期多期改造程度的影响,造成各区及区内流体性质的差异;受圈闭演化以及各成藏期动力条件变化的影响,各缝洞系统油藏底部水体深度差异明显。     

珠宝变现难原因分析与评估体系建设探讨

经过十几年的发展,我国珠宝评估行业已初具规模,学术界已经提出了较为成熟的基础评估理论,评估师在评估过程中,也积累了一定的评价经验,并且在珠宝评估的制度建设、理论体系建设以及部分珠宝玉石质量分级标准方面已取得了较大进展。但是,珠宝变现难的问题依然存在。本文以翡翠为例,根据国内外珠宝评估体系发展的现况,对珠宝变现难的原因进行了分析,并对我国珠宝评估体系建设进行了初步探讨。     

利用重磁水平和垂直二阶导数确定东北地区梯度带

分析了东北地区的重、磁场特征,同时对研究区的布格重力异常和航磁异常数据进行水平和垂直求导。水平和垂直参量图能给出断裂和走向的信息。结合布格重力异常图可以得出东北地区重力梯度带的走向和边界,并对比重力和磁力的垂直和各个角度的水平二阶导数来综合确定东北地区梯度带。利用求重力和磁力的水平和垂直二阶导数来划分东北地区梯度带。     

山区河流河床结构表征新方法

山区河流的河床结构是来水来沙与河床相互作用的产物,对河床阻力及输沙率的计算具有重要意义。为更科学地表征河床结构的细节特征,采用2017年2次考察金沙江小江流域干支流7个河段的地形测量数据,提出河床结构表征的4个新量纲一数（凹凸数、平均凹度、平均凸度和凹凸度）及其计算方法。新参数的计算原理简单而直观,能够从多角度表征河床结构发育程度及其形态特征,而且当河床结构发育程度较低时,凹凸度的表征结果更具有区分度。结果表明:新参数表征结果与前人单一参数的计算结果具有一致性;吊嘎河下游、陶家小河和清水沟的河床结构凹凸程度大,河床凸起"高凸",凹陷"深陡",河床阻力大,输沙率低;吊嘎河上游、小江、蒋家沟和蓝泥坪沟的河床结构凹凸程度小,河床凸起"低平",凹陷"浅缓",河床阻力小,输沙率大。     

江西“灵山式”花岗岩地貌景观特征及成因探讨

以上饶市幅1∶250000区域地质调查资料为基础,通过野外地质调查和室内综合研究,探讨江西灵山大型环状花岗岩的地貌景观特征及成因,并与黄山、三清山、天柱山花岗岩地貌景观进行对比。灵山花岗岩地貌景观主要分布在环形构造东南外环,海拔1000~1400 m,岩性为中粗粒黑云母碱长花岗岩,为世界罕见的大型环状花岗岩地貌景观,控制地貌形成的主要因素为构造作用、岩浆活动、风化侵蚀和重力崩塌作用。黄山、三清山是锥状峰林地貌景观的典型代表,天柱山以崩塌堆积地貌景观为特色,灵山以大型环状花岗岩峰林地貌景观为特色。天柱山、灵山锥状峰林和石锥地貌景观不如黄山和三清山发育,主要原因是天柱山、灵山比黄山、三清山海拔低400 m左右,冰川、融冻侵蚀作用不如黄山和三清山强烈。     

金星探测研究进展与未来展望

金星探测是解答太阳系类地行星形成演化,地球宜居性的形成和未来发展,以及外太阳系宜居星球搜索策略的关键。由于金星恶劣的环境条件、对探测技术的多重挑战和相对高昂的探测成本,金星探测和研究程度远不及月球和火星。自20世纪90年代后期,金星探测任务相对匮乏。本文梳理了国际上金星探测研究进展、关键科学问题及技术需求,提出了未来金星的探测目标和探测方式建议。目前,对金星大气和气候研究程度最高,包括大气结构和大气化学,能量平衡和热结构,云层和霾层,大气环流和动力学以及气候演化等。高层大气的物理化学和太阳风与金星的相互作用方面也有重要进展。金星地表和内部的研究则相对滞后,研究涵盖金星表面形貌特征,撞击和重塑历史,火山和构造活动,地表物质组成,地表和大气相互作用等,但受限于数据的空间覆盖率和较低的分辨率和精度,诸多重大问题尚未解答,迫切需要新的探测数据。除探测任务外,金星研究还依赖于地基观测、实验室模拟和数值模拟研究。地面模拟设施对支持金星探测任务研发和金星基础科学研究尤为重要。未来十年是中国开展金星探测的契机和研发相关技术的关键时期。本文可为对金星探测、行星科学、太阳系探测感兴趣的科学家和工程人员提供...     

中国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层单位的划分

十多年来全球和我国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层研究取得很大进展 ,在前人所积累的大量成果和资料的基础上 ,结合近年来的研究 ,厘定了我国奥陶系和下志留统下部年代地层单位系统 ,建议分别以吉林浑江大阳岔 (或江西武宁或湖北宜昌黄花场 )、湖北宜昌黄花场、浙江常山黄泥塘、新疆柯坪大湾沟和湖北远安苟家垭剖面为界线层型 ,将中国奥陶系自下而上划分为 :新厂阶 (或特马豆克阶 )、道保湾阶、大湾阶、达瑞维尔阶、艾家山阶和钱塘江阶。为了客观反应我国奥陶系的特点 ,同时便于与全球年代地层单位界线对比 ,建议将上述各个阶底界的的界线依次划在 R.taojiangensis( =R.praeparabola) / H .simplex、 O.communis、 B.triangularis/ T.laevis、 U.austrodentatus、 N .gracilis和 N ankinolithus带的底部 ;中下奥陶统和中上奥陶统之间的界线分别定在道保湾阶 /大湾阶和达瑞维尔阶 /艾家山阶之间。建议下志留统最下部两个年代地层单位——龙马溪阶和大中坝阶——以湖北宜昌王家湾剖面为界线层型 ,分别以 A.ascensus和 D .triangulatus的首现为划分标志。对每一个阶的命名、含义、界线层型剖面的岩性特征、界线划分的生物标志、与全球相关年代地层单位层型和点 ( GSSP)的对比 ,以及与过去曾经建议或使用过?     

我国中新生代陆相盆地构造-砂体复合油气藏类型划分与分布特征

为了促使油气普查勘探的深入发展,注入新的活力,作者从我国中新生代陆相盆地基本特征,以及油气普查勘探的实践出发,提出构造-砂体复合油气藏的新类型,以期达到抛砖引玉的作用,供同志们讨论。一、构造-砂体复合油气藏类型的提出和含义油气藏的分类是个十分复杂的问题,包括的范围比较广泛,这里所讨论的中新生代陆     

Storage of sediment-associated nutrients and contaminants in river channel and floodplain systems

Samples of fine-grained channel bed sediment and overbank floodplain deposits were collected along the main channels of the Rivers Aire (and its main tributary, the River Calder) and Swale, in Yorkshire, UK, in order to investigate downstream changes in the storage and deposition of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn), total P and the sum of selected PCB congeners, and to estimate the total storage of these contaminants within the main channels and floodplains of these river systems. Downstream trends in the contaminant content of the <63 μm fraction of channel bed and floodplain sediment in the study rivers are controlled mainly by the location of the main sources of the contaminants, which varies between rivers. In the Rivers Aire and Calder, the contaminant content of the <63 μm fraction of channel bed and floodplain sediment generally increases in a downstream direction, reflecting the location of the main urban and industrialized areas in the middle and lower parts of the basin. In the River Swale, the concentrations of most of the contaminants examined are approximately constant along the length of the river, due to the relatively unpolluted nature of this river. However, the Pb and Zn content of fine channel bed sediment decreases downstream, due to the location of historic metal mines in the headwaters of this river, and the effect of downstream dilution with uncontaminated sediment. The magnitude and spatial variation of contaminant storage and deposition on channel beds and floodplains are also controlled by the amount of <63 μm sediment stored on the channel bed and deposited on the floodplain during overbank events. Consequently, contaminant deposition and storage are strongly influenced by the surface area of the floodplain and channel bed. Contaminant storage on the channel beds of the study rivers is, therefore, generally greatest in the middle and lower reaches of the rivers, since channel width increases downstream. Comparisons of the estimates of total storage of specific contaminants on the channel beds of the main channel systems of the study rivers with the annual contaminant flux at the catchment outlets indicate that channel storage represents <3% of the outlet flux and is, therefore, of limited importance in regulating that flux. Similar comparisons between the annual deposition flux of specific contaminants to the floodplains of the study rivers and the annual contaminant flux at the catchment outlet, emphasise the potential importance of floodplain deposition as a conveyance loss. In the case of the River Aire the floodplain deposition flux is equivalent to between ca. 2% (PCBs) and 36% (Pb) of the outlet flux. With the exception of PCBs, for which the value is ≌0, the equivalent values for the River Swale range between 18% (P) and 95% (Pb). The study emphasises that knowledge of the fine-grained sediment delivery system operating in a river basin is an essential prerequisite for understanding the transport and storage of sediment-associated contaminants in river systems and that conveyance losses associated with floodplain deposition exert an important control on downstream contaminant fluxes and the fate of such contaminants.     

MONTMORILLONITIZATION OF HYDROMICAS AS A CRITERION OF TERTIARY 0IL-BEARING FORMATIONS IN DAGESTAN

Sinitsin's approach to the mercury-antimony mineralization of the Tien Shan and Alay was through a systematic study of the tectonics and geomorphological evolution of the area. In affirming an upper Paleozoic age for the mercury mineralization, Sinitsin stressed the study of Paleozoic structure and sedimentation. The principal factors controlling the origin, nature and distribution of ore deposits such as the combination of facies, folding, and the position of mineralization channels are determined by the tectonic development of the housing structure, beginning with the sedimentation period. Sinitsin believed that the historical approach is the only Way to attack the most intricate and controversial problems in geology, including those of mineralization and ore deposits distribution. Chapter I gives a brief survey of the Precambrian outcrops and the influence of pre-Paleozoic trends on Paleozoic and younger structures., Chapter II contains the bulk of the data on tectonic development on the Paleozoic of West Tien Shan and Alay and shows that the ore zones are located along the junction of older and younger major structures, largely within the first. Chapter III deals with Mesozoic structures of the Fergana Mountains. Chapter V, “Arrangement of the Principal Structural Elements,” considers first the problem of the relationship among Paleozoic structures of the Tien Shan and Alay; second, the problem posed by the Talas -Fergana fault: and third, relations between Alay and the Pamirs. Chapter VI presents a summary and conclusions and opens with an original genetic classification of folded structure in the province under study. First order folds, represented by anticlinoria tens of kilometers across, usually coincide with troughs of the later geosynclinal stages. First order structures have deep plutonic roots. Second order folds are anticlines and synclines measuring a few kilometers across. Third order folds, fen to hundreds of meters across, usually are local features. First order folded structures often are separated by marginal faults which are of prime importance in mineralization control. — C. E. Sears.     

地裂缝灾害发生机理与“三图法”评价方法研究——以山西榆次地裂缝研究为例

地质灾害定量评价是实施防灾、减灾工作的基础依据。本文在采用室内相似材料物理仿真模拟试验和非线性分形几何特征分析基础上,论述了榆次地裂缝的形成机理和基本发育特征与规律。并且,应用现代先进的地理信息系统(GIS)与非线性人工神经网络(ANN)耦合评价理论和方法,定量研究地质灾害形成的自然属性,对灾害危险性进行评价分区(第一图);然后,根据承灾体分布特征和当地社会、经济、环境和城市建设发展状况,应用地理信息系统与层次分析法(AHP)耦合理论与方法,定量研究地质灾害发生的社会属性,对承灾体易损性进行评价分区(第二图);综合地质灾害的自然和社会属性,应用地理信息系统技术,根据多源地学信息复合原理,对地质灾害危险性分区图与易损性分区图实施复合叠加,确定出地质灾害危害性评价分区图(第三图)。文章最后总结提出了地质灾害定量评价的“三图法”基本理论和方法。