用地震尾波估算广西地区的Q值

本文根据Aki提出的向后散射模型,作出了DD—1短周期地震仪的尾波包络理论量板fpt~*和不同扩散指数V的尾波响应理论量板C(fp,t~*)～t~*。选用广西台网记录的60余次地方震和近震进行尾波观测,构制了各台的综合尾波曲线。观测结果表明,综合尾波曲线由2到3个分支组成,测得相应的Q值用Q_0、Q_1和Q_2表示,其中Q_1值分布与广西的地震活动有较好的对应关系。     

地方震尾波震级的初步研究

地方震尾波由地壳横向不均匀性而产生的反向散射波组成。从这一观点出发,根据尾波随掠过时间的衰减特性,结合地震矩对数和地方震里克特地震级的线性关系,导出利用任一掠过时间的震尾来计算的尾波震级Mc公式。它的简化形式可以和持续时间震级的表达式近似一致。尾波震级可作为持续时间震级的一种广义形式,它是直接从震源地震矩导出的震级标度,从而为解释持续时间震级物理基础提供了可能的途径。应用于丹江地震台的资料,得到丹江口及邻区的尾波品质因子和介质函数以及地震矩对数和震级的期望关系,同时得到实用于该台的持续时间震级和简化尾波震级公式。     

讨论区域地震定量的另一种方法—尾波震级标度 Mc

本文根据 K.Aki 提出的地方震尾波散射理论,建立了适用于云南地区测定近震震级的尾波震级标度 M_c 的理论公式:M_c=4.88+(1/1.10)lgU(f_p)~(-1)+0.78lg(△/α+t_(Du))+0.04(△/α+t_(Du))~(7/12)用云南短周期区域台网的11个 VGK 地震仪器纪录的110个近震尾波观测资料,计算了尾波震级 M_c,为了比较,同时也计算了持续时间震级 M_D。结果表明,在 M_L<5.0级的范围内,M_c 与 M_L 无系统差,平均标准误差比 M_L 和 M_D 小,由通常的0.20～0.26下降到0.10～0.15左右。最后给出三种震级标度的水平向换算关系为:M_L=1.11M_c-0.377;M_L=1.10M_D-0.379;M_D=1.009M_c+0.002。根据尾波散射理论建立的尾波震级标度 M_c 由于它不仅与振幅 A(t)震中距△有关,而且与震源参数、介质特征和仪器系统响应也作为相对独立变量考虑,因而有更明确的理论和物理基础。     

中国东部的尾波衰减特征和Qc值估计

根据中国东部地区短周期近震记录尾波地动振幅A随时间的经验衰减关系lgA=G 2.235lg，利用对震中距作校正的尾波单次散射理论，得出尾波校正振幅Ac(r，t)曲线族，并计算出不同尾波时段的/2Qc值，并由此导出相应于各平均观测频率和采样深度的Qc(f，h)值．该结果与云南、北京和中亚地区的Qc观测值是基本一致的．      

2007年宁洱6.4级地震余震序列尾波QC值研究

基于Aki和Chouet的地方震尾波单次散射模型,利用思茅台记录到的2007年云南宁洱6.4地震余震的数字化波形观测资料,测量了震源区尾波Qc(f)值。当中心频率为1.5Hz时,宁洱地区的尾波Qc值在51～147之间,平均值为79,尾波的振幅衰减率βc(f)在0.014～0.039之间,平均值为0.028;测量得到该地区尾波Qc值与频率f的关系为Qc(f)=53f0.88;尾波波源因子与震级成正比关系,满足关系lgA0=1.51ML-0.94;测量结果显示宁洱地震余震序列的尾波值Qc较低,表明宁洱震源区属于构造运动较为活跃区。     

2005年云南文山地震余震序列尾波Qc值研究

基于Aki等（1975）的地方震尾波单次散射模型,利用文山地震台记录到2005年8月13日在云南文山县发生的5.3级地震余震序列的数字化波形观测资料,测量了震源区尾波Q（f）值。测量结果表明,当中心频率为1．5Hz时,文山地区的尾波Q值在52～155之间,平均值为91,尾波的振幅衰减率β（f）在0.013～0．039之间,平均值为0．024;测量得到该区尾波Qc值与频率f的关系为Qc（f）=62f^“0.87;尾波波源因子A0与震级ML成正比关系,满足关系lgA0=1．02ML-0．73。此次地震的发震构造为文山断裂带,地震波受到破碎带强烈的非弹性吸收,尾波Qc值明显降低。     

中国东部的尾波衰减特征和Qc值估计

根据中国东部地区短周期近震记录尾波地动振幅Ａ随时间τ的经验衰减关系ｌｇＡ＝Ｇ－２．２３５１ｇτ，利用对震中距作校正的尾波单次散射理论，得出尾波校正振幅Ａｃ（ｒ，ｔ）曲线族，并计算出不同尾波时段的ω／２Ｑｃ值，并由此导出相应于各平均观测频率和采样深度的Ｑｃ（ｆ，ｈ）值。该结果与云南、北京和中亚地区的Ｑｃ观测值是基本一致的。     

单次与多次散射对地方震尾波的作用

在Aki(1969)的单次反向散射理论和高龙生(1983)的多次散射理论基础上,提出了震源距不为零的单次与多次散射模型。在此模型下,研究了二维无限介质空间中,由统计上均匀分布的各向同性散射体引起的单次与多次散射对地方震尾波功率谱的作用。推导出了二维情况下单次散射和多次散射尾波功率谱的解析表达式,并在二维情况下对不同震源距的单次散射与多次散射对尾波功率谱的作用进行了比较。      

澜沧-耿马地震后尾波衰减的区域特征

本文在地方震尾波单次散射模式的基础上,用澜沧-耿马 Ms=7.6和7.2两次强震后,震中附近4个短周期台站记录的余震尾波观测资料,采用一种新的联合测定法估算了澜沧-耿马地区尾波振幅衰减率和Qc值.结果表明,在所划分的南区和北区内,尾波振幅衰减率发生了明显的区域差异,表现为南区衰减快(Qc=114),北区衰减慢(Qc=231),并讨论了这种空间差异的原因.本文的结果还给出,尾波源因子 A0(f)与地震矩和震级有较好的线性关系,用地震定标律导出:lgM0=lgA0(f)+17.6,MD+0.67lgA0(f)+1.21,lgM0+1.5MD+15.79.其次,用尾波单次散射模式和多重散射模式计算了振幅衰减率s 和m,结果给出两种模式结果之比m/s 在1.20-1.50之间.用区分固有 Q 和散射 Q 的关系求出了南区和北区的 S 波散射平均自由程 L 分别为54km和122km,由此证实了低 Q 地区对应强散射.      

基于单次散射模型的近震尾波Q值计算软件的研制

介绍了一套基于Aki单次散射模型在Visual C++6.0平台上开发的近震尾波Q值计算程序,并应用于2005年11月26日九江—瑞昌5.7级地震余震序列的分析。本软件的研制成功,使地震近震尾波Q值计算常规化成为可能。     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CHANGES OF ULTRASONIC CODA WAVE AND ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING ROCK LOADING AND DEFORMATION

The coda wave propagation path has received extensive attention as it is more sensitive to small changes in the medium than the direct wave. During the process of loading, the wave velocity, medium or source changes may cause the coda wave to change. The physical mechanism of change in the ultrasonic coda wave varies during different deformation stages. Meanwhile, there exist local damages in the rock sample during the deformation, and it will be accompanied by acoustic emission. Combining the ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission is beneficial to characterize the coda wave characteristics and damage degree of the sample at different deformation stages. In this paper, three kinds of rocks, including granodiorite, marble and sandstone with the sizes of 50mm×50mm×150mm, are used to carry out observations of ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission during the whole process of loading so as to study characteristics of the coda wave at different deformation stages. The major results are given below: 1)There is a good correspondence between the coda wave variation and the acoustic emission evolution process. When the acoustic emission frequency increases, the coda wave changes accordingly. In particular, the coda wave changes in the early stages of increased acoustic emission frequency, which indicates that the early damage information of rock can be obtained by analysis of the coda wave. 2)The physical mechanism of the coda wave change is different in different deformation stages. At the initial stage of loading, there are obvious scatterer changes in the coda wave change; then, in the linear elastic deformation stage, the wave velocity change is dominating; in the late-stage of loading, the scatterer change increases and coexists with the wave velocity change, the scatterer change effect is related with the rock micro-fracture degree, the rock will locally be damaged before rupturing, and the role of the scatterer will be enhanced. 3)With the increase of loading, the amplitude of increase of the wave velocity generally decreases gradually, which is basically consistent with the understanding obtained through the direct wave. The interference of acoustic emission can be eliminated because of the Kaiser effect when analyzing the coda wave. The consistency of the wave velocity change and stress loading and unloading is further verified. 4)The micro-fracture generated during rock deformation will change the physical mechanism of the coda wave change, and the scatterer effect will be significantly enhanced. At the same time, the acoustic emission waveform will cause interference to the ultrasonic coda wave. This means that attention needs to be paid when analyzing rock damage using only coda wave data. In short, the ultrasonic coda wave and acoustic emission can reflect the damage inside the rock, and the change mechanism of the coda wave in different deformation stages is different. The joint observation of the two can play a mutual verification role, which is conducive to improving the reliability of the observation results.     

宁夏中北部区域尾波Qem>值特性研究

在前人研究的基础上,本文在进行近震尾波Q值研究时,提出了用采样深度反应流逝时间对Q值影响的方法,同时对地震尾波的频率和采样深度依赖特性进行了探讨．通过对宁夏银川遥测台网数字化记录的分析表明:地震尾波Q值不仅对频率有着强烈的依赖性,对采样深度的依赖性也不可忽视;通常地震尾波Q值依赖特性公式Q＝Q0 f 0 中的参数Q0和n与采样深度关系密切,当采样深度增加时,Q0明显升高,n则降低,并可用线性关系进行拟合．本文对此特征进行了解释．因地震尾波产生机制比较复杂,此特征是否普遍存在,尚待更多的研究证实．      

利用地震波参数辨析地震异常

通过对库尔勒、阳霞一线1987年11月至1988年12月S-P≤28秒的地震记录进行分析,发现:1988年5月26日库尔勒Ms5.2级地震前,该区P波初动一致性分析、振幅比、尾波持续时间比、尾波衰减系数、S波分裂等项测震学手段均出现不同程度的异常。这表明,利用地震波参数对重点地震监视区进行短、临动态跟踪,有可能成为解决地震预报问题的有效途径。     

Discussion on the Measurement Method for the Coda Wave Quality Factor

The Quality factor is the parameter that can be used to describe the energy attenuation on seismic wave. In theory, we can obtain the relationship between the change of the coda wave quality factor with time and the strong earthquake preparation process on the basis of the quality factor of a coda wave in a same ray path. However, in reality the coda wave quality factor measured by different seismic coda waves corresponds to different seismic wave ray paths. The change of the quality factor with time is related to non-elastic characteristics of the medium and the volume of scattering ellipsoid constrained by scattered wave phase fronts, besides the change of regional stress field. This paper discusses the relationship between quality factor, epicenter distance and different lapse time, and then discusses the relationship between quality factor and frequency. Furthermore the determination method of the coda wave quality factor is put forward. The improved determination method of the quality factor, which removes the influence of different earthquakes or propagation depth of scattered waves, may increase measurement precision, thus information pertaining to abnormal changes in quality factor and the relationship between the quality factor and earthquake preparation process can be acquired.     

Scattered Surface Wave Energy in the Seismic Coda

One of the many important contributions that Aki has made to seismology pertains to the origin of coda waves (Aki, 1969; Aki and Chouet, 1975). In this paper, I revisit Aki's original idea of the role of scattered surface waves in the seismic coda. Based on the radiative transfer theory, I developed a new set of scattered wave energy equations by including scattered surface waves and body wave to surface wave scattering conversions. The work is an extended study of Zeng et al. (1991), Zeng (1993) and Sato (1994a) on multiple isotropic-scattering, and may shed new insight into the seismic coda wave interpretation. The scattering equations are solved numerically by first discretizing the model at regular grids and then solving the linear integral equations iteratively. The results show that scattered wave energy can be well approximated by body-wave to body wave scattering at earlier arrival times and short distances. At long distances from the source, scattered surface waves dominate scattered body waves at surface stations. Since surface waves are 2-D propagating waves, their scattered energies should in theory follow a common decay curve. The observed common decay trends on seismic coda of local earthquake recordings particular at long lapse times suggest that perhaps later seismic codas are dominated by scattered surface waves. When efficient body wave to surface wave conversion mechanisms are present in the shallow crustal layers, such as soft sediment layers, the scattered surface waves dominate the seismic coda at even early arrival times for shallow sources and at later arrival times for deeper events.     

单台Lg尾波Q_(Lg)~c的测量研究

将单台记录叠加频谱比法（简称SSR法）应用于震中距小于500km的区域地震Lg尾波为lHz下的值,n是与频率f有关的指数)的提取之中·为了检验方法的稳定性和可靠性,我们选用两组发生在不同地区的地震记录．一组是1989-10-18大同主震（ML＝5．9）的15个余震,北京遥测地震台网记录到的信噪比较高的Lg尾波序列。另一组是秦岭造山带数字流动地震观测台网记录到的1995年甘肃平凉两次地震信噪比较高的Lg尾波序列．每一组地震的震源参数基本相同,即它们到某一特定台站的路径几乎相同,得到的　可以认为是不受震源影响的地震一台站路径上的平均衰减效应·两区域　的测量结果表明：（1）尽管两个地震观测台网所用观测仪器不同,每个台站的观测条件不同,所记录的地震也不尽相同,但对Q₀和,的拟合结果线性程度都比较高,说明SSR法是稳定的;（2）同一震群的不同地震到某一特定台站测得的结果基本一致,即Q₀值及其平均值大都在其标准差范围之内,说明SSR法是可靠的。（3）对同一地震不同方位各台站的Lg尾波测量结果可以看出,穿过不同构造区的Q₀值存在明显差...     

The Theory of Coda Wave Interferometry

Coda waves are sensitive to changes in the subsurface because the strong scattering that generates these waves causes them to repeatedly sample a limited region of space. Coda wave interferometry is a technique that exploits this sensitivity to estimate slight changes in the medium from a comparison of the coda waves before and after the perturbation. For spatially localized changes in the velocity, or for changes in the source location, the travel-time perturbation may be different for different scattering paths. The coda waves that arrive within a certain time window are therefore subject to a distribution of travel-time perturbations. Here I present the general theory of coda wave interferometry, and show how the time-shifted correlation coefficient can be used to estimate the mean and variance of the distribution of travel-time perturbations. I show how this general theory can be used to estimate changes in the wave velocity, in the location of scatterer positions, and in the source location.     

地震波散射研究的新进展——第25届IASPEI大会S13专题报告会“地震波散射与衰减”简介

本文以IASPEI的“地震波的散射与衰减”专题报告会为主,评述了近几年在地震波散射方面的研究进展.述评所涉及的方面有:1.关于地震尾波的起源;2.大震前尾波包络的前兆性变化;3.地震尾波包络衰降的机理;4.区分散射和吸收的新方法;5.新领域的开拓和研究.     

阿图什6.9级地震前部分测震学参数异常特征及其预报情况

分析了１９９６年３月１９日新疆阿图什ＭＳ６．９地震前几种地震波参数的异常特征。该次地震前初动符号、振幅比、尾波衰减系数、尾波持续时间比均有不同程度的异常，地震活动空间图象、时序曲线也存在一定的异常。根据上述异常作者对该次地震作出了短临预报，预报三要素与实际地震相符。介绍了预报思路和方法，并对异常机理进行了初步分析     

Estimation of frequency dependent coda wave attenuation structure at the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area

Estimation of seismic wave attenuation in the shallow crust in terms of coda wave Q structure previously investigated in the vicinity of Cairo Metropolitan Area was improved using seismograms of local earthquakes recorded by the Egyptian National Seismic Network. The seismic wave attenuation was measured from the time decay of coda wave amplitudes on narrow bandpass filtered seismograms based on the single scattering theory. The frequency bands of interest are from 1.5 to 18 Hz. In general, the values obtained for various events recorded at El-Fayoum and Wadi Hagul stations are very similar for all frequency bands. A regional attenuation law Q _c = 85.66 f ^0.79 was obtained.