中国地域人居环境与经济协调发展的时空演变特征

在城市人居环境—经济发展系统中,城市人居环境为经济持续发展提供着本底基础,城市经济是人居环境健康发展的前提和保障,两者之间协调发展是城市实现可持续发展的重要途径.在构建协调度评价指标体系的基础上,运用协调度模型对中国329个地级行政单元在2000年、2005年和2010年的人居环境与经济协调发展的时空演变特征进行定量分析,结果如下:地市人居环境与经济发展协调度指数整体提高趋势,但总体水平不高;协调指数级别差异显著,呈自然状态分布;协调度指数呈现明显地带性差异,且地带之间差距有缩小趋势;协调指数较高的地市呈现以点状高度集中分布的极化格局.协调度指数和地区经济发展在空间上存在着明显的对应关系,且时空差异显著.协调度指数与相邻地级行政单元经济发展之间在区域上呈现宏观尺度的高度空间关联.     

ASIANS IN AMERICA'S SUBURBS: PATTERNS AND CONSEQUENCES OF SETTLEMENT*

ABSTRACT. In an effort to provide a more complex and multifaceted understanding of the process of spatial assimilation, this article explores alternative paths in understanding racial/ ethnic minority residential patterns. It scrutinizes patterns of contemporary Asian Indian and Chinese settlement in two metropolitan areas: Austin, Texas and Phoenix, Arizona. Though not particularly evolved in terms of their Asian immigrant settlement or dynamics, Austin and Phoenix represent the growing number of newly emergent Asian centers throughout the nation that have developed with the rapid rise of immigration from these two countries in the past several decades. The analysis utilizes records from the 2000 census to document and map Asian Indian and Chinese settlement within each metropolitan area and to investigate whether‐and to what degree‐each group is clustered or dispersed. The article then raises important questions about the consequences of concentration and dispersal for the incorporation of Asian Indian and Chinese residents.     

SOCIAL RELATIONS AND GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF URBAN ELECTORAL BEHAVIOR

This study describes and explains geographic patterns of support for basic dimensions of urban electoral behavior. Sixty-two ballots reduce to two major electoral dimensions, one partisan, one issue-oriented, which have very strong geographic identity. Findings indicate that partisan responses are governed by position in both the sphere of production and sphere of consumption. Issue politics, on the other hand, are affected most strongly by position in the sphere of production even though they often include what appear to be consumption-oriented ballots. Location within the metropolitan region is implicated in the ways consumption and production relations are joined within individuals and in the political cultures of the central city and suburbs.     

REGIONAL PATTERNS OF FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN THE LABOR FORCE OF URBAN INDIA

Using 1971 census data, this paper looks at variations in the level of female participation in the urban labor force in four states of India: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. Contrary to a general notion, women belonging to both high and low strata of the caste hierarchy are subject to the same region-specific set of societal attitudes regarding their participation in the labor force. In the South there is greater acceptance of female participation in the public domain than in the North. Cultural and historical processes appear to account in subtle ways for this regional variation.     

THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF URBAN LANDSCAPES AND THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND

The cause or causes of urban heat islands have puzzled scientists for more than a century. Investigators have observed a close relation between urban land cover and urban temperature patterns. A proposed explanation of this relation is that the thermal inertia of urban surfaces is larger than rural interface thermal inertia. However, recent METROMEX and remote sensor satellite observations do not appear to support this view. The thermal inertia model of the urban interface ignores urban canopy structure and composition. Specifically the hollow structure of buildings reduces the thermal mass and thus the apparent thermal inertia of these structures compared with pavements. Numerical modeling results of the thermal behavior of a two-layer interface and aircraft far-infrared remote sensor observations of urban landscapes demonstrate the differential thermal behavior of buildings versus pavements. Accounting for the structure and configuration of urban canopies explains observed urban landscape thermal behavior and should assist in explaining the urban heat island phenomenon.     

METROPOLITAN,URBAN, AND RURAL COMMUTING AREAS: TOWARD A BETTER DEPICTION OF THE UNITED STATES SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

Discontent with the current definition of metropolitan areas and the lack of differentiation within nonmetropolitan territory provided the incentive for the research presented here. Census tracts rather than counties were used as the building blocks for assignment of tracts, not just to metropolitan areas, but also to larger towns (10,000 to 49,999) and to smaller urban places (2,500 to 9,999). The analysis used 1990 census-defined urbanized areas and tract-to-tract commuter flows. Results include a modest shift of population from metropolitan to nonmetropolitan, as well as a significant reduction in the areal size of metropolitan areas, disaggregation of many areas, and frequent reconfiguration to a more realistic settlement form. [Key words: metropolitan, urban-rural, commuting.]     

杭州沿革和城市发展

本文根据历史资料,系统地阐明自秦汉迄今杭州城市的沿革,并对杭州城市发展存在的水源和旧城改造这两个主要问题作了讨论。     

弯曲河型与稳定江心洲河型的关系

结合天然河流及室内实验所反映的河型演变过程,本文讨论了弯曲河型与稳定江心洲河型之间的相似性,认为江心洲河型应属于弯曲型河流的范畴。     

中国城乡转型与特大城市地区规划和管理

本文以中国三个主要特大城市地区北京、上海、广州为例，重点探讨了中国城乡转型的动力、机制和效果，并提出了规划和管理这一过程的措施。     

SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS OF POINT PATTERNS: THE CASE OF CHICAGO AS A MULTI-CENTER URBAN REGION *

A comprehensive approach to the analysis of point patterns demonstrates the usefulness of second-order methods by exploring population distribution in the Chicago region. The methods are based on the development of a distribution of all interpoint distances representing the total covariation in a pattern. Clustering and inhibition models are explored with regard to the population pattern. Some evidence supports a multi-center city hypothesis for the region.     

EMPLOYMENT DATA AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN SETTLEMENTS

Classifications of urban settlements have traditionally used total employment data in place of basic (export-oriented) employment data. While urban analysis agree upon the superiority of basic employment data for these classifications, usually only total employment data are available. This paper uses the Arizona Community Data Set, a unique survey-generated body of information that describes the major economic characteristics of numerous Southwestern communities and includes both basic and total employment data, to explore the extent to which misclassification results when using total employment data.     

URBAN CARTOGRAPHY AND THE MAPPING OF CHICAGO*

ABSTRACT. City maps are among the oldest and most popular forms of cartographic representation, yet urban cartography has received only limited scholarly attention. A review of the early history of city mapping suggests a progression of representational forms from profile to perspective to plan, a progression that parallels urban growth. The history of urban mapping reflects a desire to comprehend the geography of the city for reasons of curiosity and practical necessity, but the map also may become an icon that engenders a sense of pride and belonging, if not allegiance and control. An examination of Chicago maps indicates that, in addition to evolution in representational styles, the subjects of maps change to serve demands of the moment. City maps not only constitute a rich historical archive but also are dynamic agents in urban development. The urban landscape is shaped by cartographic vision.     

THE MEASUREMENT OF SETTLEMENT CENTRALITY

Most indices of settlement centrality that have been used in empirical studies of central place systems have, in fact, measured the nodality (or aggregate importance) of settlements rather than their centrality. The modification of W. K. D. Davies's Functional Index described here will yield a measure of relative settlement centrality. Comparison of the modified index with the original index in a study of central places in the Thessaly region of Greece suggests that the modification does provide a more accurate indicator of centrality than the original Functional Index.     

浅析城市人居环境的评价及优化措施--以苏州市为例

在探讨人居环境的概念、分类的基础上,采用以某一年为基准的相对比较法,构建城市人居环境评价指标体系。并以苏州市区为例,对1995～2000年苏州市区人居环境进行了较为详细的分析与评价。分析结果表明,尽管1995年以来苏州市区人居环境质量有较大的改善,但改善速度仍落后于经济增长速度,并且生态环境和居住条件改善更为缓慢。针对这些问题,从城市规划、城市化发展战略、城市生态环境建设等方面,提出了优化苏州市人居环境的具体措施。