Closed-form underwater acoustic direction-finding with arbitrarilyspaced vector hydrophones at unknown locations

This paper introduces a novel ESPRIT-based closed-form source localization algorithm applicable to arbitrarily spaced three-dimensional arrays of vector hydrophones, whose locations need not be known. Each vector hydrophone consists of two or three identical but orthogonally oriented velocity hydrophones plus one pressure hydrophone, all spatially co-located in a point-like geometry. A velocity hydrophone measures one Cartesian component of the incident sonar wavefield's velocity vector, whereas a pressure hydrophone measures the acoustic wavefield's pressure. Velocity-hydrophone technology is well established in underwater acoustics and a great variety of commercial models have long been available. ESPRIT is realized herein by exploiting the nonspatial interrelations among each vector hydrophone's constituent hydrophones, such that ESPRIT's eigenvalues become independent of array geometry. Simulation results verify the efficacy and versatility of this innovative scheme     

Closed-form underwater acoustic direction-finding with arbitrarilyspaced vector hydrophones at unknown locations

This paper introduces a novel ESPRIT-based closed form source localization algorithm applicable to arbitrarily spaced three-dimensional arrays of vector hydrophones, whose locations need not be known. Each vector hydrophone consists of two or three identical but orthogonally oriented velocity hydrophones plus one pressure hydrophone, all spatially co-located in a point-like geometry. A velocity hydrophone measures one Cartesian component of the incident sonar wavefield's velocity-vector, whereas a pressure hydrophone measures the acoustic wavefield's pressure. Velocity-hydrophone technology is well established in underwater acoustics and a great variety of commercial models have long been available. ESPRIT is realized herein by exploiting the nonspatial inter-relations among each vector hydrophone's constituent hydrophones, such that ESPRIT's eigenvalues become independent of array geometry. Simulation results verify the efficacy and versatility of this innovative scheme     

仿生水听器设计、制造与测试

根据仿生鱼类侧线细胞纤毛原理,设计、制造并测试了一种新型双纤毛压阻水听器,用于检测水下声信号.与传统的压电水听器相比,这种水听器具有体积小和矢量性的优点.利用聚氨酯仿生细胞壁作为透声帽,利用硅油模拟细胞液和压阻微梁模拟感觉纤毛三层拾振结构,从而提高纤毛式水听器的可靠性.封装以后的纤毛式水听器采用振动台和矢量水听器校准系...     

Self-initiating MUSIC-based direction finding in underwateracoustic particle velocity-field beamspace

This paper introduces a novel blind MUSIC-based (MUltiple SIgnal Classification) source localization algorithm applicable to an arbitrarily spaced three-dimensional array of vector hydrophones, each of which comprises two or more co-located and orthogonally oriented velocity hydrophones plus an optional pressure hydrophone. This proposed algorithm: (1) exploits the incident sources' angular diversity in the underwater acoustic particle velocity field; (2) adaptively forms velocity-field beams at each vector-hydrophone; (3) uses ESPRIT to self-generate coarse estimates of the sources' arrival angles to start off its MUSIC-based iterative search with no a priori source information; and (4) automatically pairs the x-axis direction-cosine estimates with the y-axis direction-cosine estimates. Simulation results verify the efficacy of this proposed scheme     

Beamforming on seismic interface waves with an array of geophoneson the shallow sea floor

The problem of locating very low frequency sound sources in shallow water is made difficult by the interaction of propagating acoustic waves with the sea floor. Slow wave speeds and the attendant short wavelengths suggest that low frequency beamforming and source localization with sea floor geophones can be accomplished with relatively small arrays when compared with hydrophone arrays in the water column. To test the feasibility of this approach, experiments were carried out in the shallow water of the Malta Channel of the Straits of Sicily where the Scholte wave speed was some 10 to 20 times slower that the speed of sound in water. A linear array of ten vertically gimballed geophones was deployed and measurements were made on propagating seismic wave fields generated by explosive shots. The resulting directivities, beam patterns, and sidelobe characteristics are in excellent agreement with array theory, which suggests that coherent processing is a viable technique on which to base new applications for seismic arrays on the sea floor. Supporting materials on the geophysics of Scholte waves and calculations of the wave field at the site are presented     

基于单矢量水听器四种方位估计方法

单矢量水听器能同时拾取声场的声压和振速信息,可以估计目标方位。根据不同的噪声背景和信号形式,单矢量水听器有多种方位估计方法。平均声强器的处理方法能很好地抗各向同性的非相干干扰;线谱方位估计能有效检测辐射线谱信号的目标,并进行目标方位估计。当宽带信号中存在线谱相干干扰,以及线谱信号被宽带相干噪声干扰时,上述两种方法不能检测目标。为解决这个问题,新提出了直方图和加权直方图两种方法,直方图方位估计法能抗强线谱相干干扰,并能区分含线谱的多目标;加权直方图方位估计法能从宽带相干干扰中检测目标,估计目标方位。并着重介绍了后两种方法的原理,对四种方法进行了计算机仿真,并用海试结果验证了上述结论。     

Extended-aperture underwater acoustic multisource azimuth/elevationdirection-finding using uniformly but sparsely spaced vector hydrophones

Aperture extension is achieved in this novel ESPRIT-based two-dimensional angle estimation scheme using a uniform rectangular array of vector hydrophones spaced much farther apart than a half-wavelength. A vector hydrophone comprises two or three spatially co-located, orthogonally oriented identical velocity hydrophones (each of which measures one Cartesian component of the underwater acoustical particle velocity vector-field) plus an optional pressure hydrophone. Each incident source's directions-of-arrival are determined from the source's acoustical particle velocity components, which are extracted by decoupling the data covariance matrix's signal-subspace eigenvectors using the lower dimensional eigenvectors obtainable by ESPRIT. These direction-cosine estimates are unambiguous but have high variance; they are used as coarse references to disambiguate the cyclic phase ambiguities in ESPRIT's eigenvalues when the intervector-hydrophone spacing exceeds a half-wavelength. In one simulation scenario, the estimation standard deviation decreases with increasing intervector-hydrophone spacing up to 12 wavelengths, effecting a 97% reduction in the estimation standard deviation relative to the half-wavelength case. This proposed scheme and the attendant vector-hydrophone array outperform a uniform half-wavelength spaced pressure-hydrophone array with the same aperture and slightly greater number of component hydrophones by an order of magnitude in estimation standard deviation. Other simulations demonstrate how this proposed method improves underwater acoustic communications link performance. The virtual array interpolation technique would allow this proposed algorithm to be used with irregular array geometries     

High-frequency ambient noise and its impact on underwater tracking ranges

A theoretical model for the vertical directionality and depth dependence of high frequency (8 to 50 kHz) ambient noise in the deep ocean is developed. The anisotropic noise field at a variety of depths and frequencies is evaluated and displayed. It was found that at high frequencies and deep depths, a bottom-mounted hydrophone receives the maximum noise energy from overhead rather than from the horizontal. This leads to the consideration of an oblate hydrophone receiving response pattern for underwater tracking ranges that would provide a constant signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for an acoustic source located anywhere in a circular area centered above the hydrophone. Two of the desirable characteristics of this type of pattern are the increase in receiving range of a bottom-mounted sensor and the decrease of the dynamic range of signals that a signal processor must handle.     

Neural network wind retrieval from ERS-1/2 scatterometer data

1IntroductionSatellite observations of the ocean,includingobservation of sea surface wind fields,have tendedto be a perfect technology.Scatterometer is a prima-ry remote sensing sensor,which can get the globalscale information of wind.Other means of remot…     

钢筋混凝土梁结构断裂损伤诊断方法

提出一种基于BP神经网络的结构破损诊断方法,该方法以结构破损前后柔度的变化作为破损诊断网络输入,为了解决由于系统响应样本数据空间分布不均匀对网络收敛速度及网络诊断影响问题,对网络训练样本采用广义空间格点进行了交换,模拟算例及应用实例均表明,本文方法能准确诊断结构破损位置与破坏程度,是一种有效的结构破损诊断方法.     

A computerized system for assessing towed array sonar functionalityand detecting faults

A computer-based system that processes hydrophone and beam noise data from a towed horizontal line array sonar has been developed. The system also produces various displays that can be used to help assess the functionality of the sonar and to identify faults that cause degraded performance. The system-and various statistics used for characterizing or quantifying a given aspect of the sonar's performance are discussed. The results are presented in visual formats to aid in rapid assessment and quantification of the sonar's performance. Examples obtained from the system during recent towed array ambient noise measurement exercises are given to illustrate its utility for real-time performance monitoring and its capability for providing clues to aid in fault localization     

基于矢量信号处理的水声定位系统

将传统的水声定位系统与矢量水听器相结合，设计了一种全新的轻便型长基线被动水声定位系统。介绍了系统的组成和工作原理，并结合近年来出现的矢量信号处理技术，设计了新的实时信号处理软件。经湖试和海试，系统的可行性得到了初步的验证。     

神经网络反演散射计风场算法的研究

建立了一个神经网络反演卫星散射计海面风场的B-P算法,给出了一个神经网络反演风场的模型,并利用该反演算法和模型对实际卫星散射计数据进行了海面风场反演试验,对风向的多解性利用圆中数滤波方法进行排除.对神经网络训练和检验数据集分别采用ERS-1/2散射计数据和欧洲中期天气预报(ECMWF)提供的风场作为配准点数据.把反演的风速和风向与CMCD4和ECMWF的风场作了比较,它们吻合得比较好;研究表明神经网络反演海面风场是可行和高效的.     

浅海均匀层远程混响的垂直相干性

混响是主动声纳在浅海环境中的一种干扰,有关其空间相关特性,Urick和Lund发表了两篇实验性报告[7].本文根据浅海平均声场角度谱分析法[3],从理论上计算了浅海均匀层远程混响垂直相关特性与界面反射、散射等环境参数之间的关系,及其随距离、水听器间隔的变化,供声纳设计或在浅海环境中研究低频、小掠角的散射特性时参考.     

混响环境中声场重构的实验研究

针对混响环境非自由声场中声源测量的问题,本文以消声水池和混响水槽为实验环境,以换能器辐射的声场为研究对象,以水听器阵列为测量前端,进行了混响环境非自由声场中声源对象的测量、分析和重构的实验研究。通过单层水听器阵列对非自由声场进行声压分布测量,并对测量结果作声波分离处理,将分离前后的声压分布和在消声水池中测量的声压分布进行比较,给出了声源频率为5 000 Hz和7 000 Hz时,声场重构的误差分析结果。结果表明,基于单层水听器阵列声压测量的声波分离方法,能够较精确地对混响环境中的声场进行重构。     

Rain measurement on buoys using hydrophones

The impact of rain and spray on the ocean disturbs the sea surface and generates underwater ambient noise. The short scale roughness is influenced by impacting drops due to the momentum transfer. Radar and sonar signals are scattered by the short elements of the sea surface. Spray and rain impact change their characteristics, and consequently affect radar and sonar backscatter. In situ measurements of rain and spray impact are necessary to study their effects on the sea surface. Accurate sea measurements of rain momentum fluxes and drop size distributions are a complex problem, especially on buoys. A new measuring technique has been developed using hydrophones. Exposed to precipitation, these instruments are affected directly by the impact of rain. A drop falling on the hydrophone deforms its surface and is sensed by a piezoelectric transducer. The voltage output of the sensor is a rapidly decaying oscillation. The integral value of this signal is a measure of the drop momentum, and the drop size can be deduced. Laboratory studies of defined drops as well as field measurements of natural rain have shown that hydrophones can be used to determine drop momentums and drop size distributions. Based on simultaneous rain measurements by a Joss-Waldvogel Disdrometer and a hydrophone, an analytical function has been derived which relates drop size and hydrophone voltage output     

Numerical study of the marine breeze around Mallorca Island

A study of marine breezes and their impact on the wave field around Mallorca Island was carried out by numerical simulations with the spectral wave model SWAN and three different wind fields: WRF – Weather Research and Forecasting model, HIRLAM – High Resolution Limited Area model and ECMWF – European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The main characteristics of the modelled breeze circulation and its effects on the wave field are analyzed. The modified wave field under breeze conditions and the correlations with their variability and daily short life time period are studied and discussed by analyzing the spectral balance. The results show that the accuracy of a wave forecast will depend on the quality of the wind field and its ability to simulate the sea breeze induced waves. The study period covers the summers of 2009 and 2010. In addition, to assess the performance of SWAN forced with two different winds the numerically obtained significant wave heights (Hs) are collocated against the ENVISAT-ESA's Environmental Satellite measurements (GLOBWAVE data) of Hs around the Mallorca Island.     

Ambient noise in the natural surf zone: wave-breaking frequencies

Ambient noise in the surf zone, in the frequency range 120 Hz to 5 kHz, was recorded using a broad-band hydrophone, located approximately 1 m above bottom and 1-2 m below the mean sea surface. The predominant source of this noise is breaking waves. Analysis of simultaneous land-based video observations of the sea surface in the region of the hydrophone, along with wave height data, reveals quantitative correlation between wave-breaking events and the hydrophone signal. In energetic surf, locally breaking waves appear as discrete events in the ambient noise spectra. Distant breaking events do not appear to be detected, as distinct events above the ambient background noise, by the hydrophone. The noise events associated with local breakers are characterized by an asymmetry in the time envelope: low frequencies (less than 500 Hz) are observed leading the breaking crest, followed by a broader range of frequencies peaking in intensity with the passage of the wave crest above the hydrophone, and then decreasing abruptly at all frequencies. Low frequencies are generally not observed trailing the breaking wave. The detection by the hydrophone of breaking waves in the immediate vicinity implies that ambient noise in heavy surf provides a means of studying breaking-wave statistics in the surf zone in situ: in particular, the frequency of occurrence of local breaking     

A wideband connection to sperm whales: A fiber-optic,deep-sea hydrophone array

A 10-element, 950 m long, vertical hydrophone array based on fiber-optic data transmission has been developed primarily for studying the beam pattern from deep diving cetaceans emitting sonar pulses. The array elements have a configurable sampling rate and resolution with a maximum signal bandwidth of 90 kHz and a maximum dynamic range of 133 dB. The array has been deployed from a 14 m ketch with a crew of four. In the course of the development a number of mechanical and electrical problems have been solved.     

Measurements of ambient noise spectra in the south Norwegian Sea

Measurements have been made of ambient sea noise north of the Shetland Islands in the southern part of the Norwegian Sea. Shore-terminated, omnidirectional hydrophones, bottomed in 240 and 350 fathoms, were used. Twenty minute samples of single hydrophone outputs were recorded during daylight hours about every 3 days over a 4-year period from the summer of 1957 to 1961. Amplitude levels were measured at selected frequencies in the band 30 cps to 1 kc. Matching observations of wind and weather were coordinated with the noise data. The noise spectrum was found to be relatively flat compared with the spectrum measured in deep ocean areas of the western North Atlantic. Also, the pressure levels at frequencies above 100 cps are considerably higher. Seasonal changes were observed in the spectrum below 400 cps. The annual excursion in level from winter high to midsummer low was about 5 db at 50 cps and 3.5 db at 100 cps. Although no seasonal changes occurred in the upper spectrum, day-to-day variations in level at the higher frequencies generally followed patterns of change in local weather. There was good correlation between wind velocity and ambient noise at 800 and at 1000 cps. The character of sea-noise in the area seems to be shaped to two factors. First, a combination of thermal structure and a very gradual bottom slope result in high propagation losses. This in turn restricts the acoustic access at a bottomed hydrophone to a localized field. Second, except for a few summer calms, weather in the islands is severe, and strong winds and high sea states are sustained throughout the year.