深海沉积物宏基因组文库中产蛋白酶克隆CAPRO2的筛选及酶学性质分析

利用选择性筛选培养基从所构建的深海沉积物宏基因组文库中筛选得到一株产蛋白酶的克隆（CAPR0002）,对其进行了酶学性质分析．结果表明该酶的最适作用温度为65cc,最适作用pH值为9．0．该蛋白酶具有较好的热稳定性,在40cC以下的温度中可长期保持稳定,在50℃中处理6h后仍能保持60％的活力,在60℃下保温30rain后仍能保持约60％的活力．Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、sr^2＋、co^2＋对该蛋白酶有明显的促进作用,而且ca^2＋的存在可明显提高该蛋白酶的热稳定性,ca^2＋、sr^2＋、c0^2＋这3种离子均在3．0mmol／dm^3。浓度时具有最高的促进作用,当浓度高于3．0mmol／dm’时,这3种离子对酶活力的促进作用减弱．Hg^2＋、Fe^2＋、cu¨对酶有明显的抑制作用．CAPR02蛋白酶在pH值为7。5～9．5时活力较高,pH值为7。5时可保持约80％的活力,pH值为9．5时保持60％的活力,而在pH值高于9．5的条件下酶活力下降较快,pH值为10．0时活力降为约15％,表明CAPR02属于碱性蛋白酶．丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂PMSF、E一64和AEBSF对CAPR02蛋白酶均无抑制作用,显示该酶不属于丝氨酸蛋白酶,而EDTA对酶有明显的抑制作用,表明该酶属于金属蛋白酶．     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of hydrothermal sediments from the serpentinite-hosted Saldanha hydrothermal field (36°34′N; 33°26′W) at MAR

The Saldanha hydrothermal field is located at the top of a serpentinized massif (Mount Saldanha, MS) at a non-transform offset (NTO5) along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), south of the Azores. It is one of the rare known sites on a worldwide basis where direct evidence of low-temperature (7–9 °C) hydrothermal activity has been provided by direct observation of hydrothermal fluid venting through small orifices in the ocean floor sedimentary cover. This study focuses on the mineralogy and geochemistry of 14 sediment cores collected at MS. For comparison, four samples collected at the Rainbow site (NTO6) were also studied. Mount Saldanha hydrothermal sediments are highly “diluted” within a dominant foraminiferal nanofossiliferous ooze with small fragments of underlying rocks. The mineral assemblage of the hydrothermal component is characterized by sulphides, nontronite, smectites, poorly crystallized Mn oxyhydroxides and amorphous material. Cu, Zn and Fe sulphides, Mn–Mg oxy-hydroxides and putative manganobrucite were also identified in one sample collected at an orifice vent. In this sample, micro-chimneys (conduits) composed of isocubanite and sphalerite were also identified. Mount Saldanha sediments show a clear enrichment in elements such as Mn, Mg, Fe, Cu, P and V, derived from hydrothermal fluids, and Ni, Cr and Co, derived from ultramafic rocks. The geochemical data together with the observed mineral assemblage suggest that the hydrothermal fluids are at a higher temperature than those measured at the escape orifices (7–9 °C), and a strong enrichment in Mg, mainly at the top of the mount, agrees with extensive mixing of the hydrothermal fluid with unmodified seawater. Nevertheless, the mineral assemblage of MS sediments is consistent with the precipitation from hydrothermal fluids at much lower temperatures than at Rainbow. The presence of serpentinized and steatitized (talcshist) ultramafic rocks and the occurrence of a strong methane anomaly within the overlying water column collectively suggest that the hydrothermal circulation at MS is driven by exothermic reactions closely associated with the serpentinization process. Rainbow sediments have a higher concentration in transition metals and consequently an enrichment in sulphides. These differences are likely to be a consequence of the higher temperature of hydrothermal fluids, reflected in the composition of hydrothermal solutions, and of a stronger hydrothermal flux at the Rainbow site.     

Composition and secondary alterations of microfossils in sediments of the Ashadze-1 hydrothermal field (tropical Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

The first thorough analysis of microfossils from ore-bearing sediments of the Ashadze-1 hydrothermal field in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge sampled during cruise 26 of the R/V Professor Logachev in 2005 revealed the substantial influence of hydrothermal processes on the preservation of planktonic calcareous organisms, as well as on the preservation and composition of the benthic foraminifers. From the lateral and vertical distribution patterns and the secondary alterations of the microfossils, it is inferred that the main phase of the hydrothermal mineralization occurred in the Holocene. Heavy metals (Cu, Co, Cr, and Ag) were accumulated by foraminiferal tests and in their enveloping Fe-Mn crusts. The distribution of authigenic minerals replacing foraminiferal tests demonstrates local zoning related to the hydrothermal activity. There are three mineral-geochemical zones defined: the sulfide zone, the zone with an elevated Mg content, and zone of Fe-Mn crusts.     

Mineralogical and geochemical features of authigenic carbonates on seepings and hydrothermal fields (By the examples of the Black Sea reefs and the mounds of the lost city field)

Two genetically different types of authigenic carbonate mounds are studied: those within an active hydrothermal field related to serpentinite protrusions in the zone of intersection of a transform fracture zone and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and those in an active field of methane seepings in the Dnieper canyon of the Black sea. The general geochemical conditions under which authigenic carbonate formation occurs in the two fields considered were found. They include the presence of reduced H₂S, H₂, and CH₄ gases at the absence of free oxygen; the high alkalinity of the waters participating in the carbonate formation; the similarity of the textural and structural features of authigenic aragonite, which represents the initial mineral of the carbonate matter of the mounds; the paragenesis of aragonite with sulfide minerals; and the close relation of carbonate mounds with communities of sulfate-reducing and methane-oxidizing microorganisms. A new mechanism of formation of hydrothermal authigenic carbonates is suggested; it implies their microbial sulfate reduction over the hydrogen of the fluid in the subsurface zone (biosphere) of mixing between the hydrothermal solution and the adjacent seawater.     

Logatchev热液场附近表层沉积物中有机质的组成特征、来源及其影响因素

利用2005年"大洋一号"科学考察船电视抓斗采样器采集的表层沉积物样品,对大西洋洋中脊Logatchev热液场附近7个站位表层沉积物样品中的烷烃组分进行了定量分析,并结合总有机碳(TOC)及C稳定同位素(δ13C值)分析,探讨了表层沉积物中有机质的组成及可能的来源和影响因素.结果表明:表层沉积物中正构烷烃组分以低碳数化...     

Lipid biomarkers in surface sediments from the Gulf of Genoa,Ligurian sea (NW Mediterranean sea) and their potential for the reconstruction of palaeo-environments

A series of molecular organic markers were determined in surface sediments from the Gulf of Genoa (Ligurian Sea) in order to evaluate their potential for palaeo-environmental reconstructions. Allochthonous input can be characterized by the distributions of n-C₂₉ and n-C₃₁ alkanes, n-C₂₆ and n-C₂₈ alkanols and branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs), whose concentrations are generally highest near the river mouths. In the open basin however, terrestrial n-alkanes and n-alkanols may have an additional, eolian source. Autochthonous input is represented by crenarchaeol and isoprenoid GDGTs. Their concentrations are highest in the open basin showing the preference of Thaumarchaeota for oligotrophic waters. Indications of a significant degradation of sterols and C₃₇ alkenones exclude these lipids as reliable productivity proxies. Using terrestrial and aquatic lipids as end-members allows estimating the percentage of terrestrial organic matter between 20% and 58% in the coastal area decreasing to 1–30% in the deep basin. The spatial distribution of sea surface temperature (SST) estimates using the alkenone-based U^K′₃₇ index is very similar to the autumnal (November) mean satellite-based SST distribution. Conversely, TEX^H₈₆-derived SST estimates are close to winter SSTs in the coastal area and summer SSTs in the open basin. This pattern reflects presumably a shift in the main production of Thaumarchaeota from the coastal area in winter to the open basin in summer. This study represents a major prerequisite for the future application of lipid biomarkers on sediment cores from the Gulf of Genoa.     

Petroleum-related hydrocarbons in deep and subsurface sediments from South-Western Barents Sea

Subsurface sediments from a pockmark area in South-Western Barents Sea have been earlier found to contain elevated levels of petroleum-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This work describes a comprehensive analysis of various biomarkers, including the highly source-specific hopanes, in a 4.5?m long gravity core from the same area, together with subsurface sediment samples from other areas in the region without pockmarks present ("background samples"). A clear difference between the pockmark gravity core and the background sediment cores was found, both with regard to genesis and the level of transformation of organic matter. A number of indicator parameters, such as methylphenanthrene index (MPI-1), point towards a significantly higher maturity of hydrocarbons in the pockmark core throughout its length as compared to the other sampled locations. Higher contents of microbial hopanoids (hopenes) may indicate the former presence of petroleum. These findings confirm the hypothesis of a natural hydrocarbon source in the deeper strata present in the studied location with pockmarks.     

冲绳海槽海底热液喷出口附近海水中~(210)Pb和~(210)Po的行为

讨论了在冲绳海槽伊平屋海岭和南奄西海丘两处海底热液喷出口附近海水中的铀系子体放射性核素2 10 Pb和2 10 Po浓度的垂直分布剖面 .在伊平屋海岭 ,甲烷及2 2 2 Rn的数据表明海底热液活动不强 ,总2 10 Pb和2 10 Po放射性均低于它们各自母体的放射性 ,2 10 Pb和2 10 Po在海水中的平均停留时间分别为 2 0和 2～ 5a ,而在以“黑色烟雾”为特征的海底热液活动强烈的南奄西海丘 ,在”烟雾”中的总2 10 Pb含量 ( 0 1 6 7× 1 0 -3～ 2 50× 1 0 -3Bq/kg)相对其母体2 2 6Ra贫乏 ,而总2 10 Po含量 ( 1 83× 1 0 -3～ 2 83×1 0 -3Bq/kg)则相对其母体2 10 Pb过剩 .该处海水中的2 10 Po的放射性高于东海陆架区及冲绳海槽其他海区 ,并且显示了2 10 Po过剩 .2 10 Pb/ 2 2 6Ra以及2 10 Po/ 2 10 Pb放射性比值的范围分别为 0 1～ 0 4和 1 1～ 7 8.在热液扩散带中2 10 Pb被优先从海水中清除 .控制南奄西海丘海水中2 10 Pb浓度的可能机制涉及到2 10 Pb通过扩散作用的横向输送 .在热液扩散带中高2 10 Po/ 2 10 Pb放射性比值表明2 10 Pb的耗尽及2 10 Po从海底热液喷出口的加入 .     

西太平洋马尔库斯-威克海山区沉积物中生物硅含量分布

分析了大洋40航次在西太平洋马尔库斯-威克海山区山间海盆采集的表层沉积物中生物硅和有机质的含量,并对其分布特征和来源进行了初步的研究。结果表明,马尔库斯-威克海山区附近海域深海表层沉积物中生物硅含量总体较低,含量在0.88%～12.41%之间,平均含量为2.19%,分布上呈现西南含量高,向东北方向递减的趋势;深海表层沉积物中有机碳含量较低,δ¹³C同位素组成分布与生物硅相同。沉积物柱状样的研究表明研究区在过去的100～200 ka期间表层水体中硅质生物的初级生产力是逐渐增加的。     

一株深海耐嗜压菌的细胞毒活性次生代谢产物研究

通过CCK8法检测分离自深海一株深海耐压菌Shewanella piezotolerans WP3次生代谢产物的细胞毒活性,研究了温度、压力、噬菌体对WP3次生代谢产物细胞毒活性的影响.发现WP3次生代谢产物具有良好细胞毒活性.低温因素可提高其细胞毒活性,在100μg/cm^3的含量下,代谢产物对肿瘤细胞Bel7402、CNE2、A549、HT1080细胞毒活性均有提高,其中对A549细胞毒活性提高了1.3倍.在最适温度（20℃）情况下,高压可降低其细胞毒活性.20 MPa培养条件下,代谢产物对4株肿瘤细胞均未表现出明显活性,而常压培养条件下对SW 480具有93.3%的抑制率,对HT1080抑制率表现出87.5%,对CNE2抑制率是79.8%.在低温情况下,压力因素对其细胞毒活性无影响,噬菌体对细胞毒活性影响不大.HPLC指纹图谱分析发现不同温度条件下,其次生代谢产物指纹图谱有变化,结合细胞毒活性结果分析,为后期分离鉴定细胞毒活性化合物提供指导.     

Trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in deep Gulf of Mexico sediments

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements were determined for surface (top 2 cm) sediment samples collected during the deep Gulf of Mexico benthos (DGoMB) study .These elements and compounds are known to be toxic to organisms at high concentrations and may affect biological communities. There is no indication of major anthropogenic input of the elements Be, Co, Cr, Fe, Si, Tl, V, K, Mg, Ca, Sr and Zn, based on normalization to Al. The concentrations of these metals in the sediment are a function of the relative amounts of trace-metal-rich Mississippi River-derived silicate material and trace-metal-poor plankton-derived carbonate. This is not true for the elements Ba, Ni, Pb, Cd, As, Cu and Mn, whose concentrations show considerable scatter when normalized to Al and a general enrichment. On a normalized basis, Mn is enriched 5–10 fold, Cu and Ni 2–3 fold and Pb 2 fold over Mississippi River-derived material. These enrichments are likely the result of remobilization of metals from depths in the sediment column where reducing conditions exist. The Ba concentrations at selected sites are higher than those of average clay-rich sediments, but are typical of sediments from near oil well platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In the case of Ba, it seems likely that the enrichments, as high as a factor of 10, are due to disposal of oil well drilling mud. The Ba-enriched samples are from the three shallowest water sites in the Mississippi Trough (sites MT1, 2 and 3) and from site C1 and WC5. All are in an area of intense petroleum exploration and development. PAH concentrations are also elevated at MT1, MT3 and C1. The total PAH concentration ranged from not detected (ND) to 1033 ng/g with a mean of 140 ng/g. Even at the sites most enriched in PAHs and trace elements, the concentrations are not at the levels expected to adversely affect the biota. However, these predicted non-effects are based on research using mostly near-shore estuarine species, not on the indigenous species at the sampling sites.     

Distribution and texture of the bottom sediments in a semi-enclosed coastal inlet, the Izmit Bay from the eastern sea of Marmara (Turkey)

Thirty-one surficial sediment samples were collected from the floor of Izmit Bay with a grab onboard the R/V Bilim in summer 1987 and analysed for their grain size, total carbonate, and organic carbon distribution.Low calcareous-terrigenous mud (2–45% CaCO₃) with a relatively high silt percentage was the principal sediment type found on the floor of Izmit Bay. Sediments rich in sand and gravel usually occur in the narrow and shoal areas of the bay, where biogenic and topography-related hydrodynamic conditions are dominant factors controlling the nature of bottom deposits. The carbonates are made up almost entirely of the remains of calcareous organisms. Organic carbon concentrations of the sediments (0·35-1·62%) are probably associated with the high primary production rates in this region. Thus, the rates of sedimentation in the Izmit Bay calculated from the organic carbon and primary productivity data are estimated to be up to 70 cm/1000 years.     

一株深海中等嗜热嗜酸菌的分离及鉴定

从太平洋热液区样品中分离纯化到一株中等嗜热嗜酸菌,命名为TPY。文中对该菌株的形态、生理生化特征1、6S rDNA序列以及亚铁和单质硫氧化活性进行了研究。TPY菌株为短杆状,革兰氏阳性菌,大小为(0.3~0.5)μm×(1~3)μm;最适生长温度为50℃,最适生长pH值为1.8;该菌既能利用亚铁盐、单质硫自养生长,也能利用酵母粉、葡萄糖、蛋白胨和甘油等有机物异养生长;TPY菌与Sulfobacillus acidophilus(AB089842)的16S rDNA序列高度相似,其同源性为99%。这些结果表明,TPY菌是一株来自深海的嗜酸硫化芽孢杆菌(Sulfobacillus acidophilus),该菌的成功分离将有助于对太平洋热液区微生物种群结构的全面了解。同时,TPY菌对亚铁和单质硫的良好氧化能力显示出其在生物浸矿中的应用潜力。     

长江口及毗邻海区沉积物中磷的分布特征长江口及毗邻海区沉积物中磷的分布特征

于2006年6月和2007年4月在长江口及毗邻海区采集了表层沉积物样品,利用水淘选法对沉积物进行了粒径分级,并采用改进后的SEDEX方法对沉积物样品及分粒级沉积物样品进行了磷形态分析。结果表明,2006年6月和2007年4月长江口及毗邻海区沉积物总磷变化分别为1256~1964 μmol/g和899~1991 μmol/g,其中碎屑磷是磷的主要存在形态。可交换态磷、铁结合态磷、有机磷、自生磷灰石磷及难分解有机磷在长江口外的平面分布比较一致,均在紧邻长江口门外、杭州湾外的条状带出现了含量的高值,而在口门内及口门外河口靠海一侧碎屑磷含量较高。不同形态磷在不同粒径沉积物中的含量不尽相同：有机磷、自生磷灰石磷以及难分解有机磷是小于8 μm粒级沉积物中磷的主要组成部分,而且其在总磷中所占比例随沉积物粒径的增加而下降;碎屑磷则主要集中在粗沉积物中,为32~63 μm及大于63 μm粒级沉积物中磷的主要贡献者。沉积物的粒度分异以及各形态磷在不同粒径沉积物中含量的差异,共同影响着河口沉积物中磷的分布     

长江口及毗邻海区沉积物中磷的分布特征

于2006年6月和2007年4月在长江口及毗邻海区采集了表层沉积物样品,利用水淘选法对沉积物进行了粒径分级,并采用改进后的SEDEX方法对沉积物样品及分粒级沉积物样品进行了磷形态分析。结果表明,2006年6月和2007年4月长江口及毗邻海区沉积物总磷变化分别为12.56~19.64μmol/g和8.99~19.91μmol/g,其中碎屑磷是磷的主要存在形态。可交换态磷、铁结合态磷、有机磷、自生磷灰石磷及难分解有机磷在长江口外的平面分布比较一致,均在紧邻长江口门外、杭州湾外的条状带出现了含量的高值,而在口门内及口门外河口靠海一侧碎屑磷含量较高。不同形态磷在不同粒径沉积物中的含量不尽相同:有机磷、自生磷灰石磷以及难分解有机磷是小于8μm粒级沉积物中磷的主要组成部分,而且其在总磷中所占比例随沉积物粒径的增加而下降;碎屑磷则主要集中在粗沉积物中,为32~63μm及大于63μm粒级沉积物中磷的主要贡献者。沉积物的粒度分异以及各形态磷在不同粒径沉积物中含量的差异,共同影响着河口沉积物中磷的分布。     

Geochemistry and particle size of surface sediments of Gulf of Manfredonia (Southern Adriatic sea)

In this study we describe mechanisms influencing the spatial distribution of the surface sediments in the Gulf of Manfredonia. Seventy-three samples were collected on a regional grid and analyzed for grain-size, major and trace elements and organic matter content. Sediments contain marine-derived carbonate as well as terrigenous fractions indicating highly heterogeneous sediment composition dictated by different provenance and complex transport processes. Principal Component Analysis provides information about processes involved in the formation and dispersal of the sediments. The regional sediment distribution is function of the Gulf's morphology and sedimentary inputs from fluvial sources, mainly from the Ofanto River, and from the North and Central Adriatic basin. Biogenic carbonate reefs, identified in two restricted coastal areas add complexity to sediment shelf dispersal. The North-Adriatic current flowing southward transports and deposits sediments from the Northern basin in the offshore area of the Gulf while an inner anticyclonic current distributes and mixes northern and fluvial sediment with a clockwise pattern. In order to better assess the fluvial contribution also bedload samples from the main river debouching into the Gulf were sampled, enabling the identification of geochemical indexes to distinguish the role of both fluvial inputs and hydrodynamic processes affecting solid particles dispersion within the Gulf. This study provides a contribution to a qualitative estimate of the sediment supply entailed in the Southwestern Adriatic basin.     

中印度洋海盆富稀土沉积地球化学特征及富集机制研究

本文对中印度洋海盆深海富稀土沉积区两根柱样GC02和GC06开展了沉积物涂片观察,X-射线衍射分析,主量、微量和稀土元素分析,以及单矿物原位微区地球化学分析等,探讨了其地球化学特征、物质来源及稀土元素（REY）的富集机制。结果表明,GC02柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土和沸石黏土,GC06柱状沉积物类型为钙质黏土、含沸石黏土和沸石黏土。稀土元素主要在含沸石黏土和沸石黏土中富集。北美页岩标准化（NASC）配分模式指示沉积物的REY主要来源于海水,矿物学和地球化学等特征表明该地区沉积物陆源组分可能主要源于澳大利亚的风尘物质。元素相关性和CaO/P₂O₅比值等指示了深海富稀土沉积中REY的主要赋存矿物为生物磷灰石（鱼牙/骨等）,其次为铁锰微结核。本文总结和探讨了深海富稀土沉积的形成机制,完善了深海富稀土沉积形成过程的概念模型。     

Matter composition and formation conditions of the Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments in the Kuril basin (sea of Okhotsk)

An integrated (petrographical and micropaleontological) study of the sedimentary cover samples dredged from the lower slopes of the Kuril deep-sea basin was carried out. The Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments are mainly represented by tuffaceous sedimentary rocks (tuffites, tuffaceous muds, tuffaceous diatomites, tuffaceous silts, tuffaceous sandstones, etc.). Significant admixtures of pyroclastic matter, especially of volcanic glasses, indicates that the sedimentation process was accompanied by explosive volcanism. The data obtained give evidence about the intensification of the tectonomagmatic regime within the region under study during the Pliocene-Pleistocene time. By the beginning of the Pliocene, a deep-sea basin with a well-manifested continental and/or island slope and a narrow shelf already existed. The Pliocene-Pleistocene deposits accumulated in a cold well-aerated deep-sea basin under oxic conditions and downslope sediment transport.     

(Na,K)-phillipsite: Its stability conditions and geochemical role in the deep sea

Phillipsite occurs in the deep sea in areas of very slow sedimentation and as the final alteration product of basalt, suggesting that it is thermodynamically stable. The thermodynamic data for gibbsite, kaolinite, K-feldspar, Na-feldspar, analcime and H₄ SiO₄ (aq), as well as the activities of seawater constituents are reasonably well known. These values and estimated entropies for Na- and K-phillipsites permit an estimate of the free energy of formation (at 25°C) for Na-phillipsite (5337.6 ± 6.7 kcal/mole) and for K-phillipsite (5382.4 ± 1.9 kcal/mole). The decomposition of phillipsite to analcime at 250°C yields the same result, suggesting that phillipsite is indeed a stable mineral.Phillipsite does not regulate the concentration of Na⁺ and K⁺ in seawater, but probably affects the pH of bottom waters and the composition of interstitial waters. No indications exist of “frozen in” equilibria from hydrothermal reactions at 100–200°C as could be expected by submarine volcanism.